A, template materials
1. In order to ensure the project quality objectives and construction quality, select reputable suppliers to provide high-quality products, and strictly control the incoming customs to prevent inferior plates from entering the construction site. Each batch of materials must be inspected for incoming goods, and can only be put into use after meeting the requirements.
2. This project adopts wood pattern, which consists of plywood with a thickness of 18mm and wood blocks with a thickness of 4×6cm. Template materials are 6×8, 5× 10, 10× 10cm wood blocks, 1 ~ 3 inch round nails, 8 ~ 65438.
Second, the template preparation method
1. The template shall be prepared directly according to the drawing size. Formwork for members with simple structures such as foundation, beam, column, slab and wall. , can be directly prepared according to the template specifications and quantity listed in the structural construction drawing. The section and spacing of formwork, crosspiece and deadwood, as well as the preparation of supporting system, can be selected according to general regulations or look-up table.
2. Prepare the template according to the detailed method, and prepare the template according to the detailed method for structural members, stairs, cornices and irregular structures with complex shapes. Enlarging the template is to draw a full-scale sample of structural members on the flat ground according to the structural drawing, so as to measure the exact size of each part of the template or determine the template, and at the same time determine the template and its installation node structure for template production.
3. According to the calculation method, the template is prepared, and the structural members with complex shapes are prepared by the enlarged sample method. Although accurate, it is troublesome and needs some space. Many structural members are regular geometric shapes, and templates of stairs, footrests, overhangs and irregular shapes can also be prepared by calculation or calculation combined with enlarged samples.
4. Formwork is prepared by structural surface expansion method, and formwork preparation with complex overhangs and moldings is also suitable for expansion method. Draw the template plan and development diagram, and then design the mold and make the template.
Third, the template production
1. Firstly, according to the geometric size of the bearing surface of the drawing and considering the actual use requirements of the template, the template is prepared by blanking. Flat-fell seam of wooden template should be planed flat and straight, and the wooden file of the template should also be planed straight. In order to make the formwork joints tight and not easy to leak slurry, the length of nails used is generally 1.5 ~ 2 times of the thickness of wooden formwork.
2. According to the shape and size of concrete members, plywood with a thickness of 18mm is used as the bottom formwork and side formwork, and 4×6cm small wood square is used as the wood block to form a block formwork. The spacing of wood blocks depends on the lateral pressure of concrete on the formwork. The assembled template should not be too big or too heavy, and it is advisable for two people to carry it. 6×8, 5× 10,/kloc-0 ×10 cm wooden blocks are used as the steel pipe support and main keel frame of the cast-in-place slab, and 18mm plywood shaped slab is used to lay the cast-in-place slab.
3. The prepared templates must be painted with template release agent, and the templates of different parts should be marked with the use parts and classification numbers on the reverse side according to specifications, models and sizes, and pushed for safekeeping, so as to avoid mistakes during installation.
4. The finished formwork should be stacked in a rain-proof, dry, ventilated and fireproof place, and covered and protected to avoid deformation due to various environmental influences before use.
Fourth, the template installation
Construction sequence: cushion template → foundation beam template → constructional column template → column template → wallboard template → ring beam template → beam template → floor template → stair template.
(a) cushion template
1. Generally speaking, the height of the foundation is not high, but the volume is large. Before installation, check the center line and elevation of the foundation. Firstly, vertical and horizontal axes and peripheral lines pop up on the foundation surface, and vertical side formwork is erected on the sideline according to the size of peripheral lines. After the verticality and elevation of side formwork are corrected, it shall be nailed with diagonal braces and supports to ensure the stability and rigidity of side pressure.
2. After the installation, clean up the sundries in the working face and check whether the axis, geometric dimensions and elevation of the template meet the requirements of the design drawings.
3. After the concrete cushion of the independent foundation slab is poured, pay-off the foundation according to the drawing design, pop up the chalk line on the outside of the independent foundation on the concrete cushion, and then install the template according to the outside of the chalk line.
(2) Foundation beam formwork
1. After the earthwork at the bottom of the foundation beam is compacted, a brick tire mold is adopted. According to the width of the cap, clay solid bricks are built with 1: 3 cement mortar on each side to facilitate concrete pouring.
2. The beam span is large, the width is generally not large, and the foundation beam is assembled by external formwork. First, pop up the edges on both sides of the beam on the cushion layer. After finding the elevation according to the dimension of the edges, the side formwork will be nailed with diagonal braces and supports.
(3) constructional column template
1. Exterior wall constructional column. According to the size of the constructional column in the drawing, each side of the brick horse tooth is 60mm, and the template is made. According to the vertical height, φ 12 bolts are worn on the wall every 400 ~ 500, and the made template is installed on the constructional column, with 150 ~ 200 cm garbage removal holes left at the lower part of one side. Stick the template on the wall with a sponge to prevent slurry leakage. Clamp the bolt on the bolt connected with the constructional column, straighten it with a plumb hammer, and tighten the bolt.
2. Interior wall constructional column. The shuttering method of the internal wall constructional column is basically the same as that of the external wall, except that the bolt is changed into a beam hoop, which is formed by the holes left by bricklaying on both sides of the constructional column. The rest shall be constructed according to the construction method of external wall constructional column.
(4) Column formwork
1. The section size of the column is not large, but it is relatively high. Before installation, two boards with the same length as the column section and shorter length should be assembled into a combined template according to the pop-up crosshairs and peripheral lines. When nailing the mold, sponge strips should be added at the contact between the two plates to prevent slurry leakage. At the bottom of the template, there should be a cleaning mouth to clean up the sundries in the template, and column hoops should be added to the outside of the template, with a spacing of 45cm.
2. When the formwork is installed, support the steel pipe rack, and leave a gap of about 50mm between the horizontal pipe of the steel pipe rack and the outside of the formwork. For a column in a straight line, first correct the formwork at both ends, pull a line from the center line of the upper mouth of the formwork to correct the middle formwork, and correct the verticality with a hammer ball. After inspection, plug it with a wooden wedge, tighten the column hoop, and then fix it with a bracket. It is also necessary to support each other with horizontal scissors to ensure the accurate position of the column.
3. For columns with more than 700 columns, the bolts passing through Ф12 are fastened in the middle of the columns, and the bolts are made of 20PVC pipe sleeves, so as to be dismantled and reused. After the formwork is positioned, clamp the umbrella-shaped clamp in the steel hoop and fasten it with bolts to prevent the formwork from expanding.
4. After the concrete is cast, the verticality of the column should be corrected again. The main points of column formwork are: first, verticality; Second, there should be enough column steel hoops to ensure that the template will not expand; Third, we must keep our feet still; Fourthly, the requirements of section geometry must be met.
5. Plywood is used for the formwork at the column side, and the specification is1830mm× 915mm×18mm; The column size is b×h, in which plywood with the same column width is used in direction B and plywood with the width of h+2× 18mm is used in direction H. ..
6. The vertical gears are made of 60mmx80mm square timber, with five vertical stare blankly with column width of 1 150mm, and four vertical stare blankly with column width of 500mm to 700mm, and the column width is evenly arranged.
7. Used around the column hoop? There are two quasi-48mm steel pipes with a wall thickness of 3.5mm and a spacing of 450 mm. The bottom column hoop is 150 mm away from the ground center, and both ends are fixed and tightened with φ 12 ~ 14 steel bars, and the middle is bound with φ 12 steel bars.
(5) wallboard formwork
1. The wall formwork consists of side plates, risers, crosspieces and? Quasi 12 bolt and horizontal support. In order to keep the thickness of the wall, bolt support heads are added in the wall.
2. The templates on both sides of the wall should be assembled. First, according to the midline, the side lines on both sides of the wall will pop up at the grass-roots level, and the side formwork will be erected vertically according to the size of the side lines. After the verticality and elevation of the side formwork are corrected, it shall be nailed with diagonal braces and supports, the spacing shall be determined according to the length and height, and the through-hole screw shall be used for reinforcement, generally according to the spacing of 40~60cm, with? Quasi 12 steel bolts pass through the core, short steel bars are welded at both ends of the bolts, and the short steel bars are covered with 30×30 square meters. 18 thick formwork supports the wall formwork to ensure the wall thickness. Bolt the umbrella to the outside and clamp the steel pipe to prevent the formwork from expanding.
3. Set the steel pipe splint frame, leave a gap of about 50mm outside the formwork on both sides of the wall, correct the verticality of the wall formwork with a hammer ball, plug it up and down with a wooden wedge, then fix it firmly with a diagonal brace nail, fix it with a horizontal brace at the top, and clamp it with a steel pipe truss to ensure the vertical flatness of the wall.
4. The formwork on the wall side is made of a whole piece of plywood1830mm× 915mm×18mm. The vertical modulus is 9 15mm, and the horizontal modulus is 1830mm. When matching formwork, the transverse modulus shall be 1830mm first, and the rest plates shall be arranged at one end of the wall; For vertical formwork matching, 9 15mm is taken as the modulus, and the remaining non-modulus balance at the top is prepared according to the actual size and height.
5. The vertical posts are made of 100mm× 100mm square wood, with a piece of plywood at both ends and in the middle, with a spacing of 346 mm ... That is to say, a whole board is nailed with six vertical posts and divided into five equal intervals. For non-integral boards with different moduli, first nail columns (100mm× 100mm square timber) on the board ends, and then set columns at a spacing of 346 mm to ensure that the spacing of all columns is less than 346 mm..
6. Use two steps? Quasi-48 steel pipe, the center of the bottom rail is about 300mm from the ground, that is, the first template at the bottom of the wall is drilled with a 300mm high rail, and the installation module is 915 mm. The template at the top of the wall is constrained by beam joists.
7. Use φ 12 steel bars to pull bolts, with the horizontal spacing being the same as the vertical spacing (366mm) and located within the vertical spacing, and the vertical spacing being the same as that of the crosspieces, located between two crosspieces.
(6) ring beam template
1. The ring beam is characterized by a small and long section, which is generally placed on the wall except for a few places such as windows. Therefore, the ring beam formwork is mainly composed of side plates and corresponding fixtures. The bottom die is only used for the overhead part. If the overhead span is large, the bottom die can also be supported by top support (pipa support).
2. Ring beam shuttering is relatively simple. Generally, at the beginning of shuttering, a line with uniform elevation +50cm will pop up on the inner wall surface first, and then the height of the ring beam will be determined according to this line, so that cement mortar will not be used for leveling when installing the formwork, and the floor bottom will be flat.
3. According to the elevation size and the different formwork support methods, the internal wall should be installed with transverse stare blankly first, and the external wall should be installed with fixtures, and then the side plates, fixtures, joists or fixtures should be installed. 18mm thick plywood and 4×6cm wooden fence can be used for ring beam side formwork. After the ring beam template is installed, it should be installed on the side plate, and the gap between the side plate and the brick wall should be filled with cement mortar first, and then the steel bar should be fastened.
(7) Beam formwork
1. This kind of beam has a large span and a small width. Beam formwork consists of side formwork, bottom formwork, wood clamping and supporting system. Plywood is used for bottom formwork and side formwork, and the thickness is 18mm. First of all, the center line of the beam is popped up at the grass-roots level, and the sideline is measured to both sides. According to the sideline size, the side formwork is vertically erected, and after correcting the verticality and elevation of the side formwork, the diagonal brace and elevation are used. It is not easy to fix the beam with diagonal braces and clips. The templates on both sides should be fastened in the middle of the beam with φ 12 ~ 14 steel bolts, and the horizontal spacing is 50 ~ 100 cm. The bolt sleeves should be φ20PVC pipes for reuse.
2. The steel pipe formwork shall be supported by the beam bottom plate, and the steel pipe bearing frame shall be erected at one time according to the upper beam, plate and column parts, and the lower part shall be made of short steel pipes. At regular intervals under the beam bottom formwork, the spacing between frame beams is 1200mm, and the spacing between tic-tac-toe beams is 1500mm, so as to keep the removed beams in contact with the side of the cast-in-place slab. Beam formwork is supported by portal steel pipe frame, and then the spacing between wooden beams is 40cm. Under the column steel pipe, a pad can be added, which can be continuous or discontinuous. The thickness of the plate is not less than 5cm, the width is not less than 20cm and the length is not less than 60cm.
3. The template composed of primary and secondary beams has special requirements. Secondary beam formwork shall be nailed with supporting wood outside the formwork on both sides according to the floor elevation. At the junction of the main beam and the secondary beam, a gap should be left on the side plate of the main beam, and the lining file should be nailed, and the side plate and bottom plate of the secondary beam should be nailed on the lining file.
4. After the beam formwork is installed, check the center line to check whether the center line position of each beam formwork is correct. When installing the bottom die, check and adjust the elevation, and nail the wooden wedge on the bottom plate. Steel pipe supports should be provided with diagonal braces to avoid instability accidents. When the span of the beam is 4m or more, it should arch slightly in the middle of the span of the beam formwork, and the arch height should be 1.5 ‰ ~ 3 ‰ of the span of the beam.
5. After the installation of beam formwork, clean up the sundries in the working face and check whether the axis, geometric dimensions and elevation of the formwork meet the requirements of design drawings. Before concrete is cast, the upper mouth of the outer beam around is reinforced with wire Rachel, and the lower mouth of the beam is Rachel with wood blocks and locked with special steel fixtures to prevent formwork expansion.
6. The beam formwork is made of plywood1830mm× 915mm×18mm. The longitudinal modulus is different, and the transverse and longitudinal modulus is 1830mm. When matching molds, take 1830mm horizontally as the modulus, and prepare the remaining modulus balance according to the actual size, length and height.
7. The crosspiece is made of square wood, and the distance between the two ends and the middle of each plywood is 366 mm.. For the non-integral slab with mismatched modulus, the rungs (100mm× 100mm square timber) should be nailed at the end of the slab first, and then the rung spacing should be 366 mm, so as to ensure that the spacing of all rungs is less than 366 mm. ..
(8) Floor formwork
1. The cast-in-place slab has a large area and a relatively thin thickness. The floor bottom formwork is made of plywood with a thickness of 18mm, which is laid on wood. Wood is placed on the portal steel pipe frame outside the beam side formwork. Wood is square, with a cross section of 6-8 cm and a spacing of 40-50 cm. When the wood span is large, a support should be added in the middle to support the top of the wood. The bottom template should be paved with nails perpendicular to the direction of stare blankly wood, and the specifications and dimensions of the finalized template should conform to the spacing of stare blankly wood or adjust the spacing of stare blankly wood appropriately to match the finalized template.
2. After the formwork is installed, a horizontal line will pop up on the side of the main and secondary beam formwork. The elevation of the horizontal line should be the floor elevation minus the thickness of the floor bottom die and the height of the wood, and then nail the supporting wood according to the horizontal line to make the supporting wood epithelium flush with the horizontal line. First, put the wooden beam near the beam template, and the spacing between the wooden beams is located in the middle according to the requirements of the floor template drawing. Finally, nail the floor bottom die on the wooden floor, just nail it firmly at the end or joint of the bottom die, with as few nails as possible in the middle, so as to dismantle the die.
3. After the template is laid, clean it up and check all parts of the template. If there is any discrepancy, it should be adjusted in time. Plate installation requirements level off, flat-fell seam tightly, joints with oblique nails, convenient combination. The joints of two adjacent plates shall be pasted with paper tape to ensure no slurry leakage, and the template surface shall be coated with release agent isolation layer.
(9) Stair formwork
1. The structure of the stair formwork is similar to that of the floor formwork, except that it is inclined and stepped. When installing, first draw the stair section, stair step, platform plate and platform beam on the stair wall according to the design elevation. Set up a steel pipe rack under the platform beam, put a cushion block under the column, nail the platform beam bottom template on the steel pipe rack, support the side template, spread a board on the platform, and spread the platform bottom template.
2. Nail the supporting wood on the side plate of the stair base surface, and nail the inclined wood of the stair on the supporting wood outside the side plate of the platform beam. Nail the bottom die of the stairs to the inclined wood, set up the steel pipe rack below, tie it up with a tie rod, and then erect the outer help plate along the edge of the stairs. Nail the outer help board on the inclined wood with a crosspiece, first pop up the thickness line of the stair bottom board on its inner side, and draw the position line of the step side board with a set of boards.
3. When installing the step, erect the inverted triangular plate on the wooden beams on both sides of the stair slope, and both ends of the inverted triangular plate can be nailed on the side plates of the platform beam and the ladder foundation, and then nail the step side plates between the inverted triangular plate and the outer side plate one by one, with one end of the pedal side plate nailed on the wooden block of the outer side plate and the other end nailed on the side surface of the inverted triangular wooden block. If an inverted triangular plate is added in the middle of the step, the upper and lower parts are connected and fixed with wooden blocks, so as to avoid the bulging phenomenon of the side plate of the step. In order to ensure that the side plate of the step reaches the required thickness, several small wooden blocks can be padded under the side plate of the step, which can be taken out conveniently when pouring concrete.
4. When setting out the floor formwork, special attention should be paid to the height of the first step and the last step of each floor, and the plane width and height of the steps should be consistent. The thickness of the stair surface must be considered to prevent the deviation of different stair heights from affecting the user's use and visual effect.
Five, the template quality
1. Formwork shall be flat, flat-fell seam shall be tight without slurry leakage, and have sufficient rigidity, strength and low water absorption. Template structure should be firm and stable, can withstand the lateral pressure of concrete mixture and construction load, and should be easy to disassemble, steel bars or binding wires in the structure should not touch the template. When the bolts used to fix the formwork must pass through the concrete structure, the formwork shall be fixed and fastened with tool bolts, bolts with plugs and square water-stop rings 10× 10cm square, and the formwork of steel pipe system shall be erected. When ripping, the strength grade of waterproof concrete must be greater than 70% of the design strength grade, and the difference between the surface temperature of concrete and the ambient temperature should not be greater than 65438 05℃. Care should be taken not to damage the waterproof concrete structure.
2. The construction must comply with the Code for Construction and Acceptance of Concrete Structure Engineering (GB 50204-2002) and related specifications.
3. The template installation deviation of cast-in-place structure shall meet the requirements in the following table:
Six, template removal
1. The date of form removal depends on the hardening strength of concrete, and is judged according to the compressive strength of the form removal test block maintained under the same conditions. When dismantling the beam and slab formwork, the formwork must meet the strength requirements of formwork removal members specified in the specification, and the formwork can only be dismantled with the consent of the construction party.
2. The principle of column and wall formwork removal: 1. No mucosa; Second, there is no shortage of horns, and third, there is enough strength. Dismantling the formwork prematurely can improve the turnover rate of the formwork and create conditions for other work. However, we must emphasize the scientific basis, and never allow the construction work to be risky by subjective imagination.
3. Don't use too much force when tearing. Dismantle the dismantled formwork in time, and dismantle the beam bottom plate from the middle to both sides. Demolition sequence: first support, then dismantle, then support, first dismantle, first dismantle the non-bearing part, then dismantle the bearing part. Demolition of complex formwork shall be planned in advance and implemented as planned.
4. After demolition, pass it down block by block, and do not throw it around or pile it on the operation floor and scaffolding. Clean it up after removal, brush the release agent for renovation, and pile it neatly according to specifications and models for reuse.
5. When the formwork is dismantled, the concrete strength shall meet the requirements in the following table:
Seven, quality assurance measures
1. All beams and columns are provided with samples, and the template arrangement diagram and bent diagram are given, which are submitted to the team for construction after being reviewed by the project engineer, and the detailed drawings of special parts are added.
2. Before the template is used, those whose deformation and warpage do not conform to the specifications shall leave immediately and shall not be used. After the formwork is removed, the concrete residue and garbage should be cleaned up and the isolation agent should be painted again.
3. Garbage cleaning holes should be considered at the bottom of the plate beam, so that the garbage can be washed and discharged before it is closed.
4. After the template is installed, professionals should conduct a comprehensive inspection on the axis, elevation, size, support, fastening bolts and Rachel bolts. In the process of pouring concrete, operators with good skills and strong sense of responsibility should "watch the mold" and report the problems in time.
5. All hole templates in hanging plates and hanging beams must be installed correctly and reinforced to prevent them from vibrating or floating due to the buoyancy of concrete during pouring.
Eight, safety technical measures
1. When entering the construction site, you must wear a safety helmet and fasten your hat belt, and fasten your seat belt when erecting the formwork.
2. Before work every day, check whether the tools used are complete and firm, and the tools such as wrenches are tied to the body with rope chains to avoid falling and hurting people. Concentrate on your work, prevent nails from sticking your feet and falling in the air, and enhance your awareness of self-protection and protection of others.
3. Corrupt and distorted materials shall not be used for formwork support, and the top bracing shall be flat, solid and vertically padded. Formwork should be carried out according to the working procedure. Before the formwork is fixed, the next working procedure shall not be carried out, and it is forbidden to climb up and down with the support of tie rods.
4. Pay attention to the safe use of mechanical equipment and electrical equipment during construction, use snap rings and safety hooks when lifting, and do not hang obliquely. Operators are strictly prohibited from lifting with the template.
5. When the concrete is cast, it is found that the fastener of the steel pipe frame is loose, and it shall immediately report to the builder or safety officer and take measures. Fasten the fastener firmly under the loose fastener, and do not touch or twist the loose fastener. In the process of form removal, if concrete is found to have problems affecting the safety and quality of the structure, it should be stopped and reported to the technical department for study and treatment before removal.
Nine, environmental protection and civilized construction
1. Stop template processing and other template operations on site from 22: 00 to 6: 00 at night. On-site template processing garbage should be cleaned up in time and put into the designated garbage station. Do it after work. The whole template stacking site and construction site should be orderly, clean, pollution-free, low noise, low dust and low energy consumption.
2. The erection of formwork and formwork support must also meet the requirements of inspection standard (JCJ59-99) and relevant standards of civilized standardization industry.
In a word, in the process of formwork engineering construction, the quality control procedures of formwork engineering are strictly followed, and preventive measures are formulated for some common quality defects to nip in the bud. Before operation, there must be a special construction plan and a written technical disclosure to the construction team to ensure the construction quality and safety of the formwork project.
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