The height of trunk directly affects the space utilization rate, permeability, yield, quality and efficiency of orchard operation. Traditional theory has always believed that peach trees should be short and dry, generally 30~50cm. The greater the planting density, the shorter the trunk should be. However, modern production practice has proved that too low trunk is not conducive to orchard management, but also reduces the ventilation and transparency of orchard. The middle and lower parts of the trunk are too low from the ground, with high humidity, poor ventilation, insufficient illumination, weak growth of new shoots, poor flower bud differentiation, low fruit setting rate and poor fruit quality. Therefore, considering various factors, it is considered that the trunk height of dense planting garden should be 60cm, the height of dense planting garden should be 60~80cm, and the height of ultra-high density planting garden should be increased to 80~ 100cm.

2. Tree structure

For a long time, most peach trees at home and abroad have adopted heart-shaped openings, and the tree structure is complex, especially the improved cup-shaped and six-main-branch heart-shaped ones with natural openings, which have high technical requirements and are difficult to implement standardized operations. In addition, this structure that diverges from the trunk to the periphery makes unreasonable use of the orchard space. The density of trunk branches is too high, and the density of branches is also high within the range of 1~ 1.5m from the trunk, while the number of branches outside the crown is small, which makes insufficient use of space and light energy. Y-shaped structure is simple, technical requirements are not high, standardization and standardized operation are easy to realize, and beginners can operate after simple training. The amount of branches inside and outside the open crown of the two main branches is evenly distributed, which can make full use of orchard space and light energy and maximize production efficiency.

3. Prevent the middle and lower parts of the main branches from being exposed.

Branches or branches in the middle and lower part of the main branches grow weakly, die after 2~3 years, and the fruiting parts move out rapidly, which leads to a significant decline in the effective fruiting amount and productivity of peach trees. Baldness in the middle and lower parts of main branches and rapid outward migration of fruiting parts are a major problem that has long plagued peach workers at home and abroad. After years of observation and research, Jia found that the primary cause of this phenomenon is excessive pruning of the main branches, followed by poor lighting. The traditional plastic method is to cut off the extended branches of the main branches by about 1/2 of their length every year. This cutting method makes the extension branches of the main branches grow vigorously and consumes a lot of tree nutrients, while the mineral nutrition supply of the middle and lower branchlets is seriously lacking. Long-term malnutrition leads to the rapid decline and death of the middle and lower branches of the main branch. In addition, the light in the middle and lower part of the main branch is relatively insufficient, which makes the carbon nutrition of the branch tip in this part insufficient, thus further accelerating its decline. By adjusting the opening angle of the main branch, lightly cutting the extension branches of the main branch, and retaining the fruits of the secondary branches, Jia weakened the growth of the top, which not only achieved early high quality and high yield, but also effectively maintained the stress balance of all parts of the tree, which greatly improved the yield, improved the fruit quality and solved the problem of peach fruit parts moving out.

4. Tree control

In recent years, the planting density of peach orchards in China has been increasing, with 1000~ 1500 plants per hectare. Therefore, effectively controlling the size of the tree has become a very prominent and important issue. Many countries have done a lot of work in the breeding of peach dwarf rootstocks, but so far they have failed to introduce an ideal dwarf rootstock. In fact, it is not difficult to control peach trees. As long as the pruning method is proper, combined with appropriate flower and fruit management techniques, it can not only effectively control the size of peach trees, but also significantly increase the yield and improve the fruit quality. For a long time, no matter whether the size of the tree reaches or exceeds the space reserved by the designer when building the garden, the extended branches of the main branches will be cut short every winter. This growth-type cutting method has always kept the backbone branches with strong growth advantages, promoted them to grow outward and promoted the growth of the crown, until one day the tree was old and could not extract new branches. It is not difficult to see that as long as the pruning methods of the peripheral branches of the crown are changed, including the extension branches of the main branches, the lateral branches and the leading branches of the large branches, and the branches are transformed into fruiting branches in time and make them bear fruit, the branches beyond the designed size range of the crown will be thinned, shrunk and cut off. By doing this every year, the size of the tree can always be controlled within the original range.

5. Life span of branches and buds

The life of peach branch buds is relatively short, so how to prolong the life of branch buds has become a very important problem in peach pruning. In addition to genetic factors, the life span of branch buds mainly depends on the nutritional status of branch buds. Good nutrition and long life, and vice versa. Under the normal supply of fertilizer and water for the whole tree, the nutritional status of different parts and types of branches depends on their ability to obtain water and nutrients from the tree and their ability to make carbon nutrition. Branches and new shoots with strong growth potential have strong ability to obtain water and nutrients from trees and synthesize carbon nutrients by themselves; However, the new shoots with weak growth potential have weak ability to obtain water and nutrients from trees and synthesize carbon nutrition. Therefore, in order to solve the problem of short life of branches and buds, we should first adjust the angle of main branches, change the pruning method, weaken the growth potential of backbone branches and branches, and remove the clustered branches on the back of backbone branches, so that the growth potential of each part of the crown tends to be balanced with each branch, thus eliminating the fierce nutritional competition between strong and weak branches and making each branch get good water and mineral nutrition supply. Secondly, reasonably control the density of branches and leaves in different parts of the crown, maintain good ventilation and light transmission, so that the leaves on all branches maintain a high photosynthetic rate and make all branches have good carbon nutrition.

6. Fruit branch morphology

The fruiting branch group is the fruiting unit planted on the main branch and side branch, which can be divided into three categories according to the size of the space occupied and the number of fruiting branches. Large branches occupy a large space, and generally consist of more than 10 fruiting branches, with large fruiting amount and long service life. Branchlets occupy a small space, generally composed of less than 5 fruiting branches, with few fruits and short life span, and generally decline within 3~5 years. Medium-sized branches are in between. Various branches can be transformed into each other in the process of cultivation, development and decline.

Rational distribution of branches is one of the key measures to prolong high-yield life. Generally, large, medium and small branches should be arranged alternately. High-density cultivation is mainly based on medium branches, and ultra-high-density cultivation is equivalent to 1~2 large branches per plant.

Keep a certain distance between branches. The spacing between big branches in the same direction should be 50~60cm, and the spacing between middle branches should be 30~40cm. The main branches are mainly the middle branchlets on the back and the middle branches on the back and sides. In short, it is necessary to achieve orderly density, balanced growth, compact arrangement and no crowding.

7. Cultivation and selection of fruit branches

There are obvious differences between different types of branches in flower forming ability, flower bud quality, fruit setting rate, fruit flavor and commodity quality. Therefore, it has become one of the important problems of peach cultivation and pruning to cultivate and choose which fruiting branches. For a long time, people have always thought that the varieties of northern group should be mainly short fruit branches, and the varieties of southern group should be mainly medium-long fruit branches. The typical northern group varieties have fewer flower buds, long branches, poor quality, high node position and low fruit setting rate; However, the flower buds of short branches have good differentiation, large flowers, high fruit setting rate, large fruits and good quality. Therefore, we should cultivate enough short fruit branches to meet the production requirements. However, the long, medium and short branches of southern varieties are easy to blossom and bear fruit, and the good results of medium and long branches in production are caused by the pruning methods currently used. Most peach producing areas in China use short pruning, except for the redundant branches, all the other branches are short, regardless of their length, especially the middle and short pruning of the backbone branches and big fruit branches, which causes the branches near the cutting mouth to grow vigorously and consume a lot of water and nutrients. However, the short fruit branches, which are at an absolute disadvantage in the competition between water and nutrients, have poor fruiting ability and short life due to malnutrition. In fact, in those single trees or peach orchards with balanced growth and development of all parts of the crown and moderate or weak tree potential, we often see short fruit branches bearing good fruits. In addition, from the domestic and Asian markets, consumers generally prefer big fruit, and the bigger the fruit, the more popular it is. Compared with 10 years ago, the number of peaches sold in the market has almost doubled in recent years. The stem of peach fruit is very short, so if you want to bear large or extra-large fruit, you can only bear fruit with short branches, especially those extra-large fruits with deep stems. In order to meet the requirements of consumers and obtain higher economic benefits, producers must adjust their production technology.