(1) Overview
Alias American ginseng, American ginseng, etc.
American ginseng, Araliaceae, root medicine. Perennial herbs. American ginseng is native to North America, southern Canada and northern United States, and it is distributed in the range of 30 ~ 40 degrees north latitude and 67 ~ 125 degrees west longitude. In the 1940s, I introduced it from Canada with Jiangxi Lushan Botanical Garden, and it failed. After 1975, China introduced several batches of seeds from the United States and successfully introduced and cultivated them in Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, Fujian and other provinces. Among them, the three northeastern provinces and Qinba Mountain area in Shaanxi are widely planted, especially in high-altitude mountainous areas such as Fujian and Yunnan, which provides a foundation for the expansion of American ginseng production in China to low latitudes. Although it belongs to the same family and genus as ginseng, it is a valuable tonic and tonic, but there are long-term differences in efficacy and function. Ginseng is listed as a tonic (tonifying yang) and American ginseng as a tonic (tonifying yin).
American ginseng is a precious tonic medicine with special therapeutic value, which can't be replaced by ginseng. It is cold in nature and bitter in taste. Entering the heart, lungs and kidneys, it has the functions of clearing heat, clearing fire, nourishing yin, promoting fluid production and lowering blood pressure. Clinically, it can improve or eliminate the symptoms of insufficient body fluid and blood, such as emaciation, red eyes and tinnitus, dry mouth and throat. Polydipsia, soreness of waist and knees, fever due to yin deficiency, yin injury due to fever, chronic cough due to lung deficiency, hemoptysis, etc. Because of its long-lasting efficacy, this medicine is very popular in treatment and is favored by the international market.
(2) Plant characteristics
Perennial herbs. The whole plant is hairless. The rhizome is shorter than ginseng, the root is fleshy, spindle-shaped and has fewer branches. The stem is cylindrical, about 25 cm long, with longitudinal stripes or slightly angular. Palmately 5-compound leaves, usually 3-4, whorled on the stem; Leaflets are membranous, broadly ovoid to obovate, with acute apex, deformed base and coarsely serrated edges. The total pedicel is drawn from the center of the petiole at the end of the stem, which is slightly longer or almost as long as the petiole. Umbellies, many flowers, equal green, bell-shaped; Petals 5, green and white. Berries, oblate, paired, bright red when ripe. The flowering period is from June to July, and the fruiting period is from July to September.
(3) Growth characteristics
American ginseng is suitable to grow in broad-leaved forest in mountainous areas at an altitude of about 1000 meters, with annual rainfall of about 1000 mm, annual average temperature of about 13℃, frost-free period of 150 ~ 200 days, mild climate and abundant rainfall. Like cool and humid places, avoid strong light and high temperature. The optimum temperature for growing period is 65438 08 ~ 24℃, and the relative humidity of air is about 80%. Strict requirements for soil, suitable for growing in forest sandy soil with loose soil, thick and fertile soil layer and rich humus, with pH value of 5.5 ~ 6.5. Continuous cropping is prohibited.
(4) Cultivation techniques
1. Land selection and preparation
American ginseng was originally a wild variety, but it was domesticated and introduced and cultivated all over the world. Introduced successfully in many places in China. In the hot climate area, forest humus soil, well-drained and cool hilltop plain, woodland with deep humus soil layer, broad-leaved forest or fertile farmland, loam or humus soil with high groundwater level and good drainage can be planted, and both leisure land and raw wasteland can be planted.
After selecting the land, burn the wasteland first, and then shovel the topsoil and pile it up. The farmland is first covered with grass and grass plants such as branches and roots, and then burned, and the soil is piled up for border use. If conditions permit, this pile of soil can be freeze-dried for one winter and one summer. Avoid using them all now. The ploughing depth is about 20 cm, not too deep, so the soil will be weathered and decomposed, and the dead leaves will be fully decomposed. After idle 1 year, plough 1 time again, screen out impurities such as stones, mix 0.08kg of 50% carbendazim, 2-3kg of decomposed manure, 1 kg of bone meal or 2kg of calcium superphosphate into the soil as base fertilizer, and plough 1 time again to level the harrow. After the whole ground, make a border, the width is 120 ~ 150 cm, and the length depends on the specific situation. The boundary is 25 cm high, the bed runs north and south, and the soil is disinfected. 0.0 1 ~ 0.02g of 80% zineb per square meter, 0.0 1 ~ 0.03kg of 50% ethisulfuron per square meter, or 0.0 1 ~ 0.03kg of 40% toluenesulfonamide per square meter have better disinfection effect.
2. Breeding method
Seed propagation, seedling transplantation or direct seeding.
(1) seed treatment
American ginseng, ginseng and notoginseng are all good fruits, but the seed treatment of American ginseng is different from them. Although the fruit of American ginseng is red, the embryo is immature and rarely develops, and it can germinate only after embryo maturity and physiological post-ripening. Usually, artificial germination is adopted. Generally, seeds need to undergo 18 months of embryo maturation and physiological post-ripening. If the natural room temperature is 12 ~ 18℃, the layered sand burial method can be used.
A layer of wet sand with water content of 10% ~ 15% and a layer of seeds, soil: sand: seeds = 1: 2: 1. The specific method is to wash the pulp with clear water after harvesting red fruits in autumn, and then select the seeds with full seeds and put them into a certain container, such as a flowerpot or a special enamel bucket for layered sand burial. Put it at room temperature, screen the seeds once a month, discard the moldy seeds, select and keep the good seeds, air-cool them to cold, and then stratify them until the outdoor temperature reaches 5℃. Put the selected seeds together with the container in an underground pit 50 cm deep outdoors, spread a layer of grass, cover with soil, and naturally store them at low temperature to prevent rodent damage. Take it out in early spring and put it under a tree or in a sowing field.
(2) Sterilization and planting
The surface of seeds often carries various pathogenic bacteria, which cause seed rot or seedling diseases during germination and after sowing. Generally, the effective disinfection methods are seed dressing with 0.30% carbendazim (50% wettable powder), or seed soaking with 500 times of this medicine for 30 minutes, or seed soaking with 0.2% ~ 0.3% potassium permanganate solution 10 ~ 20 minutes or formalin solution 10 ~ 65438. You can also use Meyijing 65,438+0%, 65,438+0% thiophanate methyl 65,438+00 ~ 20 minutes, and 0.2% thiophanate ethyl 65,438+00 ~ 20 minutes for seed soaking for 65,438+00 minutes, and the effect is good. Or use 5% ethisulfuron (seed soaking dosage 5% ~ 10%), 45% amobam (seed soaking dosage 0. 1% ~ 0.2%), 15% amobam (emulsion dosage 0.1%~ 0.3 Wash and air-dry, accelerate germination in May of the following year, and soak the seeds in clear water. The pre-development temperature of the two embryos is about 65438 08 ~ 20℃ for 80 days, and the post-ripening period of the seeds is 65433. Physiological maturity is 0 ~ 5℃ for 3 months.
(3) sowing
Sowing is divided into spring and autumn. Good autumn sowing in Shaanxi, Miao Qi, Miao Zhuang. Before sowing, water is poured through the bottom, and after water permeates, the soil is loose. After sowing, cover it with 6 cm *6 cm soil, and then cover it with grass, fallen leaves, sawdust and plant ash, about 6 cm, so as to keep moisture and germinate. In addition, it is best to use plastic film, which can not only preserve moisture but also prevent weed diseases. It is best to use drilling, flat ditch bottom, neat seedling emergence and good management.
Germination rate of ginseng seeds: the highest germination rate of American ginseng seeds is 80% ~ 90%, and the emergence rate after sowing is only 60% ~ 70%, which is not only related to the conditions of air temperature and soil moisture, but also related to the incomplete seeds, incomplete embryo development, accelerated germination and moldy storage. Seeds that accelerate germination must be selected. Sowing materials should be full, cracked and disease-free seeds. Seed viability should be measured when necessary to improve the emergence rate of high-quality seeds.
(4) transplantation
After sowing for 2 years, the plant has grown, and the required nutrition and light are different from those at seedling stage. Therefore, when transplanting in the autumn of the next year or the spring of the third year after sowing, it is the dormant period of American ginseng, that is, digging it out before germination so as to cut it while digging, and planting the reed head obliquely 6-8 cm from the ground, with the row spacing of 20 cm *20 cm. Cut off the fibrous roots or redundant branches growing on the main body of ginseng roots, artificially promote the beautiful shape of ginseng roots, concentrate nutrition on the main roots, and improve quality.
If it can't be planted or needs pruning, the dug ginseng seedlings will be stored indoors, and the roots will leave wounds after plastic surgery, which is easy to be infected with germs. So it must be disinfected before planting. The method is as follows: soaking seeds with 120 bordeaux solution for 5- 10 minutes, soaking seeds with 200 times zineb solution for 10-20 minutes, and diluting with 800 times herbicide.
(5) Shading
American ginseng is a typical shade-loving plant. It is afraid of strong light and avoids direct light. Such as diffuse light and oblique light. Because it is a negative plant, it is born in the forest for a long time. Therefore, it is necessary to shade when planting. Scaffolding forms include bow shed, single shed, double-speed shed and flat roof. It is necessary to adapt to local conditions. You can also use a double-frame shed, a multi-frame shed or a double-speed shed (light and rain permeable) to make an arch on the frame. When it rains, cover it with film and use local materials for shade. You can use sticks, bamboo and reeds.
(6) Adjust the temperature and humidity in the shed.
Although American ginseng is a shade plant, it also needs certain light and temperature in the whole growth and development stage. Humidity, if the temperature and humidity are not enough, is not conducive to its growth and development. The growth period of American ginseng is longer than that of ginseng. Compared with the same year, American ginseng is shorter than ginseng, but its taproot grows faster than ginseng. Because it likes humidity, bears humidity, is afraid of weak light, scattered light, direct sunlight at noon, drought and severe cold, it requires 70% canopy density (that is, 70% light is blocked and 30% light is transmitted). Because growth and development need cool and moist soil, such soil can't be satisfied by shading alone, so covering measures are taken on the surface, covering the roots of ginseng with leaves and drying the bracts of corncob, which will not mildew and fresh sawdust, and reduce the daily and seasonal changes of soil temperature. It is cool during the day and warm at night to keep soil moisture, prevent evaporation and rain from washing the soil and avoid sudden fall. The surface soil is moist, which is beneficial to the activity of soil microorganisms, forms a good and stable soil structure, and prevents soil hardening and overgrowth of weeds. When the seedlings are in full bloom, the roots can be covered. In addition, it can also be covered with plastic film before the seedlings come out. When the seedlings bolting (bending), they can be covered with plastic film and punched with small holes nearby, so that the seedlings can be ejected from the small holes, which protects the soil from weeds and is beneficial to the prevention and control of pests.
3. Tian Tuan management
First of all, we should pay attention to cleaning up the ginseng garden, pile up the fallen things to dry, and burn them off as fertilizer. Second, it should be noted that before the overwintering buds are unearthed, all beds, working paths and scaffolding should be sprayed with 1% copper sulfate to kill pathogenic bacteria. Third, during drought, attention should be paid to covering leaves on the working roads in the border and watering them frequently. Fourth, we should pay attention to loosening soil and weeding. Keeping the soil loose is conducive to ventilation, light transmission and moisture retention. After removing the cold, the hardened soil should be lightly hoed to loosen the soil, enhance the permeability of the soil and be conducive to seedling emergence. Seedlings should be covered with plastic film, but also weeding and loosening the soil, and weeding or pulling weeds at any time in the future. Fifth, we should pay attention to hanging curtains to keep out the sun. American ginseng likes sunshine and fears stiff shooting, and is most afraid of the invasion of cold wind and rain. Curtains should be hung on the front and back eaves to prevent it, which can not only block the wind and rain, but also prevent drought and reduce water evaporation. Do it every day, put the curtains early and roll them up at night until beginning of autumn. Sixth, we should pay attention to bud. American ginseng blooms and bears fruit in three years, and there are some bolting flowers in two years. It is necessary to accelerate germination in time and knock out the flowers in the center, which can enhance the plumpness of seeds and enhance the disease resistance. Seventh fertilization: June-August is the vigorous growth period of American ginseng. Topdressing with 2% calcium superphosphate solution, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution or 0.3% urea liquid fertilizer before 10 in the morning or after 3: 00 in the afternoon has obvious yield-increasing effect. In June, July and August, each month 1 time, the above three liquid fertilizers can be used alternately. When the stems and leaves on the ground wither in June every year, 10- 1 1, shallow ditches are opened between the plants, and then winter fertilizer is applied, and 2.5 kilograms of decomposed manure and 0.5 kilograms of bone meal are applied per square meter. Compound fertilizer 0.05 kg. Mix the three fertilizers evenly and sprinkle the compound fertilizer into the ditch. After application, cover with fine fertilizer. Fertilization can be combined with covering cold workers this winter.
4. Pest control
The prevention and control of diseases and pests of American ginseng should start from many aspects.
(1) pest control
① soil
American ginseng is a perennial plant, which needs a lot of nutrition during the whole growth period. Choose loose forest humus soil, fully loosen the soil, decompose and weather it, avoid continuous cropping, and disinfect the soil before sowing.
② seeds
Imported seeds should be strictly quarantined, whether imported seeds, imported seeds at home and abroad, or seeds collected by ourselves, they should be disinfected before sowing.
③ Temperature and humidity
Panax quinquefolium needs a warm and humid climate during the whole growth period, but too high or too low temperature and humidity are easy to cause diseases and insect pests, and too high temperature is also easy to get physiological diseases, such as planting leaves in the border and on the work road. Wheat straw, etc. Excessive humidity is easy to get spot disease. The ginseng bed should be made into an arch back shape to prevent water accumulation, and a drainage ditch should be dug around it so that the ginseng bed will not get wet.
④ Diligence
Check frequently, unplug and burn the diseased plants in time, and disinfect the acupoints of the diseased plants. Weeds are often pulled up, and some weeds are easy to cause disease. At the same time, they compete for nutrition. When you see weeds, pull them up at once. Water often in dry seasons and dry areas, otherwise plants will grow weak and get sick easily. Diligent loosening of soil is beneficial to the activities of ten kinds of microorganisms, and plants grow fast. Rhizoctonia solani is most likely to occur when soil is hardened.
(2) Control pests and diseases
① Rhizoctonia solani
In spring, the soil is hardened and the air permeability is not good. When the climate changes greatly, annual seedlings tend to occur in the stems at the junction of dry and wet soil. At first, it was light yellow brown, and in severe cases, it was yellow-brown spot rot, and the plants fell and spread around.
Prevention and control methods: pay attention to observation, immediately remove the diseased plants and burn them, dig deep into the diseased points to change the soil, disinfect them with sulfur powder soil (0.005 kg per 1000 square meters), and mix and spread them before sowing, and spread 9 kg per 1000 square meters. Use zineb 500 times solution: water10l, zineb 0.02kg. Especially for plants over 3-4 years old, pay attention to spraying stems. Call 1 ~ 2 times a month.
② Spot disease
Also known as black spot disease, mainly occurs on leaves, also known as leaf spot disease. In severe cases, it will harm flowers, fruits, seeds and stems of plants. Spot disease occurs and spreads in rainy season. When the rainy season comes, Bordeaux mixed wine is stirred alternately. From June to July, the climate is dry, there is no rain, the air humidity is high, and the temperature is about 20℃. Pathogens hidden in seeds, soil and garbage began to move and invade plants. In this climate, it may happen many times a year. The victim's position is round or irregular, like a spot soaked in water, which gradually expands into a dark brown spot. Finally, it is yellow-brown in the middle and has wheel marks on the outside. In severe cases, the leaves will die. When petioles, pedicels, stems and leaves are invaded, they are green spots at first, then brown, and spread rapidly; When the humidity is high, there is a layer of black mold on the diseased spot, which dies early in severe cases. The fruit is yellow-brown at the initial infection and black-brown at the later stage, which makes the fruit dry, and a layer of dark green mold is exposed outside, and the seeds are immature.
Control methods: ① Select full seeds without pests and diseases, disinfect them before sowing, soak them in 10% formalin for about 15 minutes, or soak them in Bordeaux solution 1: 100 times, take them out and wash them with clear water, or use garlic solution 10 minutes. (2) After removing the cold-proof materials, thoroughly disinfect the ginseng shed. In addition to cleaning the site, use 10% copper sulfate for comprehensive disinfection. (3) When the diseased plants are found, cut off the diseased leaves, hang a curtain to shade the sun, and apply pesticide every 7- 10 days from the beginning of leaf spreading to July and August. Bordeaux 160 times, Dyson 500-600 times, zineb 600-800 times, polyoxin 100-200 times, Dickson 900 times, diclofenac 500 times and carbendazim 1000 times.
③ Leaf rust
On the back of the diseased leaves, yellow spore piles began to appear, and finally gradually expanded to the back of the whole leaves, making the plants yellow and dry.
Control method: same as black spot disease.
④ Embroidery rot
It can occur from seedlings to annual plants, which is one of the common and serious diseases that harm American ginseng. It mainly harms underground stems, buds and roots. After the roots and reed heads of ginseng were damaged, rust-like yellow-brown lesions appeared, which gradually expanded in the future, causing internal tissues to be destroyed, soft granular substances appeared in the affected areas, and finally the epidermis broke. After the overwintering buds are damaged, the buds turn yellow-brown, and they cannot emerge after rotting.
Prevention and control methods: ① Allow the soil to decompose and loosen, with good ventilation and drainage. ② When transplanting, select disease-free plants without damaging the roots, dilute the roots with one millionth of antimycin for 15 minutes, and transplant after drying. ③ Soil disinfection: Before planting ginseng, disinfect the soil with 10- 15g carbendazim per square meter.
Weed elephants and stem borers harm ginseng leaves, and 600 times of thiophanate or 500 times of carbaryl are used.
The underground pests are crickets, cutworms and needle worms, which are artificially killed and trapped or mixed with toxic soil (25% trichlorfon powder and 20 kg humus) and applied to the seedbed. Water the bed with 700 times of 50% zinc-phosphorus emulsifiable concentrate or 800- 1000 times of 50% trichlorfon wettable powder.
(5) harvesting and processing
1. Seed collection
The seed collection time is generally from late August to early September, and the American ginseng fruit can be harvested when it is completely red and ripe. Early harvest, poor seed development; If the fruit is harvested too late, it is easy to fall off and be destroyed by mice. The harvested red fruits should be washed in time to remove the pulp and shriveled grains. When the seeds are slightly dry and the surface is dry, they can be buried. If there are ten species left, the water content of seeds can reach below 15% in the shade.
Collect roots
American ginseng is usually harvested in 4 ~ 5 years, but it is harvested in more years. The effective components of American ginseng are directly proportional to the number of years. The higher the chemical composition, the better the clinical effect and the higher the economic benefit, but there are also many diseases. The soil is fertile, the fields are well managed, and the live broadcast is better. Reduce the chance of infection, save manpower and material resources, transplant small ones when harvesting after 4 years, and harvest again after 1 ~ 2 years. The timely harvest season of American ginseng is autumn, the stems on the ground have withered, the nutrition of roots has improved, the quality is the best, the pulp is full, the quality is solid, and the skin is light yellow. When harvesting, remove the above-ground stems, and it is forbidden to hurt the roots. Throw it out from one side of the ginseng bed and collect it in turn. Remove soil and impurities, and divide ginseng into three kinds after harvest. First of all, it has a good shape, including bud, axe, taproot, sample root and fibrous root. Such ginseng is called "total ginseng". The thin lateral roots are called "ginseng whiskers" and the lateral roots are called "tail branches". Second, there are no reed heads, but straight roots and ginseng roots, which are called "lifelong ginseng". Third, there is no reed head, but there are main roots and lateral roots called "top lights" At present, American ginseng produced and processed in the United States is sun-dried ginseng. Sun drying and sun drying are adopted.
Drying: large-scale production must have a drying room for local processing. Put the collected ginseng on the prepared clothes rack. A hot container with a temperature of 35-50℃. High temperature and low temperature alternate. The fire color should not be too high, otherwise the chemical composition will transform and affect the quality, so far.
Sun drying: Put the selected American ginseng into a certain container, put it in a ventilated place, dry it, and turn it from time to time.