Shatangju, also known as October Orange. Originated in Huaiji, Guangning and Sihui areas. Originally from Shatang Village, huang tian zhen, Sihui City, it was named Shatang Orange. The main producing areas are: Lipu (Xiuren Town), Huaiji, Guangning and Sihui. The fruit of Shatangju is oblate, with a tumor-like protuberance at the top, a depression at the umbilical end, orange color, thin fruit wall and easy peeling. Shatangju, especially Shatangju produced in Sihui huang tian zhen, is delicious, extremely sweet, residue-free, and delicate in taste, which is really a good product. It is rich in vitamin C, calcium, fiber, a small amount of protein, fat, glucose, fructose, sucrose, malic acid, citric acid, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, ascorbic acid, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and other essential elements. Shatangju tastes sweet and cold, and has the functions of regulating qi, resolving phlegm and moistening lung.
Growth habit
The growth, flowering and fruiting of Shatangju fruit trees are closely related to environmental conditions such as temperature, sunshine, moisture (humidity), soil, wind, altitude, topography and slope direction, which have the greatest influence on temperature. Even if the temperature difference is 0.5℃, sometimes there will be completely different results. The growth and development of Shatangju need a temperature of 65438 02.5 ~ 37℃. The day and night temperatures of flower bud differentiation in autumn are about 20℃ and 65438 00℃, respectively, and the soil temperature of root growth is roughly the same as the ground temperature. If the temperature is too low, Shatangju will be frozen. When the sweet orange is at -4℃ and the satsuma orange is at -5℃, the branches and leaves will freeze. When the sweet orange is below -5℃ and the satsuma orange is below -6℃, the branches will be frostbitten. When the sweet orange is below -6.5℃ and the satsuma orange is below -9℃, the plants will freeze to death.
temperature
High temperature is also not conducive to the growth and development of Shatangju. When the air temperature and soil temperature are higher than 37℃, fruits and roots stop growing. Temperature also has obvious influence on fruit quality: in a certain temperature range, with the increase of temperature, the sugar content and soluble solids increase, the acid content decreases and the quality becomes better. Shatangju is a tree species with strong shade tolerance, but it still needs good sunshine for high quality and high yield. Generally, areas with annual sunshine hours 1200 ~ 2200 hours can grow normally. For example, South China with good sunshine and abundant calories has higher sugar content, lower acid content and higher sugar-acid ratio than Chongqing Shatangju producing area with less sunshine. Generally, the tropical and subtropical regions with annual rainfall around 1000 mm are suitable for planting Shatangju, but because of the uneven distribution of annual rainfall, irrigation is often needed. The suitable relative water content of soil is 60% ~ 80%, and irrigation is needed when it is lower than 60%. Too much rain will cause soil water accumulation or high groundwater level, and poor drainage will cause root death. Shatangju fruit trees require that the air relative humidity should be around 75%.
land
Shatangju has a wide adaptability to soil. Purple soil, red and yellow soil, beaches and beaches can all grow at pH 4.5 ~ 8, and pH 5.5 ~ 6.5 is the most suitable. The root growth of Shatangju requires high oxygen content, and the soil with loose texture, good structure, organic matter content of 2% ~ 3% and good drainage is the most suitable.
geographical distribution
Shatangju is a traditional local product of Xilin, Deqing, Huaiji, Guangning, Sihui and Fengkai.
The purpose of fertilizing young Shatangju trees before fruiting is to quickly expand the crown and lay the foundation for early fruiting and high yield. The effective measure is to apply dilute nitrogen fertilizer frequently. The role of nitrogen fertilizer is to attack the three branches in spring, summer and autumn, and the summer branches grow fast and fat, which plays a great role in crown expansion. With the increase of tree age, the crown of Shatangju is expanding, the amount of fertilization should be increased year by year, and appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied at the same time. Because the young roots of Shatangju are small, shallow in distribution, weak in absorption and free of fruit burden, fertilization is based on the principle of small amount and multiple times, and the method of diligent application and thin application is adopted. There are more open spaces among young trees in Shatangju orchard. In order to improve soil, increase soil organic matter and eliminate weeds, leguminous green manure should be planted in winter and summer, and the soil should be deeply ploughed and matured.
For those with early planting and orderly germination of spring shoots, summer shoots and autumn shoots can focus on tackling key problems, with the first fertilizer applied about 20 days before each shoot release, followed by 1 time after 7 ~ 10 days, strong fertilizer applied 1 time after self-cutting, and 9 ~1650 after the autumn shoots turn green.
Shatangju was planted late, the damaged roots have not recovered, and the spring shoots are difficult or late, and irregular, which affects the summer and autumn shoots. When applying fertilizer, it is necessary to apply it frequently and thinly, and the dosage should be from less to more, from light to thick. It is best to apply fertilizer 3 ~ 4 times a month, and spray it to 100 ~ 150g with manure or 50L water at the beginning. With the increase of aboveground, the amount of fertilizer can be slightly increased, but it should not be increased in summer and autumn in dry season. In the case of hypertrophy, urea should be applied less or not, and the monthly water and fertilizer should be 1 1 time in September-/October.
Soil, fertilizer and water management
It is required that the soil layer is deep (60㎝) and fertile; The ph value of the soil is 5.5-7.0; The slope of the orchard is less than 25 degrees. When planning a garden, there should be necessary roads, irrigation and drainage, water storage and ancillary building facilities. In terms of specific planning, we should concentrate on one place as much as possible and build gardens in places with good traffic and water conditions.
time
Generally, it is planted after the autumn bamboo shoots mature in September-165438+10 or before the spring bamboo shoots germinate in February-March.
density
The planting density is 3m× 4m, and 55-60 plants are planted per mu.
Planting technique
Digging planting holes in the soil: pulling wires at regular intervals, digging planting holes with a depth of 80cm and a width of 80cm, then pressing green manure with a depth of 50cm, and backfilling the soil with a height of 40cm for planting; Ridge planting: 8 meters, 60-80㎝ wide and 40-60cm deep, with 2 ridges per grid (width 1.5m, center distance 4m, height 20-30cm). When planting, the roots of seedlings should be trimmed appropriately, placed in the center of the planting hole, stretched and righted, and the seedlings should be gently lifted upward while filling the soil, so that the roots are closely connected with the soil. Water the roots, make a 1m tree tray around the seedlings, and cover it with chaff.
soil management
It is necessary to dig holes and solidify soil, prohibit planting tall plants such as corn and wheat in the garden, and do a good job in rational intercropping and intertillage weeding in the orchard.
Fertilizer and water management
(1) Fertilization principle: It is necessary to fully meet the demand of blood oranges for various nutrient elements, advocate more application of organic fertilizers, and rationally apply inorganic fertilizers and formula fertilizers. According to the results of leaf analysis, orchard soil analysis and blood orange phenology, fertilization is guided. (2) Fertilization methods: mainly soil fertilization and foliar fertilization. The methods of annular furrow application, strip furrow application, hole application and soil surface fertilization were adopted. (3) Fertilization of young trees: apply less fertilizer, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and apply fertilizer 5-6 times in spring, summer and autumn when bamboo shoots emerge, (March, May, June, July, September, 65438+February, and apply 0.4 kg ammonium bicarbonate or 0.2 kg urea to each plant each time. 1-3 young trees should be applied with pure nitrogen 100-400g every year, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is1.0: (0.4-0.5):1.0. Adult trees should be fertilized four times, that is, germination accelerating fertilizer, fruit protection fertilizer, fruit strengthening fertilizer and fruit picking fertilizer. Generally, the amount of fertilizer applied is 2-3 kg of chemical fertilizer and one load of manure. Fruit-keeping fertilizer 1-2 kg phosphorus and potassium fertilizer+1 kg chemical fertilizer; Strong fruit fertilizer 1-2 kg chemical fertilizer+1-2 kg phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; The fruit picking fertilizer (base fertilizer) is mainly organic fertilizer, and each plant is applied with 50- 100 kg organic fertilizer+1-2 kg chemical fertilizer. (4) Moisture: Irrigation when soil is dry, and drainage when water accumulates. Plastic trimming 1, principle. Adjust measures to local conditions, prune trees, properly raise and lower them, and ventilate and transmit light to achieve three-dimensional effect. 2, plastic surgery (natural and happy appearance). The trunk is 20-40cm high, and the trunk branches (3-4 branches) are scattered on the trunk. The branching angle of the main branch is 30-50 degrees, and 2-3 auxiliary main branches are left on each main branch. Generally, after the third main branch is formed, the central trunk of this kind is cut off and twisted to one side to form a fruiting branch group. Step 3 trim. (1) Young trees: mainly light pruning. After selecting the extension branches of the class center and the main branches and the extension branches of the auxiliary main branches, moderate or even severe pruning is carried out, and the growth balance among the main branches is adjusted according to the pruning degree and the direction of cutting buds. In addition to properly thinning the over-dense branches, the inner branches and weaker branches in the middle and lower part of the crown should generally be retained. (2) Initial fruiting stage: continue to select short cutting to treat the trunk extension branches at all levels, erase the summer shoots, and promote the autumn shoots to be robust. In autumn, measures such as ring cutting, root cutting and water control are taken to promote the flowering of Wangshu. (3) Full-fruiting period: the fruiting branches, falling branches and declining branches are retracted in time, and the light-blocking branches, dead branches and insect branches are cut off.