The genus Malus.
Rosaceae; Malus
Morphological habits: Deciduous trees, the height of which can reach 15 meters, are generally 3-5 meters high under cultivation conditions. The trunk is grayish brown, the old bark has irregular longitudinal cracks or flaking, and the branchlets are smooth. Simple leaves alternate, oval to ovoid, with serrated leaves. Corymb with white petals, pink buds, 20 stamens and 5 styles. Fruit is a kind of kernel, and its color and size vary with varieties. Like light, like slightly acidic to neutral soil. It is most suitable for sandy soil with deep soil layer, rich organic matter and good ventilation and drainage of core soil.
Reproduction by grafting. There are two kinds of rootstocks: arbor rootstocks and dwarf rootstocks. Commonly used tree rootstocks are Juglans mandshurica, Haitang Xifu and Vitex negundo, and dwarf rootstocks are mainly imported from Britain. Wide rows and close planting are adopted, and the behavior is north-south. The soil in southern China is planted before freezing in autumn and winter, and in northern China it is planted during thawing in spring. Apple is weak in self-fruiting, so pollination trees must be arranged when planting.
Resource distribution: native to Southeast Europe, Asia Minor and South Caucasus. 1870 was introduced to Yantai, China, and has been widely cultivated in the southeast of Northeast China, North China and Northwest China in recent years.
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Fruit-bearing habit of apple
1. Flower bud and flower: The flower bud differentiation of apple began in early June and was completed before winter. The whole process is divided into three stages: physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and sexual cell maturation. The flower buds are mixed buds and the inflorescences are corymbose cymes. There are 5-8 miscellaneous flowers in each inflorescence, mostly 5. The central flower blooms first, and the marginal flower blooms later. The central flower has the best quality, stable fruit and large fruit. When thinning flowers and fruits, the central flowers and fruits should be kept, and the marginal flowers and fruits should be thinned more. The bud leaves first, then blooms, and shoots from the fruit table. The number and length of branches on the fruit table vary with varieties and nutritional conditions of fruiting mother branches. Varieties with strong secondary branches and long and strong branches, such as Zhuguang, have small fruits, low yield and loose fruiting branches. This variety uses thinning 1, leaving 1 and pinching new shoots to control the growth of secondary branches. Varieties with medium secondary branch growth (1 or 2), short branches (below 10 cm) and thick branches, such as Jin Shuai and Jonakin, have large fruits, high yield, compact fruiting branches, easy regeneration and strong continuous fruiting ability. Varieties with weak secondary shoot growth (1) and short branches (less than 3 cm), such as Yuan Shuai and Enpai, have large fruits, compact fruiting branches, easy to form chicken feet branches and easy to update. However, most fruit forests bear fruit every other year, so more reserve branches should be left to reduce the fruit bearing in different years.
2. Fruit: Apple's fruit is a fake fruit developed from ovary and receptacle, in which ovary develops into heart, receptacle develops into meat and embryo develops into seed. The volume expansion of fruit depends on the increase of the number of rapidly dividing cells in the early stage and the volume expansion of cells in the later stage.
The volume expansion of fruit is faster in the middle period to before ripening, slower in the early and late period, and the fruit weight increases fastest in the month before ripening. The length of fruit development period is generally 65-87 days for early-maturing varieties, 90- 133 days for middle-maturing varieties and 137- 168 days for late-maturing varieties.
Fruit color is an important indicator of commodities. The quality of apple coloring is closely related to the accumulation of sugar, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions, and the types and contents of hormones. Controlling application of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing application of potassium fertilizer, reducing chlorophyll in peel, improving ventilation and light transmission conditions, improving sunshine, good drainage, reducing air humidity, spraying NAA and 2.4-D hormone can all promote apple coloring.
From the appearance of buds to the harvest of fruits, apples usually have four flowers and fruits. The first time in the final flowering period, the pedicel falls off with withering, which is usually called falling flower. The second time, about a week after flower dropping, the ovary is slightly enlarged and lasts for 5-20 days, which is called early fruit dropping. The third time, 7- 14 days after the second fruit drop, the fruit has reached the thumb, which has a great impact on the yield. It's called physiological fruit drop. Yunnan usually occurs in May, and the phenology in the north is later than that in Yunnan, and it occurs in June, so it is called "June fruit drop". The fourth time, before the fruit is harvested, the mature or nearly mature fruit is dropped, so it is called pre-harvest fruit drop.
The first and second falling flowers and fruits are mainly caused by insufficient nutrition and poor pollination and fertilization. The third fruit drop is caused by the fierce competition for nutrients among fruits and the lack of auxin in embryos. Because the osmotic pressure of leaves is greater than that of young fruits, and the power to compete for nutrients is also stronger than that of young fruits, it is necessary to topdressing Xie Hua flower fertilizer to supplement nutrients in time besides pinching and pruning in time to inhibit the growth of new shoots.
3. Seed: Developed from fertilized eggs in embryo sac. The normal fruit of apple has five ventricles, and there are two seeds in each ventricle. In the process of fruit development, seeds secrete hormones to stimulate the growth of pulp, so those with good pollination and fertilization, full seeds, correct fruit shape and full pulp; On the other hand, on the side with poor seed development or no seed, the pulp becomes thin and deformed, so pollination trees must be arranged to improve the pollination effect.
Requirements for external environmental conditions
1. Temperature: Apple is a temperate fruit tree, which likes cool, cool and dry. It is required that there is no cold in winter and no coolness in summer, with small annual variation and large daily variation. The suitable temperature range is the annual average temperature of 9- 14℃, the extreme minimum temperature in winter is not lower than-12℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20℃, the annual accumulated temperature is about 5000℃ ≥ 10℃, and the average temperature in the growing season (April-10) is 60. Low temperature time is not enough, leaves and flowers are delayed irregularly, and some flower buds don't even germinate. In May, the scales became loose and fell off, which became a dead pile and seriously reduced production. When the absolute low temperature is lower than -30-32℃, freezing injury occurs again. According to the survey, the performance of apples at different altitudes and temperatures in Yunnan is as follows.
Table 1 apple performance at different altitudes and temperatures in Yunnan
Suitability of altitude (m), annual average temperature (m) and growth law of pests and diseases to high-yield fruit quality.
Below 1800 and above 15, the differential weight is abnormal and inappropriate.
1800-200014-15, the heavier one is less suitable than the normal one.
2000-2200 13- 14 it is normal and appropriate to be rich and light.
2400—2500 12— 12.5
2200-2400 12- 13 Excellent, extremely light and normal are most suitable.
In the area of 2200-2400 meters and the average temperature 12- 13℃, the main reasons for the good performance of apples are the large temperature difference between day and night in summer and autumn, sufficient accumulated temperature and strong ultraviolet rays. Apple shows high and stable yield, bright fruit color, high fruit shape, five edges, high sugar and vitamin C content, low acid content, high pectin viscosity and flavor. In winter, the low temperature is sufficient, the fruit trees can successfully pass the natural dormancy, and the flower buds are of good quality. In the next spring, they germinate on time, germinate and blossom neatly, have a high fruit setting rate, and have few pests and diseases, which is the most suitable area for apples. The areas with an altitude of 2000-2200m, an annual average temperature of 13- 14℃ and an altitude of 2400-2500m, and an annual average temperature of 12- 12.5℃ are suitable areas for apples, which are adjacent to the upper and lower areas of the most suitable areas. The altitude is 65,438+0,800-2,000m, and the annual average temperature is 65,438+0.4-65,438+0.5℃. The temperature is higher in winter, and the dormant period can basically be passed in the "cold winter" year, and the performance is normal in the following year. In the "warm winter" year, if dormancy cannot be successfully broken, germination will be delayed, flowering will be irregular and yield will be reduced, which is the second suitable area for apples. In areas below 1800 meters above sea level and above annual average temperature 15℃, the temperature is too high in summer and autumn, and the temperature drops later, which not only leads to large color difference, low sugar content and high acid content of fruits, but also leads to lush foliage, long vegetative growth period, delayed defoliation and poor flower bud differentiation. The temperature in winter is too high, and the low temperature hours in dormancy period are insufficient, so that the flower buds can't survive the dormancy period, which disturbs the normal life law and leads to physiological disorder. In the next spring, the germination and flowering are irregular, the fruit setting rate is low, and many diseases and insect pests are serious. Above 2600 meters above sea level, the annual average temperature is less than 9℃, the annual accumulated temperature and growth temperature are insufficient, the tree body becomes shorter, the internodes become shorter, the number of fruit cells is less, and the expansion coefficient is small, resulting in small fruit, thick skin, hard meat and low sugar, which are all unsuitable areas for apple growth. Therefore, to develop apples, we should choose the most suitable and suitable areas to build gardens, give full play to the local natural advantages and excellent characteristics of varieties, obtain high-yield and high-quality fruits, and receive the best economic benefits.
2. Rainfall: Although apples are native to dry inland climate areas in summer, they prefer dry environment, but they still need sufficient water and suitable air humidity to grow and develop normally during the growing period; However, excessive rainfall and humidity will lead to dense branches and leaves, serious pests and diseases, large color difference of fruits and low acid concentration of sugar. Generally, the annual rainfall is 500- 1000mm and the air humidity is 60%-70%. Because the rainfall in Yunnan is unevenly distributed in time and space, and the dry season is clear, it should be irrigated once a month in the dry season from February to May in order to meet the water needed for budding, flowering and fruiting. Drainage should be done well in rainy season to reduce soil water content and air humidity, so as to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases and improve fruit quality.
3. Light: Apple is a kind of fruit tree that likes light. According to the determination, the light compensation point of most varieties is 600-940 lux, and the saturation point is 24,000-75,000 lux. Insufficient light directly reduces photosynthesis and tree nutrition, and affects fruit coloring and sugar conversion; Too strong direct light and too long exposure time can easily cause burns to branches and fruits. Therefore, it is necessary to choose a good garden, do a good job of styling pruning, improve ventilation transparency, and have a reasonable number of curtains in order to avoid the above disadvantages.
4. Terrain: Flat land, mountain land, beach and floodplain can be planted, but the gentle slope land with abundant sunshine, openness, leeward and good surrounding vegetation is the most suitable for planting. Depression, gully, although the soil layer is deep, but the illumination is poor, it is easy to accumulate water in rainy season, and the air humidity is too high; The steep slope, shallow soil layer, thin soil and heavy soil erosion are not conducive to the growth of fruit trees.
5. Soil: Apple is not strict about soil. Clay, sandy soil and loam can be used, but sandy loam with deep soil layer and loose and fertile soil is the best. Thick soil with shallow soil layer and many gravels must be improved before planting. The adaptive PH range is pH 5.3-8.2, and the optimum pH is 5.4-6.8. If it is lower than 5.4, the acidity is too strong, and it is easy to produce fruit shrinkage and bitter pox due to boron and calcium deficiency; Above 7.8, it is alkaline, and it is easy to lack iron, which leads to the loss of green leaves.
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Garden use, flowering period for viewing; In the fruit-bearing season, fruits are numerous, colorful and attractive.
Apple originated in Europe, Central Asia, West Asia and Turkey, and was introduced to China in19th century.
"An apple a day" is a well-known health slogan. Indeed, apples are rich in sugars, organic acids, cellulose, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols and flavonoids, and are called "all-round healthy fruits" by scientists. So, what health care function makes it win such a good reputation?
Hypolipidemic: The human experiment of Japan Fruit Research Institute showed that after eating two apples a day, the triglyceride level in subjects' blood decreased by 265,438+0% after three weeks, and the high triglyceride level was the chief culprit of arteriosclerosis. After apple pectin enters the human body, it can combine with bile acids, absorb excess cholesterol and triglycerides like a sponge, and then excrete it. At the same time, the acetic acid decomposed by apple is beneficial to the catabolism of these two substances. In addition, vitamins, fructose and magnesium in apples can also reduce their content.
Lowering blood pressure: Excessive sodium is an important factor causing hypertension and stroke. Apples contain enough potassium, which can be combined with excess sodium in the body and excreted, thus lowering blood pressure. At the same time, potassium ion can effectively protect blood vessels and reduce the incidence of hypertension and stroke. Dr Susan Arlich, a famous British pharmacologist, found that polyphenols and flavonoids contained in apples can effectively prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Prevention of cancer: A study by Hirosaki University in Japan confirmed that polyphenols in apples can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. A study in Finland is even more exciting: flavonoids contained in apples are an efficient antioxidant, not only the best vascular cleaner, but also the bane of cancer. If people eat more apples, the risk of lung cancer can be reduced by 46%, and the risk of other cancers can also be reduced by 20%. The latest research by the French National Institute of Health Medicine also tells us that proanthocyanidins in apples can prevent colon cancer.
Antioxidant effect: The research team of Cornell University in the United States soaked the brain cells of mice in a liquid containing quercetin and vitamin C, and found that the antioxidant capacity of brain cells was significantly enhanced. Compared with other fruits and vegetables, quercetin in apples is the best, and red apples are better than yellow apples and green apples. Therefore, apples are the best food for patients with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Strengthening bones: apples contain mineral elements boron and manganese that can strengthen bones. A study in the United States found that boron can greatly increase the concentration of estrogen and other compounds in the blood, which can effectively prevent calcium loss. Medical experts believe that if menopausal women can consume 3 grams of boron every day, their calcium loss rate can be reduced by 46%, and menopausal women eat more apples, which is beneficial to the absorption and utilization of calcium and the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
Maintain acid-base balance: 70% of diseases occur in people with acidic constitution, and apples are alkaline foods. Eating apples can quickly neutralize excessive acidic substances in the body (including acid produced by exercise and acidic metabolites produced by acidic foods such as fish, meat and eggs), and enhance physical strength and disease resistance.
Lose weight: apples will increase satiety, and eating before meals can reduce food intake and achieve the purpose of losing weight.
As for whether to peel the apple, that's a matter of opinion. If you don't peel them, you may eat them.
Pesticide, peeling, the most nutritious part of apple is the skin, and most of the fiber is also in the skin.
water lily
water lily
Alias: purple lotus, cress flower
Family and genus: Nymphaeaceae, Nymphaeaceae
The northern and southern provinces of our country are spontaneous. Japan, Korea, India, the former Soviet Union, Siberia and Europe are also distributed. Perennial aquatic flowers. Rhizomes are thick and short. The leaves are tufted, the petioles are slender, floating on the water surface, the quality is low or nearly leathery, nearly round or oval, the diameter is 6- 1 1 cm, the whole leaves are hairless, the top is dark green, the young leaves have brown markings, and the bottom is dark purple. Flowers are solitary at the top of slender stems, white and floating in water, with a diameter of 3-6 cm. Sepals 4, broadly lanceolate or narrowly ovate. Aggregate fruit is spherical and contains many oval black nuts. The flowering period in the Yangtze River Basin is from mid-May to September, and the fruiting period is July -65438+ 10. Cold-resistant, Jiangnan area can safely overwinter in winter without protection.
Like strong light, well ventilated, there are trees sprouting on the shore of the pond, which can bloom, but grow weakly. The soil quality is not strict, and the pH value is 6-8. They all grow normally, but they like loam rich in organic matter.
In the growing season, the depth of the pool water should not exceed 80 cm. It germinates in the Yangtze River valley from late March to early April, and bears eggs in late April or early May. Flowering in full bloom from June to August,10-1yellow leaves, 1 1 and then dormancy.
Water lily is an ornamental plant with beautiful flowers and leaves. Ancient Greece and Rome were originally worshipped as goddesses. In the16th century, Italian parks were mostly used to decorate fountains, pools or the exterior of halls. It is very common to choose water lily as the theme material of waterscape in European and American gardens. Our country has been used in private gardens of Han Dynasty before 2000, such as the five-color sleeping lotus pond in Huo Guang Garden of Boluhou. The roots of water lily can absorb toxic substances such as lead, mercury and phenol in water, and can also filter microorganisms in water, so it has a good effect on purifying sewage. Rootstock is rich in starch and can be eaten or brewed. The whole grass should be made into green manure and used as medicine.
water lily
Water lily, also known as meridian lotus. It belongs to Nymphaeaceae, a perennial aquatic flower. Rhizomes are short and erect. Leaves floating on the water, heart-shaped or wide oval, deeply curved at the base, bright green on the top and purple on the bottom. Flowers are solitary, floating on the water, with the most petals, including white, pink, red and yellow. They are open every morning and closed in the afternoon, so they are named Ziwulian, which is open from June to September. Berries are surrounded by persistent sepals.
Native to East Asia, it is cultivated all over China. Born in a pond, I like sunshine and clay rich in humus.
The flowers and leaves of water lilies are beautiful, and the roots can be used for food or medicine besides ornamental.
In the hot summer, the breeze is Xu Lai, the blue waves are rippling, and clusters of beautiful water lilies dance with the flowers and leaves, with different shapes and charming, just like Lingbo fairies. It is pleasing to the eye and refreshing. I can't help but think of "Ling Bo is just Hengtang Road, and after seeing it, the fragrance disappears." "Wandering like a god, Ling Bo takes small steps." Waiting for the poems of the ancients.
Water lily is a perennial aquatic herb of Nymphaeaceae, also known as Meridian, Water Lily, Oenanthe javanica, etc. The leaves are all floating on the water, with round shield shape, purple back of green leaves and white, red, pink, yellow, blue, purple and their intermediate colors. The flowering period is from June to August, and each flower can bloom continuously for 4 to 7 days, and then gradually shrink and sink after withering. Because of its beautiful flowers and leaves, rich colors and long flowering period, it has been deeply loved by people.
NYMPHAEA, the scientific name of the genus Nymphaea, comes from the Latin NYMPH, which means a fairy living in a water village. In ancient Greece and Rome, water lilies, like the lotus flowers in China, were regarded as the embodiment of holiness and beauty and were often sacrificed to goddesses. There is also a saying in the New Testament that "sacred objects emerge from the mud without being stained".
In ancient Egypt, water lilies were cultivated as early as 2000 years ago and regarded as a symbol of the sun. They are regarded as sacred flowers, coronation ceremonies of dynasties, folk carving art and murals, and are all used as offerings or decorations.
Water lilies have long been used in gardens. Before 2000, they appeared in private gardens in China during the Han Dynasty. /kloc-in the 6th century, Italy used it as the theme material of waterscape. Because water lily roots can absorb toxic substances such as mercury, lead and phenol in water, they are rare water purification plant materials, so they are paid much attention to in urban water purification, greening and beautification.
Most water lilies open around noon and close at night, so a poet once wrote, "Don't get me wrong, we don't like sleeping, but we are dissatisfied with our old age." We close the flowers at night and open them early after midnight to welcome the rising sun and vitality in advance. "
Most water lilies are native to tropical regions of North Africa and Southeast Asia, and a few are native to temperate and frigid regions of South Africa, Europe and Asia. At present, it is cultivated in all provinces and regions of China. The rhizome of water lily can be used as food or wine, and can also be used as medicine to treat children's slow convulsion.
Water lily is the national flower of Thailand and Bangladesh.
Seaweed, because it grows in the shallow sea area below the low tide line-where the ocean meets the land, where the impact of waves is relatively mild, the seawater is rich in minerals and the sunshine is abundant. Whether it is red algae or brown algae, although they are different in color, they all contain chlorophyll, which can be used for photosynthesis to make food. When they carry out photosynthesis, the oxygen released is indispensable for animals to breathe. Seaweed plays an important role in making the marine world so colorful and lively.
There are different kinds of seaweed because of its shape, color and posture, among which laver, kelp (kelp bud), kelp and red hair are often used in cooking. At present, there are about 23,000 known species of algae, and the size and shape of algae vary greatly. The smallest algae, such as unicellular unicellular algae, are only five to twenty-five millimeters long, and there are kelp as long as 300 meters, which can go around the house several times. Some are balls, tubes, filaments or membranes. At high tide, seaweed floats with the flow of seawater, like clusters of marine forests, where fish swim freely and are also nurseries for fish, shrimp and shellfish. At low tide, they slouched on the rock surface, looking miserable. It turns out that they are such lovely plants in the sea.
Although seaweed is similar to ordinary plants, it actually does not have the basic structure of plants, such as roots, stems, leaves and other tissues. The roots of seaweed only have a fixed function, but have no function of absorbing nutrients. The stem-like structures growing from the fixed part are called petioles, which are supported by the buoyancy of seawater. Therefore, according to the ecological habits of algae, algae must have a solid foundation to persist. In Taiwan Province Province, algae are mainly distributed in the rocky coastal areas in the north, northeast, east and south, while the western region is sandy, and only a few algae can survive.
Although the colors are different, all algae contain chlorophyll, and scientists name them according to the specific color system in the solar spectrum they absorb. Green algae growing in shallow water will absorb the red spectrum, and the species of green algae include Lithocarpus, Ulva, Sphagnum and so on. Red algae can absorb blue light. Red algae include laver, cauliflower and cockscomb. Brown algae is between red algae and green algae, and the most common ones are kelp and Undaria pinnatifida. Besides being used as food, 50% of the oxygen in the atmosphere is released through photosynthesis of algae, which is closely related to the living environment of human beings.
Algae, like ordinary higher plants, play the role of primary producers in the ecosystem and are food sources for fish, shrimp and so on. Humans are also regarded as important nutrients, and iron, iodine, calcium and protein are important dependencies. In recent years, watercress jellies all use seaweed extract "watercress" as jelly, which is a sacred product in summer. Children's hot snacks All kinds of seaweed are made of seaweed, and the black skin of Japanese sushi is indispensable. In recent years, many health-care and blood-enriching foods, fertilizers, medicines and even oil in the oil refining industry are based on seaweed. Will such a large demand dry up raw materials?
Understand the characteristics of seaweed, and then look at the indomitable, brave and fearless characteristics of seaweed, just like the national character of the Chinese nation that still stands after more than 5,000 years of foreign ravages. Although algae have many natural enemies, such as human beings, wind and waves, shellfish, mussels, fish and shrimp, their vitality is still quite strong, because after death, algae adults can still grow new buds to replace dead individuals, or germinate from spores to make life multiply indefinitely. In addition, the artificial culture methods tested in recent years should ensure that there is no danger of shortage of seaweed.
If you know the nutritional value of these seafood, you will cherish these marine benthos more. According to the "Table of Nutritional Components of Commonly Used Seafood Foods in Taiwan Province Province", seaweed is very rich in nutritional components, with a high content of protein, which is higher than chicken, eggs and pork. The iron content is also very high, which is more than 8 times higher than chicken liver, pig liver and bovine liver. And the calcium content is more than 7 times higher than that of milk.
The nutritional components of kelp are similar to those of laver, which can prevent cancer, which is related to its rich selenium.
Although Undaria pinnatifida is soft in texture, only young leaves are picked and dried for sale. Undaria pinnatifida, which is common in the market, has a gray surface and brown leaves, but it is green after cooking. Its function is the same as that of seaweed and kelp.