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The air humidity is low, and spraying NAA and 2.4-D hormone can promote apple coloring.
From the appearance of buds to the harvest of fruits, apples usually have four flowers and fruits. The first time in the final flowering period, the pedicel falls off with withering, which is usually called falling flower. The second time, about a week after flower dropping, the ovary is slightly enlarged and lasts for 5 ~ 20 days, which is called early fruit dropping. 7 ~ 14 days after the third and second fruit drop, the fruit has reached the size of thumb nail, which has a great influence on the yield, so it is called physiological fruit drop. Yunnan usually occurs in May, and the phenology in the north is later than that in Yunnan, which occurs in June, so it is called "June fruit drop".
The fourth time, before the fruit is harvested, the mature or nearly mature fruit is dropped, so it is called pre-harvest fruit drop. The first and second falling flowers and fruits are mainly caused by insufficient nutrition and poor pollination and fertilization. The third fruit drop is caused by the fierce competition for nutrients among fruits and the lack of auxin in embryos. Because the osmotic pressure of leaves is greater than that of young fruits, the power to compete for nutrients is stronger than that of young fruits. Therefore, in addition to pinching and pruning branches to inhibit the growth of new shoots, it is necessary to apply huafei to supplement nutrients in time. [ 1]
Fruit development
Apple peel color can be divided into background color and surface color. When the fruit is immature, the background color of the peel is generally dark green, and there are three situations when the fruit is mature:
1. Green fades or even disappears completely, and the background color is red.
2. Green will not fade completely, resulting in yellow-green or yellow-green background color.
3. Green doesn't fade at all, it is still dark green.
When the fruit is ripe, the surface color of the peel is generally red, green and Huang San, and there are other colors, but they are rare.
The main pigments that determine the color of fruits are chlorophyll, carotene, anthocyanins and flavonoids. Anthocyanin is an extremely unstable water-soluble pigment, which mainly exists in cell fluid or cytoplasm. It is red at low pH, lavender at neutral and blue at alkaline. When it is combined with different metal ions, it will also show various colors, so fruits can show various complex colors.
Factors affecting the formation of anthocyanins
In addition to the heredity of varieties, the sugar content in fruits is the main factor affecting the formation of anthocyanins in apples. Anthocyanins are proanthocyanidins formed when pentose breathes violently. In addition, anthocyanins often combine with sugar to form anthocyanins in fruits. Therefore, the development of anthocyanins is closely related to the sugar content. Any factors that affect the synthesis and accumulation of sugar will affect the development of anthocyanins. Higher tree nutrition level, reasonable load, suitable ratio of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen fertilizer and proper water control are all beneficial to the red development of fruit.
The effect of temperature on coloring is also related to the accumulation of sugar. When the temperature of mid-late mature apple varieties is above 20℃ at night, it is not conducive to coloring.
The firmness of pulp is also one of the important indexes of fruit quality. The hardness of pulp not only affects the taste of fresh food, but also relates to the storage and processing characteristics of fruit. The hardness of apple pulp is closely related to the cellulose content in the cell wall, the kind and quantity of pectin in the glue layer in the cell wall and the swelling pressure of pulp cells. [ 1]
Apple tree is a temperate fruit tree that likes low temperature and dryness. It requires no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The suitable temperature range is the annual average temperature of 9 ~ 14℃, the extreme low temperature in winter is not lower than-12℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20℃, the annual accumulated temperature is ≥ 10℃, and the average temperature in the growing season (April ~ 10) is about 5000℃. It is generally believed that apples can be planted in areas where the annual average temperature is 7.5 ~ 14℃. The natural dormancy period of apples is very long. If the temperature in winter is too high to reach the low temperature required for winter dormancy, the germination in spring will be uneven.
Judging from the areas with the most apples in the world, the average temperature in Leng Yue in winter (65438+ 10 in the northern hemisphere and July in the southern hemisphere) is between-10 ~ 10℃, which can meet the requirements of low temperature for apples. The average temperature of the main apple producing areas in China 1 month is within this range. The average temperature 12 ~ 18℃ in the growing period (4 ~ 65438+ 10 month) and 18 ~ 24℃ in the summer (June ~ August) are the most suitable for apple growth. In autumn, the temperature is high during the day and low at night, and the fruit has high sugar content, good coloring, thick peel, more fruit powder and storage resistance. [ 1]
deposit
The precipitation per mu during the apple growing period is about 180mm. Generally, natural precipitation can actually be absorbed by fruit trees, which is about 1/3, so it is enough to have a precipitation of 540 mm during the growing period. Areas with rainfall below 450 mm from April to September need irrigation. The distribution of precipitation in northern China is uneven, with 70-80% concentrated in July and August, and the amount of water is insufficient in spring. There is little precipitation and water shortage in inland areas, so irrigation conditions and soil and water conservation measures must be considered when building gardens and selecting land, and drainage measures should also be paid attention to in rainy season.
1. Young trees should be pruned according to the principle of "giving priority to lightness, paying equal attention to modeling and results, and promoting early yield increase". (1) 2-4-year-old young trees, under the premise of arranging backbone branches, the key point of pruning is to clean up a layer of tightly squeezed branches and straighten the tree shape. According to the planting density, the small crown sparse layer shape (less than 80 plants per mu) and free spinning cocoon shape (more than 80 plants per mu) can be popularized. Small crown and sparse layer shape: select 3-4 main branches in the first layer, clean up the dense branches that affect the growth of the main branches after selection, and clean up 1-2 branches every year, and strive to clean them up in 2 years. Free-spinning reeling shape: 3-4 small main branches are selected every year, and the spacing between the main branches is about 20 cm, and the branches that are too dense are properly loosened. (2) 5-8-year-old young trees have entered the fruiting stage, and the key point of pruning is to clean up the dense branches between layers, improve the lighting conditions of the trees, and make the fruiting parts gradually transition to the backbone branches. Clean up 2-3 crowded places every year, and strive to clean them up in 3 years. After several years of adjustment and cleaning, five main branches, 1-2 auxiliary branches and 10- 13 main branches were preserved in the sparse layer of small crown.
2. Pruning of adult trees. The pruning of adult trees aims at "adding luster, lifting branches, stabilizing high quality and increasing yield", and can also make the skin smooth and tender. Apple is a low-calorie food, every 10.
0 g only produces 60 kilocalories; The nutrients in apples are soluble and easily absorbed by the human body, so they are called "living water", which is beneficial to dissolve sulfur and make the skin smooth and tender. Apple contains copper, iodine, manganese, zinc, potassium and other elements. Without these elements, the skin will be dry, fragile and itchy.
Vitamin C in apples is a protector of cardiovascular system and a healthy element for patients with heart disease.
People who eat more apples are much less likely to catch a cold than those who don't eat or eat less apples. Therefore, some scientists and doctors call apples "all-round healthy fruits" or "general practitioners". The air pollution is serious. Eating more apples can improve the respiratory system and lung function and protect the lungs from dust and smoke in the air. [7]
Pectin: It belongs to soluble fiber, which promotes cholesterol metabolism, lowers cholesterol level and promotes fat excretion. . (1) 2-4-year-old young trees, under the premise of arranging backbone branches, the key point of pruning is to clean up a layer of tightly squeezed branches and straighten the tree shape. According to the planting density, the small crown sparse layer shape (less than 80 plants per mu) and free spinning cocoon shape (more than 80 plants per mu) can be popularized. Small crown and sparse layer shape: select 3-4 main branches in the first layer, clean up the dense branches that affect the growth of the main branches after selection, and clean up 1-2 branches every year, and strive to clean them up in 2 years. Free-spinning reeling shape: 3-4 small main branches are selected every year, and the spacing between the main branches is about 20 cm, and the branches that are too dense are properly loosened. (2) 5-8-year-old young trees have entered the fruiting stage, and the key point of pruning is to clean up the dense branches between layers, improve the lighting conditions of the trees, and make the fruiting parts gradually transition to the backbone branches. Clean up 2-3 crowded places every year, and strive to clean them up in 3 years. After several years of adjustment and cleaning, five main branches, 1-2 auxiliary branches and 10- 13 main branches were preserved in the sparse layer of small crown.
2. Pruning of adult trees The purpose of pruning of adult trees is to "improve the illumination, improve the quality of branches, stabilize the quality and increase the yield". The key point of pruning is to remove two layers of excessively dense large auxiliary branches, large lateral branches and large branches in batches, so that the large branches remaining in two or more layers extend outward as much as possible in a whip shape, and the total branches account for less than 20% of the total branches of the whole tree, which is beneficial to the illumination in the inner room of the first floor. If the crown of the tree is on the high side, it is necessary to gradually bow your head and be happy by the strength of the tree, and the height of the tree should be controlled below 3.5 meters; If the crown has crossed, the densely packed branches should be drained or transformed into small branches, and the branches should be shortened to slow down the outside and promote the inside, or the direction and angle of the main branches should be changed by changing the main branches, so that the crown distance should be kept at about 1 m to improve the lighting conditions of the population and individuals.
Second, cut off the diseased branches and insect branches. According to the survey, many diseases and insect pests that harm apples overwinter on the branches. For the diseases and pests that overwinter in trees, combining with winter shears, all branches of diseases and pests are cut off, burned or buried deeply, which can obviously reduce the harm in the coming year.
Third, the rough old bark in the gap between the rough old bark and trunk of fruit trees, there are often a large number of overwintering bacteria and pests. Scraping rough old bark, burning or burying it deeply has a good control effect on many kinds of pests and diseases, and sometimes even completely eliminates some pests.
Apple is a beauty product, which can not only lose weight, but also make the skin smooth and tender. Apple is a low-calorie food, every 10.
0 g only produces 60 kilocalories; The nutrients in apples are soluble and easily absorbed by the human body, so they are called "living water", which is beneficial to dissolve sulfur and make the skin smooth and tender. Apple contains copper, iodine, manganese, zinc, potassium and other elements. Without these elements, the skin will be dry, fragile and itchy.
Vitamin C in apples is a protector of cardiovascular system and a healthy element for patients with heart disease.
People who eat more apples are much less likely to catch a cold than those who don't eat or eat less apples. Therefore, some scientists and doctors call apples "all-round healthy fruits" or "general practitioners". The air pollution is serious. Eating more apples can improve the respiratory system and lung function and protect the lungs from dust and smoke in the air. [7]
Pectin: It belongs to soluble fiber, which promotes cholesterol metabolism, lowers cholesterol level and promotes fat excretion.
Trace elements: potassium dilates blood vessels, which is beneficial to patients with hypertension; Zinc deficiency will lead to disorder of blood sugar metabolism and decline of sexual function.
Can regulate the stomach: fiber helps to excrete; It also has astringent effect on diarrhea.
Apple peel+a few slices of ginger boiled water: it can stop vomiting.
It can reduce the coldness of pears and strengthen moistening the lungs and stomach.
Autumn lung moistening syrup: apple/pear+1 lily+Dendrobium 15g+ apricot 9...[7]
value
Apple is mild in taste, rich in carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements, including sugars, organic acids, pectin, protein, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C and dietary fiber, and also contains malic acid, tartaric acid and carotene, which is the closest one in nutritional value among all fruits and vegetables.
zinc (Zn)
Apple has the reputation of "wisdom fruit" and "memory fruit". People have long found that eating more apples can improve memory and intelligence. Apples are not only rich in essential nutrients such as sugar, vitamins and minerals, but also rich in zinc. According to research, zinc is a component of many important enzymes in human body and a key element to promote growth and development. Zinc is also a nucleic acid closely related to memory and an essential element for protein. Zinc is also closely related to the production of antibodies and the improvement of human immunity.
The water content of apples is 85%.
Apples contain polyphenols and flavonoids, natural chemical antioxidants and a lot of crude fiber.
It contains more potassium, which can be combined with excess sodium salt in human body and excreted. When the human body ingests too much sodium salt, eating some apples is beneficial to balance the electrolytes in the body.
It contains phosphorus, iron and other elements that are easily absorbed by the intestinal wall, and has the functions of strengthening the brain, nourishing blood, calming the heart and sleeping.
The aroma of apples is a good medicine for depression and depression. After many experiments, experts found that among many smells, the aroma of apples has the greatest impact on people's psychology and has obvious effect on eliminating psychological depression. Clinical application has proved that the mood of patients with depression is greatly improved, and their spirits are relaxed and happy. After smelling the fragrance of apples, their depression is eliminated. In the case of the same users, the 32 nm process brings lower power consumption and better performance. The mainstream representative is Core i5-650/760, and the middle and high-end representative is Core i7-870/870K. We can clearly see Intel's positioning distinction in product naming. But overall, the high-end LGA 1 156 processor is more worth buying than the low-end entry. Faced with AMD's low-cost strategy, Intel Core i3 series processors can't match it in cost performance. The performance of LGA 1 156 high-end products is more eye-catching.
Core i3 can be regarded as a further simplified version (or castrated version) of Core i5, and there will be a 32nm process version (development code-named Clarkdale, based on Westmere architecture). The biggest feature of Core i3 is the integration of GPU (graphics processor), which means that Core i3 will be encapsulated by two cores: CPU and GPU. Due to the limited performance of integrated GPU, users can add graphics cards if they want to get better 3D performance. It is worth noting that even in Clarkdale, the manufacturing process of the display core will still be 45 nanometers. The biggest difference between i3 i5 is that i3 has no turbo technology. Represented by Core i3-530/540.
20 10 in June, Intel once again released the revolutionary processor-the second generation Core i3/i5/i7. The second-generation Core i3/i5/i7 belongs to the second-generation intelligent Core family, all of which are based on the brand-new Sandy Bridge micro-architecture. Compared with the first generation products, it mainly brings five important innovations: 1, and adopts a brand-new 32nm Sandy Bridge micro-architecture, with lower power consumption and stronger performance. 2, built-in high-performance GPU (core graphics card), video coding, graphics performance is stronger. 3, Turbo Boost Technology 2.0, smarter and more efficient. 4. A new ring architecture is introduced, which brings higher bandwidth and lower delay. 5. Brand-new AVX and AES instruction sets strengthen floating-point operation and encryption and decryption operation.
SNB(Sandy Bridge) is a new generation of processor microarchitecture released by Intel at the beginning of 20 1 1. The greatest significance of this architecture lies in redefining the concept of "integrated platform", and the "core graphics card" seamlessly integrated with the processor ends the era of "integrated graphics card". This pioneering work benefits from the brand-new 32 nm manufacturing process. Because the processor under the framework of Sandy Bridge adopts a more advanced 32nm manufacturing process than the previous 45nm process, the power consumption of CPU is further reduced theoretically, and the circuit size and performance are significantly optimized, which creates favorable conditions for the integrated graphics core (core graphics card) and CPU to be packaged on the same substrate. In addition, the second-generation Core also added a brand-new high-definition video processing unit. The speed of video conversion and decoding is directly related to the processor. Due to the addition of high-definition video processing unit, the video processing time of the new generation Core processor is at least 30% longer than that of the old processor. The new generation of Sandy Bridge processor adopts a new interface design of LGA 1 155, which is not compatible with LGA 1 156. Sandy Bridge is a new micro-architecture, which will replace Nehalem, but will still adopt 32 nm process. What's more attractive is that this time, Intel no longer uses "glue" to stick the CPU core and GPU core together, but really combines them into one.
20 12 Beijing planetarium on the afternoon of April 24th, Intel officially released the Ivy Bridge (IVB) processor. 22nm Ivy Bridge will double the number of execution units to a maximum of 24, which will naturally bring about a further leap in performance. Ivy Bridge will add an integrated graphics card supporting DX 1 1. In addition, the newly added XHCI USB3.0 controller * * * enjoys four channels, so it can provide up to four USB3.0, thus supporting native USB 3.0. The production of cpu adopts 3D transistor technology, and the power consumption of CPU will be reduced by half. Ivy Bridge products with 22nm technology will continue the service life of LGA 1 155 platform, so users who intend to buy LGA 1 155 platform will not have to worry about interface upgrade for at least one year.
On June 4th, 20 13, Intel released the fourth-generation CPU "haswell". The pins (CPU sockets) of the fourth-generation CPU were named Intel LGA 1 150, and the motherboards were named eight series chipsets such as Z87, H87 and Q87, among which Z87 was an overclocking player and a high-end customer base. Haswell CPU will be used for laptop, desktop CEO package and DIY component CPU, replacing the current third-generation Ivy Bridge.
1. Young trees should be pruned according to the principle of "giving priority to lightness, paying equal attention to modeling and results, and promoting early yield increase". (1) 2-4-year-old young trees, under the premise of arranging backbone branches, the key point of pruning is to clean up a layer of tightly squeezed branches and straighten the tree shape. According to the planting density, the small crown sparse layer shape (less than 80 plants per mu) and free spinning cocoon shape (more than 80 plants per mu) can be popularized. Small crown and sparse layer shape: select 3-4 main branches in the first layer, clean up the dense branches that affect the growth of the main branches after selection, and clean up 1-2 branches every year, and strive to clean them up in 2 years. Free-spinning reeling shape: 3-4 small main branches are selected every year, and the spacing between the main branches is about 20 cm, and the branches that are too dense are properly loosened. (2) 5-8-year-old young trees have entered the fruiting stage, and the key point of pruning is to clean up the dense branches between layers, improve the lighting conditions of the trees, and make the fruiting parts gradually transition to the backbone branches. Clean up 2-3 crowded places every year, and strive to clean them up in 3 years. After several years of adjustment and cleaning, five main branches, 1-2 auxiliary branches and 10- 13 main branches were preserved in the sparse layer of small crown.
2. Pruning of adult trees The purpose of pruning of adult trees is to "improve the illumination, improve the quality of branches, stabilize the quality and increase the yield". The key point of pruning is to remove two layers of excessively dense large auxiliary branches, large lateral branches and large branches in batches, so that the large branches remaining in two or more layers extend outward as much as possible in a whip shape, and the total branches account for less than 20% of the total branches of the whole tree, which is beneficial to the illumination in the inner room of the first floor. If the crown of the tree is on the high side, it is necessary to gradually bow your head and be happy by the strength of the tree, and the height of the tree should be controlled below 3.5 meters; If the crown has crossed, the densely packed branches should be drained or transformed into small branches, and the branches should be shortened to slow down the outside and promote the inside, or the direction and angle of the main branches should be changed by changing the main branches, so that the crown distance should be kept at about 1 m to improve the lighting conditions of the population and individuals.
Second, cut off the diseased branches and insect branches. According to the survey, many diseases and insect pests that harm apples overwinter on the branches. For the diseases and pests that overwinter in trees, combining with winter shears, all branches of diseases and pests are cut off, burned or buried deeply, which can obviously reduce the harm in the coming year.
Third, the rough old bark in the gap between the rough old bark and trunk of fruit trees, there are often a large number of overwintering bacteria and pests. Scraping rough old bark, burning or burying it deeply has a good control effect on many kinds of pests and diseases, and sometimes even completely eliminates some pests.
Apple is a beauty product, which can not only lose weight, but also make the skin smooth and tender. Apple is a low-calorie food, every 10.
0 g only produces 60 kilocalories; The nutrients in apples are very soluble.
Under suitable temperature conditions, it can be transformed into leaf buds. The apical tissue of vigorous branches can also germinate flower buds under appropriate conditions.
The flower is white, with a huge ovary below. It is about 30 cm long, so it is also called Lady Enforcers. Calyx tubular, about 3 cm wide, with green (sometimes lavender) lobes; With scales 3-8 cm long; Petals are wide, pure white, erect, oblanceolate and entire. Stamens are numerous and slender, up to 700-960, as long as or short as the style. Anthers are milky yellow and filaments are white; Style thick, 0.7-0.8 cm, milky yellow; There are as many as 24 pistil stigma lobes.
The fruit is oblong or ovoid, the peel is red, fleshy, with oval sharp scales at the top, long10-12cm, thick and waxy. The pulp is white or red. There are nearly ten thousand sesame seeds with fragrance, so it is called sesame fruit. [ 1]
Pitaya is named because it looks like an angry red fireball. The pulp inside is like sweet cream, but it is covered with small black seeds. Mild texture and fragrant taste.
Pitaya is a tropical and subtropical fruit, which likes light, shade, heat, drought, fat and barren. It grows rapidly in a warm, humid and sunny environment. When cultivating in the open field in spring and summer, water more to keep the root system growing vigorously. Drainage should be carried out in time in rainy weather to avoid stem rot caused by infection with germs. Its stems can also grow on rocks, and this plant is very wind-resistant. As long as the support is firm, it can resist typhoon.
Before eating, the pineapple is soaked in salt water, and some organic acids contained in it can be decomposed in salt water to remove the sour taste and make the pineapple taste sweeter. You can also scald it with boiling water before eating. Bromelain began to denature at 45℃~50℃, and more than 90% was destroyed at 100℃. Glycosides can also be destroyed and eliminated at the same time; Serotonin is soluble in water. After cooking, the taste is also improved. Don't eat too many pineapples at a time. Excessive consumption is harmful to the stomach. The baby who eats for the first time only eats the size of a biscuit. If there is no abnormality, the amount can be increased appropriately next time.
1. Because pineapple contains stimulating glycoside and bromelain, it will decompose protein in the body and stimulate the young epidermis of human oral mucosa and lips. If you don't soak the pineapple in salt water before eating, you will feel paralyzed and tingling. So trim the skin and thorns, cut the pulp into pieces, soak it in light salt water or sugar water, and leach out the glycosides before eating. After pineapple is soaked in salt water, it can effectively destroy the internal allergic structure of "pineapple prion", thus losing the ability to make people allergic and the toxicity to some constitutions.
After eating meat or greasy food, eating pineapple is good for your health. "Pineapple Goo Old Meat" and "Pineapple Beef" are both safe dishes to eat.
3. Pineapple and eggs can't be eaten together. Protein in eggs is combined with fruit acid in pineapple, which easily coagulates protein and affects digestion.
4, pineapple and honey can be eaten at the same time, pineapple honey soup can cure bronchitis. However, people who are unwell or have diarrhea symptoms are advised not to eat like this. [7]
Pineapple flowers germinate, grow and bloom brilliantly. No distractions, no boundaries, even places, we must go deep into the essence. This belief in pursuing perfection has always been accompanied by pineapple flowers. There are many small flowers densely clustered on the stem, forming a thick spike, and the bracts at the top of the spike extend radially. Every little flower is a star. Flowers are yellow, light green, pink and white. Pineapple is a very beautiful indoor potted flower, which can enjoy flowers and leaves. With its rosette-like plant type, bright ear color and long flowering period, it has gradually become the "darling" of the New Year flower market.
Gift-giving etiquette: paper towels are laid in the flower basket, and tropical fruits such as pineapple, lily and boiled pineapple are put inside.
The origin of the name
First of all, the origin of pineapple is related to paramita (honey), which is a Buddhist term in Chinese and refers to reaching the other side; The second refers to a tropical fruit, which is now standardized as jackfruit. Jackfruit (or jackfruit, honey) is a tropical fruit, which originated in India and was introduced to Southeast Asia and China very early (it was introduced in the Tang Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties). Today, it is also called wood pineapple, tree pineapple and river snail. Paramita is related to Buddhism, a great religion, which originated in India and then spread to China and China. Paramim is a combination of transliteration and free translation of Sanskrit. The original translation of paramita omits the word "duo". It is said that the paramita of fruit trees is called paramita because of its large fruit (such as wax gourd) and sweet taste.
Secondly, pineapple is also closely related to Buddhist statues with paramita. Anyone who has personally peeled and eaten pineapple will know that there are many hexagonal (or hexagonal) thorns or sun fruit thorns on the shell of pineapple fruit, that is, the remains of small flowers, which are quite like the hair bun of Buddha and Bodhisattva statues (such as Leshan Giant Buddha, Dazu Stone Carved Buddha and various stone carved Buddha statues). In the history of Buddhism, most stone statues of Buddha statues are different from Buddhist monks and nuns in life, and they are generally shaved. Most Buddha statues are made of hair and combed into a bun. Of course, there are hats, headscarves and bald heads. It is conceivable that the ancient people in China, influenced by Buddhism, called this American fruit introduced by westerners paramita, later referred to as Poirot.
Thirdly, there was a man named Kyle Poirot, who had a great influence in the history of cultural exchange between China and the West. He comes from Italy. He came to China in the early Yuan Dynasty and stayed in China for more than ten years. After coming back, he wrote a book, The Travels of Marco Polo, which aroused great interest and eager yearning of westerners for China. So calling this fruit pineapple (Poirot) is a bit foreign, which is consistent with its spread from the west (people).
When American pineapple was first introduced, it was confused with jackfruit imported from India and Southeast Asia. But these two tropical fruits are very different, so people gradually separate their names. Li said in Volume XIII of Notes on South Vietnam during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty: "Fancun in the middle of Guangdong Province is planted with mountainous Boluo along the road, with a fist-like horizontal stem and prickly leaves, which is full of balance." It is known that the jackfruit of American fruit has been reduced to Poirot at this time; The word "mountain" is added in front of it, which means it can be planted on the hillside. Wu Qi of Daoguang period in Qing Dynasty said in Volume 31 of Textual Research on Plant Names: "Loudou produces fruit 100 east, which is Poirot". He went on to say, "Also known as Fanlouzi, it looks like an orchid with dense leaves and stems. Its leaves are peeled and stored with tendons, that is, polonium. " This may be the earliest record called Poirot alone.
The word "pineapple" may first appear in the third volume of Yin Zheng Ji Yao by Gao Jingting in Jiaqing, Qing Dynasty, but it was not explained. So at this time, Poirot has begun to be added with grass heads by literati, indicating that it is a plant and a fruit. Polo is a sequel to Ci Yuan and a revised edition of Ci Hai published in the Republic of China, and its interpretation has been nearly contemporary. It can be seen that the Republic of China was simplified to Poirot. It was not until the dictionaries and dictionaries published after liberation that it was officially defined as "pineapple". [8]
Name discussion
Pineapple is one of the four tropical fruits in the world (the other three are bananas, coconuts and mangoes), ranking second. Pineapple originated in America and was introduced in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was deeply loved by Chinese people. China is one of the main producers and consumers of pineapple. However, there are many differences in the appellation of pineapple in modern Chinese, which need to be standardized and unified.
Modern Chinese Dictionary, the most commonly used and authoritative Chinese dictionary in China (edited by the Dictionary Office of Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, revised by the Commercial Press, 1997 edition), contains "pineapple", but it is only interpreted as "wind pear"; There is also a "jackfruit" article, which is interpreted as "1, wood pineapple. Also known as paramita. 2, commonly known as the wind pear "(page 96). Modern Korean also has "Jackfruit 2", which is just interpreted as "the same jackfruit". The modern article "Pineapple" in Han Dynasty has a detailed explanation, and finally points out that it is also called "pineapple, commonly known as jackfruit" (38 1 page). In other words, Xianhan advocated using pineapple as the official name of this fruit (tree), and at the same time showed that this fruit was also called pineapple, commonly known as jackfruit (sometimes written as jackfruit on the basis of this word). The Chinese Dictionary, the largest Chinese dictionary in China today, is treated in the same way as modern Chinese, with pineapple as the main entry.
Cihai, the most commonly used and authoritative encyclopedia dictionary in China (edited by editorial board, Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, revised edition 1999), has an article "pineapple" with detailed explanations and illustrations, also known as "yellow pear" and "pineapple" (page 723). There is also "pineapple" in Ci Hai, but it is only interpreted as "pineapple" (page 4 17). That is to say, Cihai advocates using pineapple as the official name of this fruit (tree), and at the same time shows that this fruit is also called pineapple and yellow pear.
In the fields of agriculture and gardening, pineapple and pineapple seem to be evenly matched. For example, in the 1980s, the mainland published books such as Pineapple and Its Cultivation, and Taiwan Province Province published books such as Production Technology of Pineapple, Apricot and Jujube. However, "China Agricultural Encyclopedia Volume" and "China Agricultural Encyclopedia Fruit Tree Volume" both set a "pineapple", and explained that it is also known as pineapple and yellow pear; Also known as pineapple, Wang Li and yellow pear. It seems that the agricultural and horticultural circles in mainland China tend to use pineapple as malic acid in apples with whitening effect. Many people worry that the acidity of apples will corrode their teeth. Apples with cheese can limit the acidity in apples. Eating apples can also effectively help clean teeth.
It can be eaten raw or cooked, and can also be made into dried fruit, jam, jelly and so on. Apples are used in many sweets.
In 20 14, there were 32 leading enterprises of crisp pear industrialization in Dangshan county and above, with an annual design and processing capacity of 65.438+0.2 million tons, processing 600,000 tons of crisp pears, marketing income exceeding 4.5 billion yuan and processing output value exceeding 3.5 billion yuan. Products are sold to more than 20 countries, such as the United States, Canada and New Zealand. Export earned more than 80 million dollars. Pear Flower Tourism Festival and Crispy Pear Picking Festival received 723,000 tourists, achieving a total tourism income of 65.438+0.27 billion yuan.
Deciduous trees of peach trees, up to 10 m, with smooth bark, dark purple, slender branches, spreading purple, and hairless when young. There are about 5~7 plants in one plant. Leaf blade narrowly ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, widest near the base, long tapering at the apex, wide wedge-shaped at the base, glabrous on both sides, slender petiole, caducous. Flowers solitary, blooming before leaves; Pedicel very short, glabrous; Petals obovate or suborbicular.