1, irrigation
The water needed for the growth of trees is mainly absorbed by the roots from the soil. When the water content in soil can't meet the absorption of roots, or the water consumption of aboveground parts is too large, we should try our best to meet their needs. This measure is called irrigation.
Irrigation is generally determined according to the osmotic pressure of plant leaves or the water absorbed. During irrigation, if the water absorption of the leaves is large, it proves that the water is insufficient, and water should be sprayed in time.
Although drought-resistant shrubs are limited by equipment and human resources, it is necessary to water the newly planted trees, seedlings, shrubs and broad-leaved trees first, and the long-term planted trees, trees and conifers can be watered later. Summer is the peak season for the growth of trees, which needs a lot of water, but it is not good to water at noon in hot weather because of the direct sunlight, and it is not good to water the leaves at noon.
When irrigation, it is best to use the principles of less irrigation, frequent irrigation and slow irrigation. According to the needs of tree growth, irrigation should be reasonable to ensure that trees have enough water supply at any time.
At present, the common irrigation method in production is that after trees are planted, trees need to be irrigated continuously for 3 ~ 5 years, and shrubs need to be irrigated for at least 5 years. If due to water shortage, poor soil or poor tree growth, the irrigation period should be extended in dry years. The minimum irrigation amount per plant at a time-trees should not be less than 90kg, shrubs should not be less than 60kg.
Water sources commonly used for irrigation are tap water, well water, river water, lake water, pond water and waste water that can be tested. The main methods used are single weir irrigation, border irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation.
Irrigation shall meet the following quality requirements:
(1) The irrigation weir should be opened under the vertical line of crown projection, not too deep, so as not to damage the roots;
(2) Adequate water;
(3) After the water permeates, seal the weir or intertillage in time, and cut off the capillary of the soil to prevent the water from evaporating.
Step 2 drain water
Too much water in the soil will lead to poor growth and even death of trees. Different tree species, different tree ages, different growth and different growth conditions will have different waterlogging tolerance.
Commonly used drainage methods are:
(1) surface runoff: the surface slope is controlled at 0. 1 ~ 0.3%, leaving no potholes and dead corners;
(2) Open ditch drainage: suitable for grabbing and draining accumulated water after rainstorm;
(3) Underground drainage: underground drainage pipes are used and connected with drainage ditches or municipal drainage, but the cost is high. Fertilization can be divided into base fertilizer and topdressing. Organic fertilizer or compound fertilizer is mostly used as base fertilizer, and the application methods are hole application, ring application and radial furrow application. Top dressing generally uses chemical fertilizer or bacterial fertilizer, and the application methods include root application and external application.
Pay attention to the following matters when fertilizing:
(1) Organic fertilizer must be fully fermented and decomposed, and all fertilizers must be ground into powder. Proper amount of water must be poured in time after fertilization to make the fertilizer permeate, otherwise the concentration of soil solution is too high, which is unfavorable to the root system.
2) Top dressing of roots is best sprayed at night. Pruning is one of the important measures of tree tending management. Pruning can adjust and balance the tree potential, make trees grow healthily, neatly and beautifully, and more importantly, improve the survival rate of newly transplanted trees.
The pruning method comprises the following steps:
1. Buding: After transplanting trees, after intensive pruning, many buds will grow on trunks and branches, which will affect the growth of trees. Therefore, when sprouting in spring, you can remove the extra buds by hand. After pruning in winter, the buds will sprout at the cut of the branches in the following spring. After removal, the main branches will be weak and the branches will be staggered. In short, before lignification, all the branches and buds below the fixed stem should be removed, and the useless buds above the fixed stem should also be removed.
2. Pruning: Pruning refers to cutting the branches or trunks of seedlings short. Pruning should be carried out according to the needs of seedling tree shape and growth and development. Cut off pests and diseases, decaying branches, competing branches, over-dense branches and sprouting branches, the incision must be smooth and not split, and the incision of over-thick branches must be smeared.
3. Shaping: For trees with abnormal or irregular crowns, the main branches or side branches that grow too vigorously on one side can be cut off, or the strong main branches can be cut off and replaced with outward side branches. If the crown of the tree is tilted due to the lack of branches on one side, the branches on both sides can be pulled by ropes to make up for the defect. As a street tree, pine trees should increase their branching points when they grow up. Several main branches in a round can be removed one by one, and the rest can be removed after the wound is initially healed. 1, pest control measures mainly include the following contents:
(1) Suitable places and trees, and necessary quarantine shall be carried out for foreign saplings. People with mild pests and diseases can be fumigated with hydrocyanic acid and carbon dioxide.
(2) Improve the sanitary environmental conditions of trees, remove dead leaves, trim branches and leaves, and create good growth and development conditions.
(3) Weeding and fertilizing, be careful not to bring pests and diseases into the fertilizer.
(4) Protecting beneficial insects and birds.
2, pest control:
(1) pest control methods: mainly include artificial trapping and spraying pesticides. When using pesticides, we should prescribe the right medicine according to the types of pests and diseases and living habits.
(2) Treatment: First of all, we must find out the pathogen and medical history, and then use the corresponding drugs. The diseases of trees generally include powdery mildew, mosaic, canker, rust and so on. Warning areas should be set up when spraying drugs to avoid human and animal poisoning. 1, low temperature hazards and their causes:
(1) Root freeze injury: The reason is that the root system has no natural dormancy, and its frost resistance is poor, especially in winter in dry sandy land with little snow.
(2) Root neck freeze injury: The reason is that the root neck stops growing at the latest, but starts moving earlier, so the cold resistance is poor; At the same time, the temperature near the surface changes greatly, which is easy to freeze the cortex. It is often used to cultivate soil and prevent cold.
(3) Freezing injury of trunks and branches: First, sunburn on the sunny side in winter. Due to the sudden drop of temperature in early winter, cortical tissue shrinks rapidly. The stress produced in the essence will make the bark spread, and the tension produced by cell freezing will also produce cracks.
2, commonly used cold measures:
(1) Irrigation with frozen water: In late autumn, trees should be fully irrigated with frozen water before the land freezes. The time to pour ice water is after the first frost and before the light snow.
(2) Covering soil: Before the land is frozen in the middle and late June (5438+065438+ 10), shrubs with soft branches and low trees will be submerged and covered with soil. Or cover with a layer of dry leaves first, and then cover with 40-50 cm of fine sand to prevent peeling.
(3) Root system cultivation: after irrigation with frozen water, cultivate an earth weir with a diameter of 80- 100 cm and a height of 30-50 cm at the root of the tree to prevent frostbite of the root system.
(4) Wind barrier: it is assumed to be in the headwind direction.
(5) whitewashing: whitewashing with lime sulfur powder can reduce the risk of sudden temperature difference, and the sea can kill some overwintering pests and diseases.
(6) Spring irrigation: water in time when thawing begins in early spring, and keep the land moist frequently to provide enough water for trees.
(7) Roll dry and wrap the grass: For trees that are not cold-resistant, roll dry with straw rope or wrap the trunk and some branches with straw to prevent cold.
(8) Snow: it can keep a certain low temperature, avoid the attack of cold wind, moisturize in early spring, reduce soil temperature, prevent buds from sprouting prematurely and avoid the harm of late frost.
(six) other measures for the maintenance and management of garden trees.
1, prevention of wind disaster: it is windy in spring, and measures such as pruning, soil raising and support should be taken.
2. Intertillage weeding: Weeds at the roots of trees can be eliminated by artificial intertillage. If the weeds are serious, they can be eliminated by chemical weeding, but attention should be paid to choosing appropriate chemicals to avoid phytotoxicity, and it is best to spray chemicals before the occurrence of grass shortage.
3. Enclosure and isolation: For some tree species that are afraid of trampling, such as those with shallow roots, hedges or fences should be used to isolate them from tourists. Hedges should be appropriately low, and the shape of fences should be simple and simple.
4. Guarding and inspection: In order to avoid man-made damage, key areas should be guarded by special personnel, inspected regularly, and cooperated with relevant departments to find problems in time and deal with them in time. 1, soil loosening, weeding, irrigation and fertilization of street trees refer to relevant regulations on landscaping maintenance.
2, plastic, pruning
(1) There are two ways to prune street trees, one is natural crown pruning, and the other is conventional crown pruning. The former keeps the original natural shape of the crown, and the latter is cut into cup, cylinder, ball and other geometric shapes according to people's ideas.
(2) In the growing season of street trees, if there are branches touching buildings, street lamps and lines, they should be cut off at any time. The branches of street trees shall be kept at a distance of 0.5M from the telephone line and 1M from the high-voltage line, and the branches below shall be no less than 4M to ensure smooth traffic.
(3) In the growing season, the buds should be smeared frequently, the main roads should be not less than 4 times a year, and the adventitious buds should not exceed15 ㎝; Take the main road 2~3 times. Don't buckle the bark upside down when wiping the bud, leaving no residual branches.
(4) When pruning in winter, cross branches, combined branches, drooping branches, dead branches, pest branches and damaged branches should be cut off, the cross section should be smooth, and no short piles should be left. When the cross-sectional diameter exceeds 6㎝, preservatives should be used.
3. Rotten holes in the trunk should be filled in time. If they cannot be repaired and rejuvenated, they should be declared and replaced in time.
4, street trees under the ground should be smooth, no puddles or deposits, the tree may not nail, rope.
5. When working high above the ground, pay attention to safety, fix the ladder, fasten your seat belt, and pay attention to pedestrians, vehicles, buildings and pipelines.