Peony (scientific name: Paeonia suffruticosa) is an important ornamental plant, which is native to Qinling and Daba Mountains in western China, but there are still wild single-petaled varieties in this area. Peony is the most famous peony in Luoyang and Heze. Peony is a shrub woody, and Paeonia lactiflora is a root storage herb. The pattern and leaves are very similar. Peony blooms in early May, and Paeonia lactiflora blooms later, which is their main difference. Paeonia lactiflora is native to northern China and Siberia, and is relatively cold-tolerant. In English and other European languages, peony and peony are the same word. Habits of Origin Na Wei's fine brushwork peony painting originated in the mountainous areas around Qinling Mountain and Daba Mountain in western China. Hanzhong is the earliest place to cultivate peony artificially in China, which belongs to deciduous subshrub. I like cool and hate peony fever, but I prefer dry and fear wet. I can tolerate the low temperature of -30℃ and grow normally in areas with an annual average relative humidity of about 45%. I like yin, but I'm not very resistant to yang. Loose, fertile and well-drained neutral soil or sandy soil are required, and it is forbidden to stick heavy soil or plant at low temperature. The flowering period is April-May. Grafting is often used for cultivation, because it belongs to Paeonia genus with Paeonia lactiflora, and Paeonia lactiflora is often used as rootstock. [1] 1. Soil 1. Soil quality: Peony is suitable for deep, loose and fertile soil. Soil drainage capacity must be good. Potted plants can be planted in ordinary soil. 2. Soil properties: neutral or neutral slightly alkaline soil. Second, water the peony [2] Proverbs and proverbs say: "Peony should be dry but not wet." Peony is a deep-rooted fleshy root, afraid of long-term water accumulation. Usually it is not advisable to water too much, just dry it properly. Third, the fertilization proverb says that the saying goes: "Clear peony" and "muddy peony". The base fertilizer for cultivating peony must be sufficient. The base fertilizer can be compost, cake fertilizer or manure. Usually it is better to apply fertilizer three times a year, that is, spray fertilizer water containing phosphate fertilizer and Huazhuangdiling once half a month before flowering; Apply compound fertilizer once half a month after flowering; Apply compost once before winter to ensure the next year's flowering. Fourth, the temperature peony is cold-resistant and not high-temperature. In East China and Central China, you can spend the winter in the open air. When the temperature reaches 4℃, the bud begins to expand gradually. Suitable temperature: 16~20℃, no flowering below 16℃. When the weather is hot in summer, plants are in a semi-dormant state. 5. Lighting Proverbs and Peony [3] As the saying goes, "Yinshan Tea, Yang Peony." Peony likes the sun, but doesn't like the sun. When planting in the field, you should choose a place with higher terrain facing the east and the sun. Potted plants should be placed on the sunny east balcony, such as Nanyang terrace or roof platform, and the west side should be shaded. VI. Cultivation Techniques The eternal romance of Luoyang Fan Yu's works is only Er Qiao 1. Choose sunny and stagnant land for planting, preferably sandy loam with fertile texture and good drainage on Chaoyang slope. Before planting, dig deep into the ground, the planting pit should be appropriately large, and the peony root should be stretched vertically when it is placed in its hole, and it is not allowed to take root by punching holes. Don't plant too deep, it's best to just bury the roots. Generally, there are fewer potted plants. 2. Sunshine with sufficient light and temperature is beneficial to its growth, but it can't tolerate the scorching sun in summer. When the temperature is higher than 25℃, plants will be dormant. The optimum flowering temperature is 17 -20℃, but it must be treated at low temperature of 1-10℃ for 2 -3 months before flowering. The lowest temperature is -30℃, but appropriate cold-proof measures should be taken in winter in the northern cold area to avoid freezing injury. The high temperature and high humidity weather in the south is extremely unfavorable to the growth of peony. Therefore, in order to enjoy the beauty of peony flowers in the south, we must give specific environmental conditions. 3. Water and fertilize. Water twice before planting. Irrigation 1 time before winter to ensure its safe overwintering. After spring, water should be supplied according to the dry and wet conditions of the soil, but don't water it too much. Generally, fertilizer is applied three times a year, and the first time is 1 time before flowering, and quick-acting fertilizer is applied to promote flowers to bloom well. The second time is fertilization after flowering, topdressing 1 times organic liquid fertilizer. The third time is autumn and winter fertilizer, mainly base fertilizer, to promote the growth of the next spring. In addition, attention should be paid to intertillage weeding, and the soil can be loosened by shallow tillage without leaving weeds. 4. After pruning, pick flowers and prune them in time, combine the desired tree shape according to the natural growth of the tree shape, and at the same time stick a layer of calluses antiseptic film at the pruning mouth to protect the wound and prevent the invasion and infection of germs. If you want plants to be low and have dense flowers, you should cut them short to inhibit branch expansion and tillering. Generally, it is advisable to leave 5-6 branches per plant. 5. flowering control potted peony can bloom in the spring festival by forcing flowers in winter. The method is to select peony varieties with full scales and buds (such as Zhao Fen, Luoyanghong, Shengdanlu, Gejinzi, Zhusha Lei, Dahonghu, Mokui and Wulong Peng Sheng). ) 60 days before the Spring Festival, take it out with soil to minimize damage to the roots, and dry it in the shade 12-3 days before entering the pot. When placing the flowerpot, the size of the flowerpot should match the plant to achieve a satisfactory plant type. After pouring water, it is managed normally. 50-60 days before the Spring Festival, move into a greenhouse around 10℃, and spray water 2-3 times a day to keep it moist. When the scale buds swell, gradually heat them to 25-30℃, and the temperature at night is not lower than 15℃, so that flowers can be seen in the Spring Festival. Seven, brown spot disease, erythema, rust and other common diseases; Common pests are nematodes, grubs and cutworms. Er Qiao (1) leaf spot: Also known as erythema, this disease is a polychaete fungal infection. Pathogens mainly infect leaves and also new branches. The initial stage of the disease is usually about 15 days after anthesis, and it gets worse with the increase of temperature in mid-July. In the early stage, there were brown spots on the back of leaves, and the edge color was slightly darker, forming irregular annular withered spots with thick outside and light inside, which merged with each other and made the leaves wither and wither. The petiole is damaged, resulting in a dark green fluff layer; Stem and stalk are infected to produce raised lesions; Pathogens overwinter in stems, leaves and soil of diseased plants. Prevention and control methods: ① Around the beginning of165438+10 (beginning of winter), clean the leaves in the ground and burn them centrally to eliminate pathogenic bacteria; ② Before the onset (May), spray 10 to 15 days with bordeaux mixture 60 times as much as1:1until the end of July; (3) At the initial stage of the disease, 500-800 times of thiophanate methyl and carbendazim were sprayed every 7- 10 day for 3-4 consecutive times. (2) Purple feather disease: It is a fungal disease. Spread through soil. The disease occurs in the root neck and roots, especially in the root neck. There are purple or white cotton-wool hyphae in the victim's body, which are yellow-brown at first and dark brown later, commonly known as "black pimples". In light cases, patches are formed, no new roots are produced, the branches are withered and thin, the leaves are yellow, and the scales and buds are small; In severe cases, the whole root neck and system rot and plants die. This disease usually occurs in the hot and rainy season from June to August. After September, with the decrease of temperature and rain, the disease spots stopped spreading. Prevention and control methods of peony [4]: ① Choose Gao Qian plot with good drainage for planting; ② timely intertillage in rainy season to reduce soil moisture; ③ Rotation every 4-5 years; ④ Cultivate disease-resistant varieties; ⑤ When planting alone, before planting, apply 500 times of pentachloronitrobenzene liquid medicine to the affected area, or water the roots with 5% amobam 1000 times of liquid medicine; ⑥ Disinfect infected plants with lime or sulfur. (3) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Also known as stem rot. The pathogen is Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. At the onset, water stains appeared on the stems near the ground, which gradually expanded and rotted, and white cotton appeared. You can also dip the leaves and buds. Prevention and control methods: choose Gao Qian plot with good drainage for planting; Dig out the diseased plants in time and disinfect the soil; Rotation every 4-5 years. Anthrax and rust are also common. There are round or irregular light brown pits on the surface of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides leaves, and the spreading edges are purple-brown. Rust produces yellow spores on the back of leaves, which leads to green leaves and columnar hairs on the diseased leaves in the later stage. The control method is the same as leaf spot. Propagation and cultivation are usually carried out by branching and grafting, but also by sowing and cutting. The suitable period of transplantation is from late September of 10 to early October of 10, neither too early nor too late. Peony [5] is fertilized at least three times a year, namely "flower fertilizer", "bud fertilizer" and "winter fertilizer". Pruning should be carried out after 2-3 years of cultivation. For varieties with vigorous growth and strong branching ability, it is only necessary to cut off the weak branches, keep all the strong branches, and remove the new buds at the base in time to maintain a beautiful plant shape. Bud removal is also an extremely important job. In order to make plants produce bright flowers and keep plants strong, the number of flowers should be controlled according to the age of trees. In the early stage of budding, a certain number of fully developed flower buds should be selected, and excessive flower buds and weak buds should be removed as soon as possible. Generally, 5-6 year-old plants keep 3-5 flower buds. For newly planted plants, all flower buds should be removed in the following spring to prevent them from blooming, so as to concentrate nutrition and promote plant development. Peony is a deciduous shrub with deep roots. It likes sunshine, cold resistance, cool environment and avoids high temperature and sultry. It is suitable for children to grow in loose, fertile and well-drained sand. Therefore, it is appropriate to use the mixed soil of sand and cake fertilizer as the pot soil for cultivating peony flowers, or to mix it with fully decomposed manure, garden soil and coarse sand at the ratio of1:1. If the cultivated soil contains too much water, its fleshy roots will rot easily. Therefore, when it rains continuously, it should be drained in time, and water must not accumulate at the roots. Peony is not resistant to high temperature, so it needs to take timely cooling measures in hot summer. It's better to build a gazebo to give it shade. Cover with straw curtains or reeds before noon and remove them at night. This measure, if implemented in time, can prevent defoliation. If it is left to heat the fallen leaves, it will seriously affect the future flowering. Peony has long roots and large plants, which is suitable for ground planting. If you want to plant a pot, you should choose a large, permeable soil basin with a depth of more than 30 cm. It is best to use a crock 60-70 cm deep. The propagation of peony flowers can be accomplished by sowing, branching and grafting. Shandong Heze 1, the main producing area in China, was called Cao Zhou in ancient times and has the largest peony planting base in China. Heze, known as Cao Zhou in ancient times, is known as "a strong peony county" and "the capital of peony" [6]. Here, there are rich things, outstanding people and a history book. Peony has been cultivated in Cao Zhou for hundreds of years. There were many peonies in Luoyang in the Song Dynasty. Ouyang Xiu wrote a poem, "Luoyang is the most suitable flower, and peonies are wonderful in the world." From the Ming Dynasty, the planting center moved to Cao Zhou, which is now Heze. Up to now, there are hundreds of varieties and thousands of acres of peony fields in Heze. Every year around Grain Rain, the peony in Cao Zhou is contiguous, which is spectacular and can be called the best in China. Heze is the largest peony production base, scientific research base, export base and ornamental base in the world. At present, the cultivated area is 50,000 mu, and there are more than 600 varieties in 9 color systems, which are sold well in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other large and medium-sized cities 100, and exported to more than 20 countries and regions such as Japan, France and Canada. Heze peony is elegant, colorful and fragrant, and won the 8 1 prize at the 99' Kunming World Horticultural Exposition. Heze Peony is also called Cao Zhou Peony in history. Flowers are big, colorful, beautiful and fragrant, and they are "things in the sea". Heze peony is characterized by tall and straight branches, luxuriant leaves and elegant flowers, and is known as the top grade of ornamental peony. Heze Peony Blossoms [7] Peony has achieved fruitful scientific research. As early as the first national flower skin Expo, three scientific research achievements of Heze peony new variety breeding, peony field flower forcing technology research and peony new variety research won the national scientific and technological progress award, ranking first in the number of national peony scientific research awards. 1997 1 month 14, Heze peony scientific research achievements passed the national appraisal for the fourth time. Only this time, seven achievements have passed the appraisal, including the cultivation of new peony varieties, the cultivation of soilless desk peony, the screening of temperature-resistant peony products, the application of Feng Dan seedlings grafted ornamental peony in commercial production, the study of peony bonsai, the screening of peony cut flowers and the breeding of new peony varieties, which are the most valuable achievements in scientific research. Five of them have reached the domestic leading level, which indicates that Heze Peony has made a breakthrough in scientific research. Thus, the ornamental value of peony is improved, the planting range and application range of peony are broadened, the problem of rapid breeding of precious varieties is solved to a certain extent, a new way is opened up for peony to enter thousands of households, and conditions are created for connecting with the international flower industry. Praised by Vice President Chen. Heze Peony has also won awards in major flower exhibitions at home and abroad, enjoying a high reputation at home and abroad. At the first, second, third and fourth National Flower Exposition, Heze Peony won the gold, silver and bronze awards and the scientific and technological progress award, and 26 fine pieces will be exhibited. In three Hong Kong international flower shows, Heze Peony caused a sensation, winning the first prize 1 piece and three first prizes. At the Bordeaux International Flower Expo in France and the Pittsburgh International Invention Expo in the United States, they won the silver prize for the total score of the contest and the silver prize for dried peony flowers respectively. At the 4th Flower Expo, Heze Peony won the only "Special Award for Attractions" and 6 individual awards. Especially in Peony [8] China 99' Kunming World Horticultural Exposition, Heze Peony won the championship in one fell swoop, and * * won 8 1 19 Peony Individual Award, accounting for 68%. Among them, Heze "Cao Zhou Peony Garden" and "Qiaozihong" Peony each won1; 12 gold medal, Heze Peony "Black Flower" and "Caozhou Red" won10; 36 silver medals, 26 Heze Peony "Hu Hong" and "lantian jade"; Of the 60 bronze medals, Heze Peony "Flower Er Qiao" and "Huang Huakui" won 43. The expert judges unanimously commented: "Heze peony flowers are large, colorful and flowery, which is worthy of being a national beauty." At present, 1 156 varieties of Heze peony in 9 colors, such as black, red and yellow, have passed the registration certification of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine. 2. Peony is one of the earliest ornamental flowers in China. At the beginning of the evolution of peony cultivation, it formed an indissoluble bond with Luoyang. Luoyang peony began in Sui Dynasty and flourished in Tang Dynasty, while "the best in the world" was in Song Dynasty, with a history of 1500 years. In this long historical process, Luoyang peony is not only famous for its elegance and beauty; With the same love for nature, the world is king and always leads the group. Luoyang has also become a sacred place for peonies in people's minds. China is the hometown of peony, and Luoyang is one of the birthplaces of peony in China. Luoyang peony is famous for its large flowers, bright colors and wealth. She began in Jin, flourished in Sui, flourished in Tang and flourished in Song. Since Sui and Tang Dynasties, Luoyang Peony has been introduced and cultivated in Tian Peng, Sichuan, Yancheng, Jiangsu, Hangzhou, Anhui, Haochuan, Cao Zhou, Shandong, Shaoguan, Guangdong and other places, and now it has spread all over the Great Wall and the north and south of the river. Luoyang peony has been dissolved in the sea of peony in China, and it is fragrant overseas. In 724 AD, China Peony was introduced to Japan; Introduce France 1330 to1850; 1656, the Netherlands began to introduce; In A.D. 1789, China peony was introduced to Britain, and more than 100 horticultural varieties were cultivated. The United States also began to introduce from 1826 to 1830. "Who will be the young master in spring, and the leader is the imperial peony". Luoyang Peony enjoys a high status in the international horticultural cultural circles because of its long cultivation history, numerous varieties, grand production scale, rich wild resources, superb cultivation techniques, increasingly perfect scientific theoretical system and profound peony cultural heritage. 3. Gansu purple peony 4, Anhui Bozhou 5, Anhui Tongling 6, Hebei Baixiang, there is a thousand-year-old peony. 7. In Hanzhong, Shaanxi, there is a peony garden. 8. In Chaohu Lake, Anhui Province, there is a thousand-year-old peony on Yinping Mountain. 9. Pengzhou, Sichuan, single crystal, Pengzhou is the birthplace of peony in Tian Peng, China. Since the reform and opening up, peony has been designated as the city flower of Pengzhou and the peony of Tianpeng [9], and it has been rapidly restored and developed. As a base for developing traditional famous flowers, Shan Jingshan has built a scenic spot featuring peony viewing, which is called "Flower Mountain in the West of China". There are more than 3 million peony plants and more than 260 varieties in the whole mountain. Every year from the beginning of April to the end of May, all kinds of peonies on the mountain and on the mountain bloom for the second time. 10, there is a peony garden in xi 'an, Shaanxi Province, which is located in Gu Quan Peony Garden in Zhong Nanshan, Shijing Town, Huxian County, Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province. 1 1, Dianjiang, Chongqing, the hometown of landscape peony, Huaxia peony source 12, Zhangji, Liuxiang, Hefei, Anhui, 160 years of morphological characteristics. The root system is developed, with few branches and fibrous roots. Plant height 1-3m, up to 2m. The old stems are grayish brown, and the branches are yellowish brown. Bipinnate compound leaves, alternate. Flowers are solitary at the top of stem, with flower diameter 10-30cm. The colors are white, yellow, pink, red, purple and multicolor, and there are single flowers, compound flowers, double flowers and cabinet flowers. Calyx has 5 pieces. There are many ways to distinguish peony, which can be divided into upright type, spreading type and semi-open type according to plant type. According to the bud type, it can be divided into round bud type, narrow bud type, olecranon type and exposed mouth type; According to the branching habit, it can be divided into single branch type and cluster branch type; According to the color, it can be divided into white, * * *, pink, red, purple, deep purple (black), snow blue (pink blue), green and compound color; According to the flowering period, it can be divided into early flower type, middle flower type, late flower type and autumn and winter type (some varieties have the habit of secondary flowering, which can naturally reopen after flowering in spring and autumn and winter, called autumn and winter type); According to the pattern, it can be divided into four levels: department, class and group. The four rows are peony, purple peony, yellow peony and purple peony; Two kinds, namely single flower and tiger flower; The two groups are Melaleuca and Louzi; The following groups are divided into several types according to the shape of flowers, such as single petal type, lotus type, laurel type and crown type. Peony is a perennial deciduous shrub with slow growth, small plant type and plant height of 0.5 ~ 2 meters. Roots are fleshy, thick and long, with lignified center, generally 0.5 ~ 0.8 meters long, and a few roots can reach 2 meters; The color of root bark and root meat varies with varieties; The branches are erect, crisp and round, and look like shrubs from the roots. Annual branches are smooth and brown and often crack and fall off. Leaves alternate, leaves are usually bipinnately compound, the upper branches are often simple, and the leaflets are needle-shaped, oval, oval and so on. The terminal leaflets are often 2 ~ 3-lobed, with dark green or yellow-green on the top and grayish green, smooth or hairy on the bottom; The total petiole is 8 ~ 20 cm long with grooves on the surface; Peanut is at the top of the branch of the year, bisexual, large and colorful, with a diameter of10 ~ 30cm; The colors of flowers are white, yellow, pink, red, purple, deep purple (black), snow blue (pink blue), green and compound color. Male and female pistils are often petaled, and the natural growth of petals and the degree of petaled pistils are related to varieties, cultivation environmental conditions and growth years. Normal flowers have many stamens, strong seed setting ability and high seed maturity. Flowers with serious pistil petals, few seeds but no seeds, completely free stamens, 5 carpels, at least 8 carpels, each ovary bottle-shaped, placenta margin, most ovules pentagonal, 7- 13 per corner, and round seeds. After peony changed from wild to domestic, due to the change of environmental conditions and continuous artificial breeding and cultivation, not only the color, pattern and flowering period changed sooner or later, but also the shape of plants, the length and thickness of roots and the color and shape of leaves. /view/34906.htm and so on.