The zygomatic bone is one of the skulls of the face, which is located in the front of the middle part of the face and below the orbit. It is rhombic and forms bony protrusions on the cheeks. There are four processes on the cheekbone, namely, the anterior sphenoid process, the mandibular process, the temporal process and the orbital process. The temporal process of zygomatic bone connects the zygomatic process of temporal bone backward to form zygomatic arch.
1, zygomatic arch:
Zygomatic arch is located on both sides of craniofacial bone, arched outward, with sharp upper edge and easy to touch. There are four processes on the cheekbone, namely, the anterior sphenoid process, the mandibular process, the temporal process and the orbital process. It mainly affects facial beauty through its relationship with nose, temples and cheeks.
2, cheekbones:
Zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch are important skeletal supports in the middle part of the face and an important part of the human facial contour. There are three main physiological functions. One is protection. These two structures are located in the most prominent parts on both sides of the face. When the external force hits the face from the side, it protects the maxillary sinus and temporal muscle, and then protects the lateral wall of the skull. The second function is to form the contours of both sides of the middle part of the face. The difference of its size and shape greatly affects the contour and appearance of the face, so changing its shape and convexity can obviously change the appearance of the face. The third function is to separate the deep temporal muscle from the superficial skin. When we eat, we can notice that the temples on both sides are moving, but we won't notice that the skin at the zygomatic arch is moving. In fact, the temporal muscle runs under the zygomatic arch. When the zygomatic arch is missing for various reasons, you will notice that the skin in front of the external auditory canal is driven by its deep temporal muscle when eating.
Zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch are prominent parts of the face, which are easy to be fractured by impact. Zygomatic bone is related to maxilla, frontal bone, sphenoid bone and temporal bone, and the connection surface with maxilla is the largest, so zygomatic fracture is often accompanied by maxilla fracture. The zygomatic arch is formed by connecting the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which is thinner and narrower and more prone to fracture. Mainly caused by external violence. Because zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch are prominent parts of the face, it is easy to cause fractures due to violence such as collision and trauma.
The fracture of zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch can be diagnosed according to the history of trauma, clinical features and X-ray examination. There may be tenderness, collapse and displacement in the palpation fracture area, and steps may be formed in zygomatic frontal suture, zygomatic maxillary suture and lower orbital margin. If you palpate from the mouth along the vestibular groove to the back, you can check whether the gap between the cheekbone, maxilla and coracoid process becomes smaller. These are helpful for the diagnosis of zygomatic fracture. X-ray examination often takes nasal chin position and zygomatic arch position. On the X-ray film of nasal chin position, we can not only see the fracture of zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch, but also observe the abnormality of orbit, maxillary sinus and suborbital foramen. The position of zygomatic arch can clearly show the fracture and displacement of zygomatic arch.
According to the history of trauma and the clinical features of X-ray examination, the fracture of zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch can be diagnosed clearly:
There may be tenderness, collapse and displacement in the local part of the palpation fracture, and there may be steps in the zygomatic fronto-zygomatic suture, zygomatic suture and lower orbital margin. For example, palpation along the vestibular sulcus from the oral cavity can check whether the space between the zygomatic bone and the coracoid process of the maxilla becomes smaller, which is helpful for the diagnosis of zygomatic fracture. X-ray films often take nasal chin position and zygomatic arch position. In the nasal chin position, X-ray film can not only show the fracture of zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch, but also observe whether there are abnormal structures such as orbital maxillary sinus and suborbital foramen, thus clearly showing the fracture and displacement of zygomatic arch.
Generally, it can be divided into zygomatic fracture, zygomatic arch fracture, zygomatic arch combined fracture and zygomatic maxillary complex fracture, while zygomatic arch fracture can be divided into double-line fracture and three-line fracture.