1. Header type
The baby's head is relatively large, accounting for about 1/4 of the body. The newborn baby's bones are soft, the skull is not completely closed, and the plasticity is very strong. At about three months old, the skull gradually hardened. Therefore, the first three months are the key to shaping the baby's perfect head shape.
Common head types
The baby's head shape is related to race and heredity, and its shape can be roughly divided into four types:
The top of the egg shape is slightly narrower and the bottom is slightly narrower. It is said that this face is a standard baby face, and it is the easiest to win the favor of others.
The long oval head is slightly longer, which is easy to give people the feeling of long facial features and small features.
The protruding head looks bigger, which China people think is a symbol of intelligence.
The flat head type is round at the front and flat at the back, probably because babies are used to sleeping on their backs. When they grow up, it won't be so obvious to be covered with hair.
The importance of fontanel
Baby fontanelle has two positions. Most people know that the front fontanelle is located in front of the head, slightly concave and softer than other parts. If you touch it with your hands, you will be slightly encouraged. When most babies are 1 year-old, the fontanel will ossify and close, some sooner or later. If it was closed six months ago, we should pay attention to whether the head circumference grows according to the normal curve. If anything unusual happens, it will affect the development of intelligence. Babies whose fontanels are closed too late may have hydrocephalus, hypothyroidism and skeletal dysplasia. The posterior fontanel is located behind the brain, between the occipital bone and the two parietal bones, and closes about 2-4 months after birth.
Perfect head shaping plan
Don't use pillows that are too hard, such as mung bean pillows and sand pillows, or your baby's head will be easily deformed.
Do not sleep in a fixed position. If you want your baby's head to be perfect, you should always turn him over and change his sleeping position.
Babies like light. If he is used to sleeping on one side, he can attract him with strong light on the other side.
When the baby lies on the left and right sides, avoid his helix being squeezed and deformed.
Torticollis will affect the development of facial morphology. If you have torticollis, you should start training when your baby is three months old.
Babies with protruding heads can sleep on their backs. If your head is flat, you can sleep on your stomach (but pay attention to safety).
Pay attention to the furniture at home to avoid sharp and hard corners from hurting the baby's head.
2. Bones and limbs
In the process of baby's growth, limbs are easily affected by injury or metabolism, resulting in uneven length or deformation. Although some problems can't be prevented, they can be found early and get better curative effect.
normal puberty
When a baby is born, there is a lot of cartilage in the body, which will gradually harden after a week. From birth to 3 years old, most babies' legs are bent and arched with toes inward, which is called O-shaped legs. When they start walking, their toes will develop outward. After 2 years old, the toes will turn inward again, and after 3 years old, the toes will move forward. The initial development is characterized by smaller chest and pelvis than head and short limbs. When sitting up, the height is 70% of the body length. After 3 or 4 years old, the limbs will gradually become longer.
heterauxesis
There are many kinds of baby's limb abnormalities, such as torticollis, congenital limb defect, chicken breast, funnel chest, clavicle fracture, brachial plexus injury, polydactyly, syndactyly, cerebral palsy, dysplasia of hip joint, dislocation, etc ... Among them, the abnormal single hands and feet, the most common ones are brachial plexus injury, internal and external splayed feet and flat feet.
Brachial plexus injury
When the baby was born, the shoulder was stuck by the birth canal and the nerve plexus of the arm was damaged, which led to asymmetry when the palm was closed.
Internal and external splayed foot
The longitudinal axis of the normal baby's sole should be parallel to the walking direction or slightly outward. Too much inward is the inner picture, and too much outward is the outer picture. The internal and external horoscopes caused by congenital diseases will not be improved, and 90% of children with internal and external horoscopes caused by developmental problems will be improved or returned to normal.
police
The baby draws a straight line along the baby's achilles tendon, or puts a ruler. If the line bends inward, it is called flat foot. If the baby has flat feet, most of them will not stand or walk for a long time. Generally speaking, the baby will recover naturally. 10 years old does not return to normal and needs to be corrected by a rehabilitation doctor.
Perfect bone and limb construction plan
Don't let the baby within 10 month use the walker.
Flat-footed babies can wear corrective shoes with raised arch pads on the inside.
Do more foot muscle training, especially the posterior tibial muscle. Training methods include toe pad (such as ballet) and jumping (playing ball).
Avoid the baby sleeping in the fetal position.
When the baby is sitting, avoid pressing his legs under his ass.
Encourage your baby to sit cross-legged or straight-legged.
Take the baby to a wide field to stretch his limbs.
Take the baby outdoors to bask in the sun.
Add more calcium-containing foods.
3. Gastrointestinal tract
The function of baby's stomach is to absorb food nutrition and provide energy for physical development. Generally speaking, if the baby's weight gradually increases, it means that his gastrointestinal absorption is normal. Ideally, ten days after birth, he will gain 1% weight every day.
Normal gastrointestinal development
The baby's stomach and intestines were not mature four months ago. Because of the lack of intestinal enzymes, he could only accept liquid food (water or milk) and feed complementary food four months later. The normal milk amount of a baby within six months is about 100cc per kilogram of body weight, so it is enough for a baby with1000 kg to drink 1000cc of milk every day. If it is calculated every four hours, it is about 150- 160cc each time. In addition, the amount of milk can be reduced by starting to feed complementary food. Babies under one year old should pay attention to gastroenteritis. If the course of disease exceeds two weeks, it will easily evolve into chronic enteritis, leading to diarrhea.
Traditional Chinese medicine formula for invigorating stomach and regulating intestine
Insufficient digestion and secretion of stomach, pancreas, liver and gallbladder should be based on Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli, malt, bean sprouts, hawthorn and rhubarb, plus Yueju Pill, Liuhe Pill and Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction.
For patients with digestive tract or hyperacidity, keep food, water and medicine at low temperature, swallow more saliva and eat more raw tofu, pears and lotus roots.
For babies with entomology, you can mash or cut betel nuts to make seeds and boil water for him to drink. Secondly, you can also use traditional Chinese medicine, such as turnip, gentleman and Ferula.
Those who have poor appetite due to insufficient secretion of salivary glands can stimulate their appetite with sour drugs such as green tangerine peel, tangerine peel, immature bitter orange, bitter orange beans, Schisandra chinensis, Cornus officinalis, hawthorn and dark plum.
Perfect gastrointestinal construction plan
Don't force or urge breastfeeding, keep a happy mood when breastfeeding, and don't drink loudly and scold, so as not to affect your baby's appetite.
After feeding, let the baby lie on the right side or lie prone, and raise his head by 20 ~ 30 degrees, which can help him expel the air in his stomach and prevent nausea.
Eat at least 1000 calories a day, provide high-calorie and high-protein snacks and meals, and replace low-fat foods with whole milk.
Keep the habit of eating on time every day (including dinner and snacks), so that you don't have to refuse to finish one or two meals, but you disrupt the original rules.
Don't eat too much complementary food at a time, so as not to be picky about food.
Don't let the baby eat while playing with toys, so as not to be distracted.
Baby's favorite complementary food can be evenly matched with every meal.
Babies who are prone to constipation can be given high-fiber food as soon as possible.
Babies who eat more should also do more exercise to avoid obesity.
If parents are not picky about food, the baby will not have the habit of partial eclipse.
Don't give your baby food that is too greasy and tastes too strong.
Cultivate your baby's good defecation habits.
4. Oral cavity
The baby's mouth is the forefront of the digestive system. Once the disease occurs, it will not only cause pain, but also destroy the body's ability to digest and absorb food. In addition, the shape of the mouth is closely related to the appearance. If there is tooth loss or deformity, it will affect personal self-esteem. Therefore, parents should establish a correct concept of oral cleaning for their babies as soon as possible.
Scope of oral examination
Check lips for ulceration, blisters, wounds, etc.
Check whether the color and shape of the gums are abnormal. When the gums are inflamed or teething, the color and shape may change.
Check the size, number, arrangement, occlusion and color of teeth.
Check the tightness and color of the lingual frenulum, the size of the tongue, and whether the root of the tongue is ulcerated and swollen.
Check the color of the upper jaw or whether there is a long foreign body.
Check the throat and tonsils for infection, swelling and ulcers.
Check cheeks for swelling, pain, ulcers or discoloration.
Check whether the chewing, speech, pronunciation and joint tissue of the mandible are abnormal.
Normal tooth development
Baba's deciduous teeth usually grow around half a year old. At this time, white spots will appear on the front incisors of the lower gums, then the upper incisors, then the lower incisors, upper incisors, canine teeth or the first molars (canine teeth of the lower gums usually grow before the first molars, but the upper gums are the opposite), and finally the second molars will appear. At about one year old, babies can grow 4-8 teeth.
Perfect oral health care plan
Before going to bed after meals, parents can let the baby lie flat with his head resting on his thigh or lower abdomen, and help him clean his teeth with gauze or a toothbrush with a small brush head and soft bristles.
The correct way to brush your teeth is to brush horizontally for a short distance, and brush lightly 15 to 20 times at each place. Every time a place is brushed, the baby can swallow a mouthful of water. At this time, be careful not to open the baby's mouth too wide, so as not to cause discomfort and cause the baby's aversion to brushing his teeth.
After the baby drinks milk, let him drink a sip or two of water to avoid catching thrush (Candida albicans).
Don't let the baby sleep while drinking milk, otherwise it will easily lead to tooth decay.
10- 12 months old, train your baby to use a cup instead of a bottle.
Avoid the baby's habit of eating sugar and be sure to rinse your mouth after eating.
5. Skin
Baby's skin is no less important than other organs of the body. It has the functions of regulating body temperature, excreting waste, feeling cold and warm, and resisting infection.
Normal skin development
The baby's skin is dark red or pink at birth, and it will turn red within 1 ~ 2 weeks. The newborn's skin is thin and sensitive. Slightly stimulated, it will also cause redness, rupture, and the epidermis will fall off and appear dry. But after full term, due to sufficient subcutaneous fat, the baby's skin began to become soft and elastic.
Common baby skin problems
Seborrheic dermatitis Many babies have had seborrheic dermatitis. This skin disease usually occurs on the forehead and cheeks. There will be some yellow patches with scales on the affected skin, and yellow water will flow out in severe cases. The cause of seborrheic dermatitis is unknown. It is generally believed that it is related to genetic constitution, and some people think that it is related to the excessive proliferation of dermatophytes on the skin, which can only temporarily improve symptoms and cannot cure them. However, parents don't have to worry too much, because this kind of skin disease often naturally improves after the baby is one year old.
Diaper rash Most diaper rash is caused by the baby's little ass being stimulated by wet diapers for a long time. Symptoms are redness, swelling, dampness and broken skin, which first appear around the genitals and then gradually spread outward. The improvement method is to keep the skin dry as much as possible, change diapers frequently, and wash the baby with warm water every time he urinates and wipes his ass.
Rash Some babies sweat a lot because of hot weather or wearing too many clothes, which irritates the skin with mild inflammatory symptoms. At this time, there will be many small pink papules on the skin, which is a common rash. Rashes often grow on the baby's chest, back or neck and thigh roots. The improvement method is to keep your body dry and take a bath frequently.
atopic dermatitis
Baby this is an allergic constitution, which mostly occurs on the face, hands and feet, and the symptoms mostly appear when the baby is two or three months old. The improvement method is to try not to bathe the baby with overheated water or soap. After taking a shower, you can rub baby lotion on him. The material of clothes is preferably cotton, and avoid eating allergic foods such as eggs.
Perfect skin care plan
Choose mild skin care products for your baby to avoid any irritation to your baby's skin.
Avoid excessive sun exposure, and let your baby wear a wide-brimmed hat and loose long-sleeved clothes when going out in summer.
Don't let the baby wear clothes that are too tight or too hard.
Don't put too many clothes on your baby at ordinary times. Try to keep him in a constant temperature environment to avoid sudden temperature changes.
Don't take the baby to a place where the air is cloudy.
1-2 hours to check and change the baby's diaper. Wash his ass with warm water when changing, then dry it with a soft gauze towel, and then wait 5- 10 minutes before wrapping the diaper.
The baby often drools and spits milk, and should wipe his face with a soft and moist towel.
If the baby's body and limbs often sweat, you should wipe him with a towel to prevent catching cold and change into cotton underwear.
The baby's head skin is particularly strong, and head dirt is easy to form. You should soften the scalp with baby oil first and then wash it thoroughly with water.
Three Indicators of Infant's Physical Development
The most important indicators to measure a child's physical development are body length, weight and teeth.
Body length is the sum of the length of head, spine and lower limbs, which can reflect the growth rate and nutritional status. This indicator is relatively stable and is not affected by temporary factors. The newborn's body length is about 50 cm, 1 75 cm at the age, and it will increase by about 10 cm in the second year, and then increase by about 5 cm every year.
The formula for calculating the body length after 1 year is as follows:
Length = age x5x180cm
Body weight is the sum of the weights of all parts of the body, and it is the easiest indicator to reflect the nutritional status.
The newborn baby weighs about 3000 grams, which increases rapidly in the first half of the first year after birth and gradually slows down in the second half.
The calculation formula of weight is as follows:
1-6-month-old child's weight = birth weight (g)+month age x700 (g); 7. The weight of a 65438-year-old +02-month-old child = 6000(g)+ the age of the month x250 (g); Weight of urban children after the age of l = age x2+7 or 8 (kg);
/kloc-weight of rural children after 0/year = age x2+6 or 7 (kg).
Evaluation method: The measured body length or weight was compared with the average weight of normal children of the same age, sex and body length in China. It is necessary to measure regularly and continuously to observe the trend of body length or weight gain, and it cannot be evaluated by a certain measurement value.
Tooth development is an important index to measure the baby's bone development. From 6 months to 8 months after birth, the baby began to sprout deciduous teeth, and by the age of 2 to 2 and a half, the teeth gradually grew together, reaching 20. Whether the baby teething smoothly or not has a great relationship with the supply of calcium and phosphorus. If calcium is deficient, it will lead to serious calcification of teeth, affect chewing and digestive functions, and then affect their absorption and utilization of nutrients.
Significance and measurement of infant physical development index
Commonly used physical development indicators include weight, body length (height), head circumference and so on.
First of all, weight
Weight is an indicator of recent nutritional status, which parents can easily understand and measure. The average birth weight of a baby is 3 kg, and the weight at 1 year is about 3 times (9 kg) of that at birth, which is the first growth peak of the weight after birth. At the age of 2, he weighed about12 kg; From 2 years old to early adolescence, the weight growth rate slows down, about 2 kilograms per year.
The child's weight can be roughly estimated according to the following formula.
1-June: weight (kg) = birth weight (kg)+ month age x 0.7 (kg) 7-65438+February: weight (kg) = birth weight (kg)+ month age x0.5 (kg) 2 years old to before puberty: weight (kg) = age x2. Before the measurement, children should defecate, take off their shoes, socks, hats and outer clothes, and only wear vests (or short-sleeved shirts) and shorts. The baby is lying on the scale (if there is no baby scale, you can put a fixed weight reed on the platform scale, and the weight of the reed can be reduced after weighing), and children aged L-3 can measure it in a sitting position.
Second, the length (height)
Body length (height) refers to the sum of the lengths of head, spine and lower limbs, and is a long-term indicator of nutritional status. The growth law of body length (height) is similar to that of body weight. The younger you are, the faster you grow. The average body length at birth is 50 cm, and the body length at 1 year is about 75 cm. At the age of 2, it is about 85 cm long; After 2 years old, the height increases by 5-7 cm every year. The height from 2 years old to adolescence is roughly estimated as: height (cm) = age x7+70 (cm).
Height measurement method: children under 3 years old take a lying position. Children take off their shoes and socks, only wear pants, lie on their backs on the center line of the bottom plate of the measuring bed, and the assistant fixes the child's head to make it contact with the head plate. The measurer is located on the right side of the child, holding his knees with his left hand, so that the two lower limbs contact each other and stick to the floor, and moving the foot board with his right hand to contact the heels on both sides to read. Children and adolescents over 3 years old should be measured in height and stand upright.
Third, the head circumference
Measuring head circumference within 2 years old is the most valuable. The growth of head circumference is related to the growth of brain and skull and the head circumference of parents. The head is relatively large at birth, with an average of 32-34 cm, and the head circumference is about 46 cm when 1 year old. At the age of 2, the head circumference is about 48 cm; The head circumference of 2- 15 years old only increased by 6-7 cm. Small head circumference often suggests brain dysplasia; Excessive growth of head circumference often suggests hydrocephalus. Measurement method of head circumference: The child takes a standing position, a sitting position or a supine position, the measurer stands in front of or on the right side of the subject, the extra soft ruler of the left thumb is fixed on the upper edge of the Meiqi arch on the right side of the head, and the soft ruler passes through the highest point of the occipital tubercle from the right side of the head and returns to zero. When reading the weight of 0. 1cm J, the soft ruler should be close to the skin and symmetrical, and the long hair should be separated up and down where the soft ruler passes.
Fourth, bust.
Chest circumference represents the growth of lungs and thorax, and it is also an index to evaluate nutritional status. At birth, the baby's chest circumference is about 32 cm, slightly smaller than the head circumference of 1-2 cm. 1 year-old, chest circumference is about equal to head circumference. After that, the chest circumference exceeds the head circumference, and the difference between the chest circumference and the head circumference is equal to the full-time age.
Measurement method of chest circumference: When the child is lying or standing, the subject should be in a calm state, with his hands naturally lying flat (lying) or drooping, his eyes looking straight, and the subject standing in front or on the right. Fix the zero point of the soft ruler on the lower edge of the nipple of the subject's chest with the left thumb, and pull the soft ruler with the right hand to bypass the right back, and return to the zero point through the left side based on the lower edges of the shoulder blades.
Pay attention to the front, back, left and right symmetry, and take the middle value when breathing and inhaling.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) upper arm circumference
Upper arm circumference represents the growth of muscles, bones, subcutaneous fat and skin, and is a simple index to evaluate nutrition. The upper arm circumference grows rapidly within 1 year, and slowly at 1-5 years, about 1-2 cm. 1-5 years old children's upper arm circumference range is 12.5cm- 13.5cm. Less than 12.5cm indicates poor nutrition, while more than 13.5cm indicates good nutrition.
Measurement method of upper arm circumference: the upper limb of the subject is relaxed and drooping, and the measurement is made at the most prominent part of biceps brachii. The measuring point is the midpoint of the connecting line between acromion and olecranon, and the circumference is at right angles to humerus. When measuring, the soft ruler only needs to be close to the skin without pressing the subcutaneous tissue.