2. The growth is uneven. This is because the growth intensity of the main branches of the same layer selected in the same year or one year apart is different and the difference is obvious. If such branches are not adjusted artificially when pruning, the stronger they are, the weaker they are, the greater the disparity in strength, and the more unbalanced they will be. In particular, it should be pointed out that some fruit farmers simply do not consider the strength of branches, the strength of branches and the balance between main branches. Instead, they blindly love big branches, choose big branches, keep them when they see them, and cut them in the middle when they see them. This will further encourage the number and influence of big branches, and even develop into "overlord" branches, and finally achieve the goal of raising snakes and making the central trunk a dragon.
3. Improper handling of competitive branches. At present, the most outstanding performance is to choose and keep competitive branches as the main branches on the central trunk. Because the competitive branch is the extension of the backbone branch or the middle trunk, the second bud under the incision is particularly strong, which is evenly matched with the first bud under the incision, and the included angle with the central trunk or the main trunk axis is extremely small. If this branch is not managed and controlled in time in summer tube, such as budding, pinching, twisting, softening and opening, it will be a disaster if it is not thinned and pruned in winter. If it is selected as the main branch again, it is a big mistake (it should be noted that it has been controlled in Xiaguan, and its growth potential has obviously weakened, and it no longer belongs to the category of competitive branches. In this case, it can also be selected as the main branch). Because if you choose a competitive branch as the main branch, first, the growth potential is particularly strong, which is difficult to control in the future, and there will be an imbalance in growth potential between the main technologies at the same level; Secondly, the bottom angle between it and the central trunk is very small and it is difficult to open. Once the amount of fruit hanging increases sharply, the base is easy to crack when it is picked by strong wind or people. Therefore, once selected as the main root, it will cause great future trouble and even affect the life of fruit trees. Therefore, the correct pruning of competitive branches is a very key problem in apple tree pruning technology, which is second only to the pruning of middle branches or main branches. And due to improper handling of competing branches, it has become the most common, serious and headache problem in fruit tree pruning at present.
4, the main and auxiliary are not divided, there are too many big branches, and the skeleton structure is chaotic. No matter which orchard you go to now, you will always find that there are too many big branches and branches. Many trees have entered the full fruit stage and have not yet separated a clear skeleton structure. There are two reasons for this phenomenon: first, after placing the auxiliary branches for a long time, they are not retracted, thinned or even cut off in time, and they are not flattened from the opening angle, leaving the main branches empty from the orientation angle, resulting in the larger the auxiliary branches are placed, the longer the main branches are, and the smaller the space is. From the appearance, the thickness of the auxiliary branches of the main branch is basically the same, almost the same, and the taper from the base to the slightly part is very small, that is, the front and back are evenly connected. This main branch structure is called "weak skeleton structure" in fruit science. The other is that there are several wrong pruning methods in rural areas at present, namely: (1) seeing the branches together, resulting in long branches, regardless of primary and secondary strength; (2) light up the main branch. Not hitting the side branches leads to the slow expansion of the main branches; (3) The main branches are not heading or lightly pruned, which leads to the weakness of the main branches and the lack of auxiliary branches. When we were pruning some orchards, we found that some people planted side branches instead of main branches; When someone prunes the main branch, it actually leaves the extended branch about 90- 100 cm under the cut, which leads to the extremely weak growth of the extended branch on the main branch, only short and medium branches; At the same time, some people don't hit the main branch or side branch at all when pruning, and the extension branch of the middle main branch is very weak. All the above practical examples are the direct causes of the loss of main branches, the loss of auxiliary branches, the distinction between main branches and auxiliary branches, and the confusion of tree skeletons. In addition, some fruit farmers can't manage, or even manage poorly, which is also a very important factor. Although the trees pruned by the above rural pruning method can bear fruit early, it will bear fruit more than three or four years later. However, after years of long-term planting, the base and middle parts of the trees, whether the main branches or the secondary branches, are often exposed and aging, and all the school groups move out, making the inner cavity of the trees empty, without branches, lacking fruit parts, densely distributed peripheral branches, and poor ventilation and light transmission of the whole crown. When entering the initial fruit period, especially the full fruit period,
5, pulling branches is generally not in place. Although fruit tree pruning belongs to the main technical measures of summer management. However, it must be specially mentioned here, because most orchards have made a big mistake now. Whether it is a newly planted nursery of 1-2 years old or a garden entering the first fruit stage, all branches are pulled together, regardless of the main branch and the auxiliary branch, all branches are horizontally pulled or drooped, and what's more, the main branch is pulled away or deviated from the original branch axis. There are also some orchard owners who pull the whole crown, that is, the head of the central trunk, horizontally, which directly or seriously affects the choice of crown skeleton structure. All the above are examples, which are particularly prominent in production, and are not minor problems.
6. The interlayer distance is small. Choosing two layers of main branches too early directly leads to too small spacing between the upper and lower layers, poor ventilation and light transmission, and poor fruit quality. It also leads to the rapid increase of the number of upper branches and the imbalance of the two layers of branches, especially for particularly dry apples such as Qin Guan and Red Fuji, which are prone to strong on the top and weak on the bottom. But also directly affects the expansion and growth of the lower main branches.
7. Improper pruning of main branches. Improper pruning of main branches is also the most serious problem in fruit tree pruning at present, which is manifested in the following five aspects:
(1) The primary end is unknown. At present, there are two pruning methods in production, resulting in the phenomenon that the main edges are not divided. One is that the main and auxiliary branches do not start and strive for early results. As a result of this pruning, two strong branches or one back (although the back branch has been leveled, the strength is not weak) often appear on both sides of a part in the middle and back of the main branch, so that the side branches of the main branch will go hand in hand after 1-2 years, regardless of strength; The second is that when the main branch is cut short, the length of the cut branch is wrong, that is, the cut branch is a ladder regardless of length, height and front and back. The correct pruning method is: the main branch should grow trunk and side branches, and the main branch should be higher than the side branches in position, from inside and outside the crown: the main branch is in front and the side branches are in the back (inside).
(2) The extension head of the main branch is not properly cut off every year. At present, most cutting lengths are correct. That is, about 60-70 cm in the first year; Cut 40-50 cm every year after the first year. However, we find that many people leave the extension branches of the main branches too long (70-90 cm), which leads to the instability and compactness of the main branches in the skeleton structure, and the taper is too small, which does not form the necessary ladder structure. Without long branches, long branches can not be produced together with the first bud of cuttings, and side branches can not be cultivated, resulting in the production of distant side branches.
(3) The directions of the upper branches of the main branches are inconsistent. This phenomenon exists in almost every tree, but the big tree can't be saved at present, because the tree can only be shaped with branches after pruning; But we must pay attention to the pruning of young trees, especially the newly planted fruit trees. The method is that when pruning the extended branches of the main branches every year, the third bud cut must be in the same direction as the three (two) main branches on the same layer.
(4) Post-branch and competitive branch are not handled in time. After the hot and rainy weather in summer, the branches and leaves of fruit trees grow very vigorously. Often due to the stimulation and influence of pulling branches and shearing injuries in winter, some upright and lush branches are easily sprouted on the back of the main branches. If you don't wipe the bud, twist the tip and change the branches in time, you will form dense and lush branches. Under special circumstances, individual branches can grow to 1-2 meters and become fried dough sticks. Disturbing interlayer effectively consumes a lot of nutrients and water, and also affects the growth of main branches. If such branches are not pruned properly in winter, they will develop into the phenomenon of trees growing on trees.
(5) Pay no attention to the matching of branches. We say that the main branches are treated according to the branch group except the main branch extension head and side branches. The distribution of branches must be staggered according to the big, middle and small, and occupy the upper, middle (side) and lower parts of the main branch evenly according to the front, middle and rear. Prune all branches one by one every year according to the growth intensity or fruit hanging of the whole tree. Make the tree achieve and maintain stable and high yield year after year, and the tree is in a state of vigorous growth. As far as the whole province is concerned (especially in Weibei dry plain area), there are still orchards with too many branches and insufficient rejuvenation, which leads to the consumption of a lot of nutrition by too many flowers every year. If coupled with poor management of soil, fertilizer and water, once this kind of orchard is weak, it will immediately cause or lead to a large number of rot diseases, thus causing the danger of destroying the orchard! At present, most fruit farmers are still very dissatisfied with this problem and simply don't pay attention to it. They only care about money, not trees. Focus only on the present, not on the long term. I have profound experience and lessons in this regard. That is to say, the most obvious characteristics of fruit trees with more flowers in winter and insufficient branches in spring are late germination, less germination and particularly short growth of new shoots. If it is not done well, once the rot disease germinates in April, it will make the young fruit turn red, the leaves fall off, the tree will dry up, and finally the tree will have to be sawed. In addition, the branch group is the smallest (that is, basic) unit of fruit bearing on fruit trees, especially after the fruit bearing period, and it is also the sum of the fruit bearing parts. Therefore, the amount of flower buds reserved for the upper branches of trees in winter pruning directly determines the burden of trees in the coming year. This indirectly reflects the strength of the tree length. In short, the pruning of branches belongs to the category of fine pruning, that is to say, the skeleton pruning is the main thing in the early stage, supplemented by the pruning of branches, and the branches become the main object of pruning in the whole village after the full fruit period. However, it must be coordinated and connected with the skeleton structure (pruning) of the whole tree and crown, re-pruning before flowering and thinning flowers and fruits, so as to ensure the healthy growth of fruit trees and maximize the life of fruit trees in full fruit stage.