Pineapple stems are short and leafy, arranged in a rosette shape, sword-shaped, 40-90 cm long and 4-7 cm wide, with tapering tips, whole edges or sharp teeth, green belly, pink back and brownish red edges and tips. Leaves born at the top of inflorescence are small and usually red.
Inflorescence extracted from leaves, like pine cones, 6-8 cm long, and enlarged when bearing fruit; Bracts are green at the base, reddish at the upper part and triangular-ovate; Sepals are broadly ovoid, fleshy and reddish at the top, about 65438 0 cm long; Petals are oval, pointed, about 2 cm long, purple in the upper part and white in the lower part.
Nutritional components of pineapple
Pineapple is rich in vitamin C, which is as high as 42 mg. Pineapple contains a lot of fructose, glucose, vitamins B, C, phosphorus, citric acid and protease, as well as a variety of organic acids and bromelain.
Medicinal value of pineapple
According to Compendium of Materia Medica, pineapple is flat, sweet, slightly sour, slightly astringent and slightly cold. It has the effects of clearing away heat and summer heat, quenching thirst and digestion, stopping diarrhea, nourishing spleen and stomach, strengthening body constitution, invigorating qi and blood, promoting digestion and eliminating dampness, caring skin and slimming. It is a seasonal fruit for both medicine and food in summer, but it is not advisable to eat too much at one time.
Usually, the cultivated varieties of pineapple are divided into four categories, namely Cayenne, Queen, Spain and Hybrid.
Cain class: also known as Sarawak, named after the French expedition discovered Cain in Guyana, South America. Widely cultivated, accounting for about 80% of the world pineapple cultivation area. This plant is tall and strong, with no thorns at the leaf edge and a little thorns at the top. The fruit is large, the average fruit weight is more than 1 100g, cylindrical, flat, shallow-eyed, and the bracts are short and wide; The pulp is light yellow, juicy, and moderately sweet and sour, with soluble solids of 65,438+04% ~ 65,438+06%, with high content of more than 20% and acid content of 0.5%~0.6%, which is the main variety of canned food.
Queen: It is the oldest cultivated variety with a history of more than 400 years. It is one of the main cultivated varieties in South Africa, Viet Nam and China. The plant is medium-sized, the leaves are shorter than Cayenne, and the leaves have thorns; The fruit is cylindrical or conical, the weight of a single fruit is 400 ~1500g, the small fruit has a conical protrusion, the eye of the fruit is deep, and the tip of the bract exceeds that of the small fruit; The flesh is yellow to deep yellow, the meat is crisp and tender, the sugar content is high, and the juice is sweet, mainly fresh.
Spanish species: the plants are large, the leaves are soft, yellow-green, and the leaves have red thorns, but there are also varieties without thorns; The fruit is medium and large, the weight of a single fruit is 500 ~1000g, the small fruit is large and flat, and the center is convex or concave; The fruit has deep eyes, orange flesh, strong fragrance and much fiber, and is used in canned food and fruit juice.
Hybrid variety: it is an excellent variety cultivated by sexual hybridization. The plant is tall and erect, with thorns on the leaf edge, lavender flowers and irregular fruit shape. Single fruit weight1200 ~1500g. The flesh is yellow, crisp, with little fiber, sweet and delicious. The soluble solid content is 1 1%~ 15%, and the acid content is 0.3%~0.6%. It can be eaten raw or canned.
cultivation techniques
Pineapple plants have strong adaptability, barren tolerance, drought tolerance and less pests and diseases. They are important pioneer crops in newly reclaimed mountainous areas, easy to cultivate, with high yield and intercropping and interplanting. They are good tree species for developing rural economy and making farmers rich in the southeast hills.
breeding method
pineapple
Planting 3800 ~ 4000 pineapples per mu requires a large number of seedlings. There are three commonly used methods, including plastic germination, asexual reproduction and tissue culture.
Time and method of accelerating germination: Choose plants with 40 cm green leaves from May to165438+1October, including 40 Cayenne and 35 Philippines. Each plant was irrigated with mixed solution of 250 mg/L ethephon and 25ml 1% urea and 0.5% potassium chloride to accelerate germination. On the 5th and 2nd day after treatment, 25 ml of plastic solution with the times of 1200 ~ 1500 and 600 ~ 750 were used to irrigate the roots respectively.
Asexual propagation, common seedling raising, that is, using small terminal buds, small supporting buds, small sucking buds and fruit tumor buds in the field, after being cultivated in the nursery, they will enter the country by classification and go abroad. The small buds left on the fruit stalk after fruit picking are used to grow seedlings, and the old stems are used to cut and reproduce, and the old stems are updated to reproduce.
Tissue culture seedlings were cultured in Ms medium at room temperature of 30℃, illumination of 65438±02h or natural illumination.
Cultivation management
pineapple
Key points of pineapple quality and high yield technology;
First, choose a good garden and choose a place facing south, with abundant sunshine, rich water resources and convenient transportation as a commodity production base.
Second, scientific planting, improving poor soil before planting and applying sufficient base fertilizer; Choose strong seedlings for planting. Density: 3000 ~ 4000 plants of Kane and 4000 ~ 5000 plants of Queen.
Thirdly, the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened after planting. The amount of fertilizer applied per mu in Guangxi is 42.2kg of nitrogen, 26.8kg of phosphorus and 38.5kg of potassium, with n ∶ P2O5 ∶ K2O =1∶ 0.62 ∶ 0.9; Fertilization period, generally from June 65438+February to February of the following year, apply bud-promoting fertilizer before bud picking, and apply strong bud fertilizer from July to August after fruit picking; Applying a strong fruit and bud promoting fertilizer between the bud promoting fertilizer and the strong bud promoting fertilizer; Apply foliar fertilizer once a year in April, June, July and September, and topdressing twice a year in May and August, with 1% urea and 0.5% potassium sulfate solution; Apply base fertilizer after fruit picking.
Planting method:
1, double row, common furrow *** 150cm wide, double row single plant layout. Its advantages are: the border furrow is wide, the fibrous roots can expand outward, the row spacing of plants on the border furrow is uniform, the stems and bases are pressed against each other, and the leaves are stretched into hemispheres, which can make full use of sunlight, and it is easy to form a "self-shading" environment between rows, reduce weeds in the border furrow and facilitate management. The pineapple planted in this way generally has a ditch width of100-10 cm, a small row spacing of 40-50cm, and the plant spacing varies with the density. If 3500-4000 plants are planted every 667㎡, the plant spacing is 20cm, and 4500 plants are planted every 667㎡, the plant spacing is about 15cm.
2. The width of furrow and border arranged in three rows of single plants is *** 170cm, in which the width of border is 120cm, the small row spacing is 35-40cm, and the plant spacing varies with the density, generally between 20-25cm. In this way, the individual nutritional area of plants is uniform.
3. Four-row type: Generally, the border is 200cm wide, planted in wide and narrow rows, with a width of 100cm (including 50cm of groove width) and a narrow row of 50cm (including 20cm of groove width). The molded frame is planted with a row spacing of 25cm, and 4500-5000 plants are planted every 667m2. Its advantages are: there is a ditch at the boundary, which can not only drain water but also retain water after the plant is closed, which is beneficial to root growth; Wide row spacing, convenient for pedestrians to operate. There is less man-made damage to the leaves on both sides of the narrow row, and the damage to the leaves during frost is greatly reduced. Most big fruits are obtained in the middle of these two rows. Water conservancy management should be timely irrigation and drainage, flood control and drought relief.
4, do other management, if it does not affect the growth and development of the fruit, it should be appropriate to remove buds and buds; To promote flowers, we must promote flowers; In order to improve the weight and quality of the fruit, after all the florets withered, the fruit was sprayed with 50 mg/L gibberellin and 0.5% urea solution, and sprayed again 20 days later, and then sprayed with 70 mg/L gibberellin and 0.3% urea solution. In order to make the fruit mature evenly, when the fruit reaches the seventh maturity, 300 mg/L ethephon is used to accelerate the fruit ripening.
control of insect
The common diseases of pineapple are Fusarium wilt, black rot and seedling heart rot.
Sri Lankan pineapple
Wilt disease: after the disease, the leaves become soft and droop, the leaves are light green to red, the base rot, and finally the whole plant dies. This disease is caused by the harm of scale insects.
Prevention and control methods: First, strict attention should be paid to the propagation of disease-free seedlings. Secondly, it is necessary to put out the scale insects in time, soak the head with 500 times dimethoate solution when planting, and plant it upside down and dry it. If scale insects are found to be harmful after planting, dimethoate should be sprayed 500 times or 25% zhongkemeiling 1500 times in time. Moreover, if a diseased plant is found in the pineapple garden, it should be dug up in time to prevent its spread.
Black rot: the core of the damaged fruit turns black and gradually spreads to the whole fruit rot. Pathogens mostly invade from bud picking and fruit stalk wounds.
Prevention and control methods: be careful not to pick the heart and fruit in rainy days to reduce the chance of pathogen invasion. The disease is also the main disease of pineapple fresh fruit storage.
Miao heart rot: Miao heart rot to death. It is mainly caused by accumulated heat or water.
Prevention and control methods: avoid long-term stacking of seedlings, especially during long-distance transportation, and avoid heating and injury to seedlings due to high temperature, high humidity or sealing. Spread it out immediately after delivery to the destination and plant it in the sun 1 day to 2 days. Avoid planting in rainy days and pay attention to deep ploughing and shallow planting.
nutritive value
Pineapple fruit has excellent quality and rich nutrition, and contains a lot of fructose, glucose, vitamins B, C, phosphorus, citric acid and protease. Every 100g of pineapple contains 87. 1g of water, 0.5g of protein, 0. 1g of fat, 0.12g of fiber, 0. 1mg of nicotinic acid, 0. 126mg of potassium and sodium. Thiamine 0.03mg, riboflavin 0.02mg, vitamin C8 ~ 30mg, ash 0.3g, other organic acids and bromelain.
Edible taboo
1. Because pineapple contains stimulating glycoside and bromelain, it will decompose protein in the body and stimulate the young epidermis of human oral mucosa and lips. If you don't soak the pineapple in salt water before eating, you will feel paralyzed and tingling. So trim the skin and thorns, cut the pulp into pieces, soak it in light salt water or sugar water, and leach out the glycosides before eating. After pineapple is soaked in salt water, it can effectively destroy the internal allergic structure of "pineapple prion", thus losing the ability to make people allergic and the toxicity to some constitutions.
After eating meat or greasy food, eating pineapple is good for your health. "Pineapple Goo Old Meat" and "Pineapple Beef" are both safe dishes to eat.
3. Pineapple and eggs can't be eaten together. Protein in eggs is combined with fruit acid in pineapple, which easily coagulates protein and affects digestion.
4, pineapple and honey can be eaten at the same time, pineapple honey soup can cure bronchitis. However, people who are unwell or have diarrhea symptoms are advised not to eat like this.
The origin of the name
First of all, the origin of pineapple is related to paramita (honey), which is a Buddhist term in Chinese and refers to reaching the other side; The second refers to a tropical fruit, which is now standardized as jackfruit. Jackfruit (or jackfruit, honey) is a tropical fruit, which originated in India and was introduced to Southeast Asia and China very early (it was introduced in the Tang Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties). Today, it is also called wood pineapple, tree pineapple and river snail. Paramita is related to Buddhism, a great religion, which originated in India and then spread to China and China. Paramim is a combination of transliteration and free translation of Sanskrit. The original translation of paramita omits the word "duo". It is said that the paramita of fruit trees is called paramita because of its large fruit (such as wax gourd) and sweet taste.
Secondly, pineapple is also closely related to Buddhist statues with paramita. Anyone who has personally peeled and eaten pineapple will know that there are many hexagonal (or hexagonal) thorns or sun fruit thorns on the shell of pineapple fruit, that is, the remains of small flowers, which are quite like the hair bun of Buddha and Bodhisattva statues (such as Leshan Giant Buddha, Dazu Stone Carved Buddha and various stone carved Buddha statues). In the history of Buddhism, most stone statues of Buddha statues are different from Buddhist monks and nuns in life, and they are generally shaved. Most Buddha statues are made of hair and combed into a bun. Of course, there are hats, headscarves and bald heads. It is conceivable that the ancient people in China, influenced by Buddhism, called this American fruit introduced by westerners paramita, later referred to as Poirot.
Thirdly, there was a man named Kyle Poirot, who had a great influence in the history of cultural exchange between China and the West. He comes from Italy. He came to China in the early Yuan Dynasty and stayed in China for more than ten years. After coming back, he wrote a book, The Travels of Marco Polo, which aroused great interest and eager yearning of westerners for China. So calling this fruit pineapple (Poirot) is a bit foreign, which is consistent with its spread from the west (people).
When American pineapple was first introduced, it was confused with jackfruit imported from India and Southeast Asia. But these two tropical fruits are very different, so people gradually separate their names. Li said in Volume XIII of Notes on South Vietnam during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty: "Fancun in the middle of Guangdong Province is planted with mountainous Boluo along the road, with a fist-like horizontal stem and prickly leaves, which is full of balance." It is known that the jackfruit of American fruit has been reduced to Poirot at this time; The word "mountain" is added in front of it, which means it can be planted on the hillside. Wu Qi of Daoguang period in Qing Dynasty said in Volume 31 of Textual Research on Plant Names: "Loudou produces fruit 100 east, which is Poirot". He went on to say, "Also known as Fanlouzi, it looks like an orchid with dense leaves and stems. Its leaves are peeled and stored with tendons, that is, polonium. " This may be the earliest record called Poirot alone.
The word "pineapple" may first appear in the third volume of Yin Zheng Ti Yao by Gao Jingting in Jiaqing, Qing Dynasty, but it was not explained. So at this time, Poirot has begun to be added with grass heads by literati, indicating that it is a plant and a fruit. Polo is a sequel to Ci Yuan and a revised edition of Ci Hai published in the Republic of China, and its interpretation has been nearly contemporary. It can be seen that the Republic of China was simplified to Poirot. It was not until the dictionaries and dictionaries published after liberation that it was officially defined as "pineapple".