Scientific name: fig.

English name: Fig

Family name: Moraceae, Moraceae

Small deciduous trees, up to 10 m; Bark is dark brown; Branchlets erect, stout and glabrous. The leaves are thick and papery, obovate or nearly round, with a length of 10- 15cm and a width of 8- 14cm. Blunt tip, heart-shaped base, wavy or coarsely toothed margin, 3-5-lobed, rough surface, short hair on the back, palmately veined. Petiole 3-7 cm long; Stipules triangular-ovate, red, about 65438 0 cm long. Cryptomeria fortunei's solitary leaves are pear-shaped, 3-5 cm long and 3-4 cm in diameter, and are dark purple when mature. The flowering period is May-June, and the fruit maturity is 65438+1October.

Origin in China's coastal areas, in China's south-central provinces and Jiangsu provinces are cultivated.

Hidden flowers and fruits can help digestion, moisten lungs and relieve cough, clear heat and moisten intestines, and roots and leaves can reduce swelling, detoxify and stop diarrhea; As a tree species with strong resistance to toxic gases, it can grow and bear fruit normally within 200 meters of sulfur dioxide diffusion source, and can be planted in areas with serious air pollution. Propagation can be achieved by cutting, cutting branches from last year's old branches, inserting them into seedbeds in winter or early spring, budding or sowing. Fruit contains tannic acid, glucose, sucrose, fat and gum.

I always thought that "fig" is really a fruit without flowers. Today, I realized that fig also has flowers, but its flowers are hidden and invisible.

Fig pulp is seedless, nutritious, unique in flavor and excellent in taste. Its main nutritional components are as follows:

The edible rate of 1. Ficus carica is high, with 97% fresh fruit and 0/00% preserved dried fruit, low acid content and no hard core, which is especially suitable for the elderly and children.

2. Ficus carica is rich in amino acids, with fresh fruit 1.0% and dried fruit 5.3%; At present, 18 species have been found. Not only are the eight essential amino acids of high utilization value, but the content of aspartic acid (1.9% dry weight) is the highest, which has a good effect on fighting leukemia, restoring physical strength and eliminating fatigue. Therefore, fig drinks are regarded as "caffeine substitutes" abroad.

3. The dry matter content of Ficus carica is very high, with fresh fruit 14-20% and dried fruit over 70%. Among them, the content of glucose that can be directly absorbed and utilized by human body accounts for 34.3% (dry weight), fructose accounts for 365,438+0.2% (dry weight), and sucrose only accounts for 7.82% (dry weight). Therefore, it is low in calories and is called low-calorie food in Japan. Domestic medical research has proved that it is a health food for losing weight.

4. Ficus carica contains polysaccharide, accounting for 6.49% (dry weight), mainly arabinose and galactose, which has certain anti-aging effect.

Figs contain many vitamins, especially carotene. Fresh fruit 30mg/ 100g, dried fruit 70mg/ 100g, higher than peaches, grapes, plums, pears, oranges and sweet persimmons.

6. Ficus carica contains a lot of inorganic elements beneficial to human body, but it does not contain inorganic elements such as Co, Cd and Pb. These are easy to cause cancer. It has a good effect on strengthening the health and anti-cancer ability of the body.

7. The fruits, branches and leaves of Ficus carica are rich in enzymes, among which protein decomposes the most enzymes, followed by lipase, amylase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Eating fruit after a meal helps digestion. In recent years, great breakthroughs have been made in extracting SOD from figs and developing high-quality cosmetics, which doubled the value of figs.

8. Ficus carica is rich in dietary fiber, in which pectin and hemicellulose can absorb a variety of chemical substances after swelling, so that various harmful substances in the intestine can be absorbed and discharged, the intestine can be purified, the reproduction of beneficial bacteria in the intestine can be promoted, and blood sugar can be inhibited, the normal cholesterol content can be maintained, and carcinogens can be eliminated.

9. Figs also contain acids, such as malic acid, oxalic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, pyrrolidine carboxylic acid, shikimic acid, quinic acid and glyceric acid. Flavonoids, rutin ketose, aldose, resin, etc. As well as benzaldehyde, furan coumarin lactone, bone tonic, bergamot lactone and other components that have certain effects on cancer suppression.

Figs have been our equally important food since ancient times. Because it is nutritious, convenient, delicious and popular, it is very suitable for modern people's lifestyle and food nutrition policy. Figs are native to sunny western Asia and the Mediterranean coast, and are also cultivated in Egypt, Turkey and Iran. Figs are regarded as symbols of ancient and modern food culture. The historical records introduced to China around the Tang Dynasty are called "Ayi" and the Uighur language is called "Angel".

Jiaxiang is now the first fig town in China, and the Jintian Fig Research Institute has collected 96 world-renowned fig varieties. From introduction to planting, from product research and development to export, it has won the trust of people from all walks of life who are enthusiastic about the fig industry with excellent quality.

2. Ficus carica, alias honey fruit, is a deciduous shrub or small tree of Moraceae and Ficus. The height of the plant can reach 4 to 9 meters in the south yard or as a fruit tree, and it is about 1.5 meters for potted viewing in the north. Bark is dark brown, lenticels are obvious, branchlets are thick and smooth, nodes are obvious, and stems contain milk, which is easy to flow out from wounds. The leaves are large, thick papery, obovate or nearly round, deeply divided and rough on the surface. There are hairs on the back of leaves, thick veins and reddish stipules. Inflorescence axis expands like a small fruit, which is solitary between leaf axils, and the central part is depressed downwards, forming a hollow sac with holes at the top. Many hermaphroditic flowers are planted on the inner wall, forming cryptocephalic inflorescences, which are invisible outside, so they are called figs. After pollination, the inflorescence axis expands to form fruit, which is berry-shaped, spherical or oblate. Young fruit is dark green, purple-brown after maturity, and some varieties are white-green In the later stage, the bottom often cracks to expose tiny seeds. The fruit is 3 cm to 5 cm in diameter, sweet and juicy, and contains many vitamins.

Figs are native to Mediterranean coastal areas and warm temperate zones in Central Asia, and are cultivated all over China. Sexual preference is sunny, warm and relatively dry continental climate, not cold, cold and drought. Beijing area needs to enter a cold room at about 0℃ for wintering and cold protection. It can adapt to the environmental characteristics of high temperature and large radiant heat in courtyards and balconies in summer, and can resist the combined pollution of various toxic elements in the chemical industry area. The requirements for soil are not strict. It can grow in heavy calcareous soil, acidic red loam and loam with 0.3% salt content, but it is afraid of waterlogging. The planting soil layer on the ground should be deep and moderately moist. Potted plants need humus-rich and well-drained culture soil. Apply adequate base fertilizer and topdressing in a timely and appropriate manner.

Cutting propagation is usually used. It is advisable to combine plant shaping and pruning before the sap flows out in early spring, and cut a fully grown branch of about 15cm for cutting, and bind it every 20 ~ 30 branches. Then, the top of the tied cuttings is downward, and they are buried in the wet area in the soil with the lee and the sun, covered with soil 10cm, and covered with plastic film for heat preservation and moisture preservation. It will be taken out in early May, and you can see the wound. The survival rate of potted plants or ground plants can reach more than 95%. A small number of flowers are propagated in the family, and the small buds sprouting at the base of the plant trunk can be cut off in a small pot with leaves during the growing season, and will soon survive in a cool and humid environment and be cultivated normally. But you can't cut the side branches during the growth period, otherwise a lot of juice will flow out and affect the growth. In early spring, the tillers sprouting on the root neck can also be dug up, planted separately and carefully cultivated for 2 years to bear fruit.

When fig is planted underground, it should be applied with sufficient base fertilizer and topdressing once every autumn after defoliation. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be properly matched, and nitrogen fertilizer should not be too much, otherwise the branches and leaves will be white and long, and the results will be few, and the tender branches will easily freeze in winter. Pay attention to timely and appropriate watering in perennial maintenance to ensure that the soil is moist and not waterlogged, and it must be watered before winter.

Potted figs are put in pots in early spring, leaving only short stems and chopped. After germination, three to five buds evenly distributed near the incision will develop into main branches. At the end of July of that year, the heart was picked to prevent the branches from growing white and promote the stem buds to be full. In the spring of the following year, the main branches were cut off around 15 cm. After germination, 2 ~ 3 buds are left on each 1 main branch to form fruiting branches, all the redundant buds are erased, and a tree shape is basically formed. After that, every winter, the horizontal branches, over-dense branches, weak branches and tillering branches sprouting at the base will be cut off to keep ventilation and light, so that the plant posture is symmetrical and robust. In the past few years, we should turn over the pots and change the soil once a year, apply an appropriate amount of base fertilizer, topdressing once or twice according to the growth, and change them into large pots year by year. Trees over 6 years old should be replaced with wooden barrels, supplemented by topdressing. Fruits have the habit of maturing day by day, so they should be harvested at any time to prevent a large number of fruits from falling.