Tree grape planting method
Replication technology
1, seed propagation: seed propagation is the most important propagation method of tree grapes at present, and fresh seeds germinate better. After the fruits are harvested, they are stored in plastic bags and refrigerated at 5 ~ 8℃. When the seeds are to be sown, take them out, wash them and sow them. Cold storage can last 1 ~ 2 months, and there is still a certain germination rate. Seeds germinate 20 ~ 40 days after sowing, and germinate slowly when the temperature is low.
2. Grafting propagation: Most grape seedlings need 6 ~ 10 years to bear fruit. Grafting can bear fruit early, and it can bear fruit about 3 years after grafting. Two-year-old seedlings were selected as rootstocks, and one-year-old branches were cut from fruiting mother trees as scions. The survival rate of cutting or grafting in autumn and winter is high, and the grafting rate is poor after 3 ~ 4 months, so grafting in summer is not easy to succeed.
3. Cutting propagation: Tree grape is not easy to survive by cutting, and it is a typical rootless variety in China. Semi-hard cuttings (2 segments and 4 leaves), NAA2000ppm rapid soaking and peat soil as rooting medium can be used every May, and the rooting rate can reach 90%. However, in foreign research, cuttings with a length of 10 cm and 3-4 pairs of mature leaves are best cut in the medium of sandy soil mixed with peat soil (the ratio is 1: 1). Cutting four cuttings longitudinally at the base of cuttings and adding IBA 1000ppm can promote rooting.
Planting technique
1. Seedling management: After the grapes sprout, erase the double buds, multi-head buds and over-weak buds to form new buds, and then bind them on both sides with iron wires. Fixing new shoots with a spacing of 15 ~ 20 cm and spraying Cuihuawang No.3 in time can effectively control the excessive growth of new shoots, promote more flower branches, promote flower bud differentiation, effectively balance large and small spikes, and save the trouble of thinning flowers and fruits.
2. Rational fertilization: When planting vines, topdressing should be done according to the growth stage, that is, flower and fruit fertilizer, fruit swelling fertilizer, coloring fertilizer and post-harvest growth promoting fertilizer. Special attention should be paid to the reasonable collocation of various fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to ensure the balanced supply of nutrients. The mixture of farm manure and orange stalks can only be used after being fully decomposed at high temperature for more than 60 days.
3. Timely pruning: Grape fruits grow slowly and do not need pruning. However, in order to control the plant height and potted tree type, it is advisable to trim the branches with vigorous growth at the top in time. It is usually suggested to prune low branches in cultivation to create a tree with ventilation and beautiful branches, and prune dense or long branches in autumn and winter.
4. Pest management: In China, there are few pests and diseases in tree grape planting, and pesticides are rarely used in management, but they are vulnerable to birds in the fruiting period. You can cover the plants with black nets or build a net room to prevent birds from eating, and you can also use double-layer newspapers to protect the fruits. If there are poisonous moth larvae that harm the leaves, they can be prevented by the drugs recommended in the plant protection manual.
Characteristics of tree grapes
Its trunk is generally 3-6 meters, which is a kind of high-grade wood. Its green leaves are long and narrow, slightly shiny, green and charming, evergreen all the year round, emitting intoxicating fragrance. It has extremely high ornamental value and can purify the air and optimize the environment. It is a rare tree species for greening and beautifying. This special fruit tree will not bear fruit until it is about 10 years old. The price of one kilogram of fruit is as high as that of 200 yuan. An adult fruit tree can sell more than 654.38+10,000 yuan and can pick 30 kilograms of fruit.
It is a rare fruit, which is used in food, health care and medicine, wood and landscaping. This is a must in China and a national treasure. It can resist high temperature and humidity, cold and drought, and has wide adaptability and strong stress resistance. Most areas in the north and south of China can be cultivated, and the development prospect is huge.
Mature in late autumn, the single fruit weight is lO~ 12g, and the highest is 18g. Oval, purple-red, smooth and bright, very gorgeous, fine pulp, moderate hardness, more juice and less seeds, edible rate of more than 96%, soluble solid content of 22.83%, thick sweetness, sugar content 18. Fruit can be used to make high-quality wine.
It is rich in various nutrients and bioactive substances, and is an ideal health-care medicinal food. Its market price is as high as 1kg 100 yuan, and citizens are still snapping it up. It is very resistant to storage and transportation. It can be stored for 3 months at room temperature and can be supplied to the Spring Festival market. It has white flowers, no crack and no fruit drop, high yield and considerable economic benefits. Grapes are all treasures, and their leaves, fruits, roots and skins can be used as medicine. It has good curative effect on nephritis, impotence and premature ejaculation, infertility, urinary tract infection, hypertension, coronary heart disease, rheumatism and rheumatoid diseases.
Grape planting skills
Sowing: buy your favorite grapes, eat them, take root in the ground, and germinate in a sunny place; Next spring, last year's branches can sprout many new buds, leaving a few strongest ones; In May, there was plenty of rain, the grapes grew fast and the roots grew gradually. Transplant in rainy days. In May of the third year, yellow-green buds can appear, which will blossom and bear fruit.
At the same time, be sure to water the grapes in time after planting. Strictly master? Living in water makes a strong tree fat? The principle of. If the planting ditch is not watered before planting, it should be watered once after planting grapes, so that the soil in the ditch becomes thinner and the soil and fertilizer are combined. After watering, intertillage should be done in time to keep moisture. Because the roots of grapes are very shallow after planting, as long as it doesn't rain for 5-7 days, water should be poured before and after germination. And the watering method should be combined with scarification? Before watering, pull up the soil layer at the edge of the grape rhizosphere, and cover it after water permeates. This method is called by northern fruit farmers? Stealing water? . This method is not easy to harden the soil and is a good way to promote the survival of seedlings.
Fertilization: topdressing can only be carried out after the grape seedlings germinate 15-20 days, and the new grape branches have grown 3-5 leaves and grow normally. Should we master the principle of topdressing? Dilute first, then concentrate? 、? Less first, then more? Eat less and eat more? The principle of. Judging from the types of fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer (urea, human manure, etc.). ) Before the end of June, use compound fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in July and August, preferably imported potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and human manure. 9-65438+ 10 month, when applying base fertilizer, add appropriate amount of urea and calcium superphosphate.
The method of topdressing is to open a semi-circular shallow ditch in the rhizosphere of grape seedlings, and then restore the soil after topdressing. Water the ground when it's dry, ie dig ditches even when people shit. Topdressing usually starts from the middle and late April, and is applied once every 10- 15 days, and 8- 10 times a year. When the weather is fine, urea and water can be watered together. At first, only 15-20g urea can be applied to each seedling, with an area of about 4 kg per mu. Later, with the growth of seedlings, it can be gradually increased. From August to September, compound fertilizer16-20kg can be applied per mu.
Grape body shaping: in rainy season, grapes are most likely to grow white, and the incidence of secondary shoots is very high. Pick your heart in time and wipe off the vise tip. For plants with too many new branches, part of them should be thinned to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. Fixed shoot: Erase the overgrown and underdeveloped branches as soon as possible, leaving strong branches, so as to grow big grapes. Pick more than 4 inflorescences? Eight leaves. Leave 3 after coring? Four blades were re-cored, and the remaining auxiliary tips were retained 1 blade for coring.
Attention should also be paid to sparse inflorescences and whole inflorescences, and the inflorescences on sparse branches should be combined with pruning before flowering. Eurasian grapes should leave only one inflorescence before flowering. Jufeng variety can bear fruit and branch after fruit setting due to its heavy weight of falling flowers and fruits. The whole inflorescence is usually 5-7 days before flowering or at the beginning of flowering. For large inflorescences, 2-4 branches and spikes at the base of the secondary spike and the main spike should be removed, and only 15- 18 small branches in the middle and lower part of the inflorescence should be kept, with a length of about 10cm. The secondary tip of the middle inflorescence is removed, and the base and tip of the main spike are less. The inflorescence differentiation of individual varieties is late, and it is necessary to wait until the full flowering period for plastic surgery. The inflorescence of Eurasian grape is generally large in spikelets and good in fruit setting, and only 10 spikelets can be reserved in the whole inflorescence.
Planting techniques of Kyoho grape: In winter, the leaves of Kyoho grape should be completely backward, and the plants should be trimmed, with about 3 buds per branch. Weak branches, over-dense branches, over-flourishing branches and insect branches should be pruned to make the plants branch more and bear more fruits. In early spring, deep ploughing and fertilization were carried out beside the grapes, and farmyard manure was the main fertilizer. After fertilization, cover the soil and water it, and loosen the soil once when the soil surface is slightly dry. When a few leaves grow, we should erase the weak buds and keep only the strong ones.
When tendrils grow in leaf axils, they must be pinched off manually to reduce unnecessary nutrient consumption. During this period, the branches should be tied tightly to prevent the branches from breaking and affecting nutrient transportation. The lower leaves should be removed during the ripening and expansion period of grapes to avoid the light reaching the fruit and affecting the fruit color. Don't apply fertilizer, especially nitrogen fertilizer, before flowering in spring to control the tree vigor, keep it moderate and avoid excessive flowering. No watering or spraying during flowering, pinching the ear tips before flowering, generally pinching off the whole ear 1/5 and 1/4.