Grapes are widely planted in China, with different natural conditions and various pruning methods, but they are all inseparable from variety characteristics, natural conditions and management techniques. For longan, milk and other varieties that grow vigorously, large scaffolding should be used to make full use of space and obtain high yield. But the weaker rose fragrance should be placed in a smaller frame to avoid wasting space and light, and the trunk can be left in the cold-proof areas where soil needs to be buried in winter in the north. Trunk pruning should be used to reduce disease infection in the southern region with high temperature and humidity in summer and no need to bury soil in winter. In the case of good soil conditions and sufficient fertilizer and water, in order to give full play to the production potential of grapes, multi-main vines can be used for pruning. In areas where soil conditions are poor and fertilizer and water are not available, pruning with less main vines should be adopted. In order to make full use of the ground and space, under the condition of thin land and sparse planting in mountainous areas, multi-main vines can be pruned with large frames. However, in plain land or river, sea, beach and saline-alkali land, the pruning method with less main vines and small frames should be adopted when dense planting is adopted.
At present, the commonly used pruning methods mainly include the following:
(1) Free sector (Figure 46) This is a mixed pruning method with multiple main vines and long and short tips, which is widely used in various places. After the grapes are planted with a plant spacing of 2 meters, 3 ~ 4 main vines grow on the ground, each main vine is distributed in a fan shape on the shelf surface, and the main lateral vines are staggered. When pruning, according to the growth intensity of the tree and the bearing vine (branch), it is determined to adopt long, medium and short branches or mixed pruning. This pruning method has no fixed updating position, and it is flexible. It can choose to keep the bearing mother branch according to the situation of branches and vines, which is beneficial to timely updating and high and stable yield. However, if you choose too many branches and vines, it will easily lead to poor ventilation and light transmission on the shelf surface, which will affect the yield and quality. At the same time, because the main vines on both sides are longer and the main vines in the middle are shorter, it is easy to make the distribution of branches and vines on the shelf uneven, and the space is not fully utilized, which affects the yield. Therefore, when pruning, you can properly pull down the branches on both sides, so that the main vines are evenly distributed on the frame surface.
Figure 46 Free Sector
(2) The tree shape of the single main vine (Figure 47) actually evolved from the free sector. After the grapes are planted, only 1 ~ 2 main vines are produced on the ground, the distance between each main vine is about 50 cm, and each main vine is inclined and stretched in the same direction. This pruning method is convenient for burying soil for cold protection and close planting. The main vines are evenly distributed on the shelf surface, which is fully beneficial to the shelf surface and has high yield in the early stage. However, more seedlings are needed when planting, and the one-time investment is large; At the same time, due to the large number of plants per unit area and the large number of new shoots, attention should be paid to controlling the number of new shoots during pruning so as not to affect ventilation and light transmission. If there are enough seedlings, you can plant and prune them according to this method first. After 3 ~ 4 years, transplant the redundant plants to other places, and then gradually change the pruning method to free fan shape.
Fig. 47 single main vine inclined type
(3) Fan-shaped hedge frame (Figure 48) This modeling method is to leave 3-4 main vines per plant after planting, with a spacing of about 40 cm, so that the main vines are evenly distributed on the frame surface and maintain balanced growth. On the main vine, 1 fruiting female vines are arranged at a spacing of about 20 cm, and short branches are pruned, leaving 1 ~ 2 short buds. Alternate pruning of medium and short tips can also be adopted. This pruning method can make full use of all parts of the frame surface, with large area, high yield and good stability. However, in this pruning method, the main vine is relatively upright, which makes it inconvenient to bury the soil for cold protection.
Fig. 48 Fence frame sector
(4) Double-arm single-layer hedge frame (Figure 49) and double-arm double-layer trimming (Figure 50) are horizontally reshaped. Suitable for garden sketches with medium fertility, fresh food varieties with medium growth and wine varieties. After planting, when the new shoots grow to 40 ~ 60 cm, pick the core and cultivate 1 stout main vine. When pruning in winter, cut 30 ~ 60 cm. After germination in the following spring, two new buds with vigorous growth in the upper part were selected to extend to both sides to form two lateral vines, which were tied to the iron wire in the water. When pruning in winter, cut 30 ~ 50 cm according to the growth intensity. After germination in the spring of the third year, select 65438 on the lateral vines extending to both sides every 20 cm. Then select vigorous new shoots 1 shoot at the top, tie them at an inclination of 45 degrees, and prune them according to medium and short branches in winter as fruiting mother branches; The new tip of the lateral branch vertex is trimmed according to the medium-long tip, so that it extends forward until it covers the surface of the frame; After germination in the spring of the fourth year, 2-3 new shoots are selected from each fruiting mother branch as fruiting branches; When pruning in winter, pruning should be carried out according to the medium and short shoots, and appropriate updating should be carried out to keep the fruit parts stable and the tree length balanced.
Fig. 49 Double-arm single-layer horizontal forming
Fig. 50 Double-arm Horizontal Forming
In order to accelerate the formation and early high yield, two grapes can also be planted in a planting hole at the same time, so that they extend to both sides to form two lateral vines, and the subsequent pruning method is the same as above. This shaping method also has the advantages of convenient soil covering and cold protection, relaxing the growth of trees, being suitable for close planting and regeneration, and being beneficial to early high yield.
Bilateral horizontal plastic surgery. This shaping method is basically the same as that of double-arm single layer, except that the side branches of 1 layer are selected in the same way and left on 2 ~ 3 lines. Two layers of lateral branches should be cultivated from the base to avoid mutual influence, resulting in strong upper and weak lower or strong lower and weak upper.
Single-arm double-layer plastic surgery and double-arm double-layer plastic surgery are basically the same, but the lateral branches of the two layers extend in the same direction.
Yi Long frame (Figure 5 1) This frame shape is mostly used in mountainous areas. That is, after the grapes are planted, 1 trunk is selected, and a fixed fruiting part is arranged on the trunk every 15 ~ 20 cm, commonly known as "dragon claw". When pruning, 1 ~ 2 buds are cut off from all branches except the top extension branch. If there are two or more main vines on the trunk, it is called "double dragon frame" and "multi-dragon frame"
Figure 5 1 single dragon frame
The trunk of Shuanglong is divided into two main vines, and the distance between the two main vines is 40 ~ 50 cm, maintaining a balanced growth. The pruning method is the same as that of Dulong trunk.
Duolonggan grows 3 ~ 5 main vines from the ground, and each main vine will grow 1 ~ 2 lateral vines with a spacing of about 40 cm. When pruning, 1 ~ 2 buds are left except for the long tip pruning of the top extension branch.
Using the dragon trunk to shape, the branches and vines are evenly distributed, the tree shape is easy to maintain and the polarity is easy to control. In pruning, although there are many growing points on the trunk, the growth of new shoots is not large, so they can be stretched freely without binding, which can make full use of space; However, because the trunk is thick and hard, it is inconvenient to bury the soil.
(5) At present, there are many kinds of scaffolding that are often used in production, but in summary, there are two kinds: large scaffolding and small scaffolding. Traditionally, those with a length less than 6 meters are called small scaffolding, and those with a length greater than 6 meters are called large scaffolding.
The length of scaffolding is generally 4-6 meters, the height of scaffold base is 1.2- 1.5 meters, and the height of scaffold front end is 1 and 7-2.0 meters, which are inclined. This kind of frame is characterized by short frame surface, fast forming and high yield early.
The length of large scaffolding is usually 8 ~ 10 meter or even longer, and 300 ~ 600 plants are planted per hectare. This kind of rack is often used in Dazeshan grape producing area in Pingdu, Shandong Province. Columns are arranged vertically and horizontally under the frame, and grids are arranged vertically and horizontally on the frame; The width of the shelf surface depends on the terrain, and the length of the shelf is the same as that of the plot. This kind of frame is characterized by large frame surface, which is suitable for longan and other vigorous varieties. Can make full use of barren hills and slopes, use ventilation and light transmission, and the quality of berries is good. However, due to the large frame surface, long molding time, improper pruning and easy hollowing at the base, the requirements for fertilizer and water conditions and management technology are high. Most of these scaffolds are inclined (Figure 52).
Scaffolding can be subdivided into freestyle with few main vines, freestyle with many main vines and sectional horizontal shaping due to the different number of main vines in the plastic process.
The new shoots of 1 ~ 2 were selected as the main vines in the planting year; When pruning in winter, leave 60 ~ 80 cm for cutting; In the spring of the following year, two vigorous new shoots were selected at the top of each new shoot. When pruning in winter, leave 1 long branches for further extension, leave 1 short branches as fruiting branches, and select 1 ~ 2 new branches at the base. After that, the extension branches are left at the tip of the main vine every year, and the long, medium and short branches of the main vine are mixed and pruned until they are covered on the frame surface.
Fig. 52 Schematic diagram of inclined scaffold
Multi-main rattan freestyle (Figure 53) Generally, each plant has 2 ~ 3 main vines, and the main vines are divided into several lateral vines, so that they are evenly distributed on the shelf surface. After planting 1 year, when the length of new branches is about 50 cm, pick the core, leave thick new branches at the base, and remove the redundant parts in time; Leave 1 ~ 2 new buds in front and continue to extend forward; When pruning in winter, the length of the main vine is 30 ~ 50 cm; After germination in the following spring, 2 ~ 3 new buds are selected on each main vine, and the rest are picked in time; When pruning in winter, prune long, medium and short branches according to the growth strength; After germination in the spring of the third year, according to the growth intensity of branches and the density of branches and vines, a new shoot is generally left every 10 ~ 15 cm; When pruning in winter, different lengths of pruning should be carried out according to the growth intensity and the needs of the frame surface. The branches and vines are stout, and the new buds are far away, or they can be used as extended buds. Instead, prune the middle and short branches as the bearing branches of the next year.
Fig. 53 Multi-rattan freestyle
Sectional horizontal forming This kind of frame is basically the same as the horizontal forming of hedge frame, and is suitable for viaducts over 2 meters. Generally can be divided into three layers. The height of 1 floor is about 1.5m, and then 1 floor is reserved every 30 ~ 40cm, and three floors are reserved. With this kind of frame, it can be planted by cutting. Generally, 6 shoots are inserted into each hole, and each shoot leaves 1 bud to make it grow upright. When pruning in winter, two new shoots are selected at 1, 2 and 3 layers respectively. In the spring of the following year, leave a new shoot on each vine to continue to extend, and when it grows to about 1 m, remove the core. After that, it will be tied to each layer of wire horizontally, and a short cut of 60 ~ 100 cm will be left as the next one when pruning in winter. When pruning in the winter of the third year, each fruiting mother branch is reserved with 100 ~ 150 cm as the lateral vine, and the fruiting part of 20 ~ 30 cm is reserved on the lateral vine, and the subsequent pruning is carried out by single-arm horizontal shaping.
In addition, there is no frame culture.