2. The non-predicate structure is used as an adverbial in a sentence (it cannot be used as a sentence predicate), but the logical subject of the action/state it expresses is still the subject of the whole sentence.
Because of illness, he couldn't go to shoot yesterday.
Illness is an adverbial of non-predicate structure, but the subject of illness is still him.
3. Although the absolute construction also uses the non-predicate structure of the verb (that is, the present participle/past participle/infinitive structure of the verb), it must be preceded by a noun/pronoun as the logical subject of the action/state represented by the verb. That is to say, the logical subject of the action/state it represents is not the subject of the whole sentence, but a different subject.
His mother was ill and he couldn't go to school yesterday.
The subject of illness is not him, but his mother.
Explain the difference between non-predicate verb structure and independent nominative result, and then talk about your two questions.
Let me talk about the basic composition of absolute construction:
Noun (phrase)/pronoun +vining/Vpp (past participle)/infinitive phrase/object-object structure/noun/adjective/adverb indicating position
1) The first question is to use "noun phrase+preposition" for absolute construction. At this time, it is stipulated in usage that if two nouns (noun phrases, objects in prepositions) are singular, modifiers such as articles/possessive pronouns in front of these two nouns can be omitted at the same time. If they are not omitted, modifiers must be added; And if it is plural, you can't omit any modifiers.
So it is right for her to have a test paper in her hand or a test paper in her hand.
But you can't say that she has a test paper in her hand or a test paper in her hand.
2) If the absolute construction is composed of noun (phrase)+noun (phrase)/object/adjective/adverb, it can being added or not.
But if the absolute construction is composed of pronouns /there+ nouns (phrases)/objects/adjectives/adverbs, then being cannot be omitted.
So Mr. Yang is a good teacher, and all the students recognize him for his kindness.
Being in this sentence can be omitted.
But for example:
Because there is no water, no living thing can live on the moon.
He is such a good teacher that all the students admire his kindness.
It can't be omitted in the above two sentences!
If you have any questions, please send me a message.