(A), seedling breeding

Almonds can be propagated by grafting, seedling raising or root tillering. Grafting propagation is widely used in production, which is basically the same as other stone fruit trees.

Rootstocks used for almond grafting propagation include almond seedlings, peach seedlings and almond-peach hybrid seedlings (commonly known as "Ferula"). Peach (WOST) Rehd "). As a rootstock, peach (A.persica) has good affinity, high survival rate, vigorous growth, strong cold resistance, normal flowering and fruiting, and is suitable for sticking to wet soil, but the diameter of the rootstock after healing is inconsistent and its relative life is short. Taobadan is widely used as rootstock in Xinjiang, suitable for poor soil, with developed root system, ideal adaptability, cold resistance and productivity.

The grafting method is mainly bud grafting, and sleeve bud grafting (tubular bud grafting) and T-bud grafting are more common in bud grafting.

In Kashgar, Xinjiang, bud grafting is carried out in April and May, and the skin is tightly sleeved at the bud eye of the rootstock as far as possible, and it is easy to survive without binding.

T-bud grafting is usually carried out between the middle and late May and August.

(2) Establishment of orchard

Almond is a light-loving tree species with the characteristics of short dormancy and early flowering. Therefore, the garden should be built in the middle of the south hillside and the empty valley and plain where late frost is not easy to occur.

Apricot trees are not self-flowering, so pollination trees must be arranged, and the main varieties can be pollinated in 1 ~ 2 rows every 2 ~ 3 rows. Too dense planting, poor growth, less results. According to local conditions, 3×5(m), 4×4(m), 4×5(m) or 4×6(m) can be selected, that is, 27 ~ 44 plants can be planted per mu. In arid areas, it is necessary to plant densely, and in fertile irrigation areas, it can be planted thinly. Judging from the planting density abroad, 300 ~ 600 almonds are planted per hectare in Central Asia. France 150 ~ 400 strains, Spain 100 strains and America 120 ~ 200 strains.

The yield of almonds varies according to the cultivation conditions. If the cultivation management is normal, a certain amount of dried fruit can be produced in the third to fourth years of planting, and the yield per mu can reach more than 70 kg in the eighth to ninth years. Under the scientific and advanced management conditions, the yield per mu can reach 120 ~ 200 kg at full fruit stage.

(3) keeping bees in the orchard

Almond is an insect-borne flower, which is sterile or sterile. Most well-managed almond orchards abroad have domestic bees specially raised for pollination. Our research results also show that the orchard with domestic bees can maintain 46.2% fruit setting rate (eagle mouth) after 25 days of flowering, while the highest fruit setting rate (eagle mouth) can only be maintained by natural pollination in areas without beekeeping.

Therefore, beekeeping is an important means to increase almond yield. We advocate the establishment of a stable pollination bee source base in the main almond producing areas. Of course, you can also rent a farmer's bee source to pollinate almonds during flowering. Orchard operators and beekeepers are interdependent and mutually beneficial.

(4) Management of soil, fertilizer and water

Almond has strong adaptability to soil, but loam and sandy loam with deep and fertile soil layer and good drainage are suitable. Not suitable for soils with excessive viscosity, high groundwater level and soil PH value of 7 ~ 8; Autumn ploughing is carried out in the Badanmu Garden every year, with a depth of 20-25cm. Orchards should be kept loose and free of weeds during the growing season. In areas with sufficient water, perennial grass or cover crops, especially green manure crops, can be planted between orchards.

Pay attention to the application of base fertilizer in fertilization. Young trees should be applied with base fertilizer once a year, and adult trees can be applied once every 2-3 years. Young trees per plant 15 ~ 25 kg, adult trees 25 ~ 100 kg per year. If conditions permit, inorganic fertilizers should be applied topdressing, mainly before flowering in spring, during fruit formation in summer and after harvest in autumn.

Apricot trees, like peaches, have higher requirements for nitrogen fertilizer. When nitrogen is lacking, the fruit will develop poorly and the yield will decrease. In cultivation, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied together with nitrogen fertilizer, and trace fertilizers should be supplemented appropriately; Almonds are not strict about potassium and zinc, but almonds grown on sandy loam have a good response to zinc fertilizer application. Calcium deficiency in soil will lead to the growth and bending of almonds and shorten their life span. Apricot trees should be watered 8 ~ 10 times during the growth period.

(5), plastic pruning

The trunk of apricot trees was fixed that year, and plastic surgery began after the second year. It can be pruned into sparse or natural shape, the trunk is 50 ~ 70 cm high, and 5 ~ 7 main branches will be left in the sparse type, divided into 2 ~ 3 layers. There are 3 ~ 4 main branches in the open shape, which are staggered on the trunk every 10 ~ 2 ocm, and the azimuth between the main branches is 90 ~ 10~2Ocm degrees. Except the main branch, other branches can be kept as long as they are not too dense to promote the growth of the main branch. Pruning amount of almonds is relatively light, and pruning in winter and summer is the best. Pruning method is similar to apricot, young trees are mainly cut lightly and put slowly, and the branches produced are shortened appropriately. Cut the extended branches of backbone branches at all levels according to the required length, and remove long branches, dead branches, disease and insect branches and over-dense branches. Pruning trees in full fruit period is mainly based on thinning, appropriately cutting short, paying attention to retaining more short and medium fruit branches, and strengthening the cultivation and renewal of fruit branches.

(6), pest control

Almond diseases mainly include brown rot, bullet hole disease, canker, leaf spot disease, leaf blight, fruit soft rot, crown rot and so on. There are few diseases in almond production in Xinjiang, only common damping-off occurs at seedling stage, adult trees have non-infectious diseases, weak trees are prone to gummosis, and some viruses harm almonds. The pests of almond mainly include mites, scale insects, red spiders, bedbugs and aphids. Combining biological control with chemical control, the main measure is to select healthy seedlings without diseases and seek the cultivation of insect-resistant varieties.