morphological character
Deciduous shrubs or small trees, 2-5 meters high; Branchlets are stout, reddish brown, glabrous, and the terminal buds and lateral buds have imbricate bud scales.
Petiole length 15-30 cm; 4-8 pairs of leaflets, membranous or papery, lanceolate or nearly ovoid, slightly asymmetrical on both sides, 2.5-6 cm long and 1.2-2 cm wide, tapering at the top, cuneate at the base and sharply serrated at the edge. The terminal leaflets are usually 3-parted, the ventral surface is dark green, the midvein is hairless or sparse, the dorsal surface is bright green, and there are fluffy bundles of stellate hairs when tender; The lateral veins are slender and slightly convex on both sides.
Inflorescences are pulled first or at the same time as leaves. The hermaphrodite inflorescence is terminal, the male inflorescence is axillary, long 12-20cm, erect, with short peduncle and often residual bud scales at the base. Pedicel length1.2-2cm; Bracts are 0.5- 1 cm long; Sepals 6-7 mm long, with gray fluff on both sides; Petals are white, purple or yellow at the base, with clear veins, about 2 cm long and 7- 10 mm wide, with whiskers on both sides of claws; The hornlike appendage of the disk is orange-yellow, 4-5 mm long; Stamens are about 65438 0.5 cm long and filaments are hairless. Ovary is gray tomentose. Capsule 6 cm long; The seed is 1.8 cm long, black and shiny. Flowers bloom in spring and bear fruit in early autumn.
Country of origin
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge is native to the Loess Plateau in northern China, and naturally distributed at 32-46 north latitude and100-127 east longitude, that is, it reaches western Liaoning and southwestern Jilin in the north, Xiaoxian County in Anhui Province and southern Henan Province in the south, Shandong Province in the east and Ningxia in Gansu Province in the west. Concentrated in Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Gansu and other places, Liaoning, Jilin, Henan, Shandong and other provinces have a small amount of distribution. There are also large areas of cultivated forests in southern Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province and Ningxia. In the vertical direction, Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge is distributed at an altitude of 52-2260 meters or even higher.
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge can grow and develop normally in grassy sandy land, abandoned wasteland, rocky mountainous area, loess hilly and gully, and even cliffs. Many areas in northern China, such as Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei and other provinces, have large-scale cultivation.
Growth habit
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge is sun-loving, semi-shade-tolerant, adaptable to soil, barren, saline-alkali and cold-resistant, and it can safely overwinter at-465438 0.4℃. Drought resistance is very strong, and there are scattered trees in the area with annual rainfall of only 150 mm, but Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge is not resistant to waterlogging and wind, so it is not suitable for planting in low-lying areas with poor drainage, heavy saline-alkali land and unstable sand. [2]
breeding method
It is mainly propagated by sowing method, which can also be divided into plant method, layering method and root cutting method. Generally, fruits are harvested in autumn, and seeds are sown immediately after they are taken out. It can also be stored in wet sand for wintering and sown in early spring of the following year. Cultivation techniques include seed, grafting, root cutting or ramet propagation.
sow seeds
When the fruit is ripe, sow it immediately and germinate in the next spring. If it is sand-stored seeds, before sowing in the next spring 15d, dig another inclined pit in the outdoor leeward and sunny place, hide the sand in the pit, face the sun obliquely, cover it with plastic film, germinate at high temperature under the sunlight, and sow when the seeds are 20% cracked. You can also soak the seeds in warm water at 45℃ before sowing 1 week, naturally cool for 2-3 days, take them out, put them in baskets or cattails, cover them with wet cloth, and put them in a greenhouse at 20-50℃ to accelerate germination. When two-thirds of the seeds crack, sow in the middle and late April, drill or sow as needed. The umbilical cord of the seed should be laid flat and covered with 2-65438+.
transplant
Large-scale budding, splitting, inserting or tenderizing with xylem is adopted, and large-scale budding with xylem is better.
Qiegen
Using the residual roots after emergence in spring, cut them into 10- 15 cm long root segments, insert them into the seedbed, with the row spacing of 30 cm× 10 (- 15 cm), and fill them with water.
Factory division
Some shrub plants are easy to take root and sprout, and can be propagated by ramets.
cultivation techniques
Land selection and preparation
Afforestation site should choose deep soil layer, leeward and sunny place with higher terrain. Low-lying land and waterlogged saline-alkali land are not suitable for planting. There are four kinds of land preparation methods: comprehensive, strip, block and fish scale pit. Comprehensive soil preparation is suitable for the soil with flat terrain, deep soil layer, overgrown weeds and heavy texture, and the depth of soil preparation is above 25 cm. Belt soil preparation is suitable for hilly land and sandy land, with a bandwidth of more than 2 meters, and the belt spacing depends on the row spacing. In mountainous areas with steep slopes, terraces and horizontal ditches should be built. Block soil preparation is suitable for mountainous areas and loess hilly areas, along the contour line. Fish scale pit should be constructed according to the plant spacing, and the depth of planting hole should be greater than 60 cm.
Tending planting
The planting density of barren soil and lack of fertilizer sources in mountainous areas and sandy land can be 2m× 3m, 3m× 4m in fertile mountainous areas or hills, 4m× 5m in places with deep and fertile soil and good water and fertilizer conditions, and thinning can be appropriate for sporadic planting.
The planting method is digging and planting. The root system should be stretched in the hole, and seedlings should be raised while filling the soil, so that the root system is closely connected with the soil, and the soil should not be buried too deep. It should be practical after filling the soil, watered immediately after planting if conditions permit, and covered with a layer of dry soil to preserve moisture after water permeates.
In the growing season of tending management, intertillage weeding is 3-5 times a year, and fertilization is 2-3 times. Nitrogen fertilizer is topdressing before flowering, and potassium fertilizer is topdressing during fruit expansion. Water properly during the growth of new shoots, flowering and fruit setting, and fruit expansion. Fertilization can be combined with watering before flowering in early spring. Watering after flower falling can reduce fruit falling, and watering 1 time before freezing in early spring can preserve moisture.
Tiantuan management
After the seedlings are unearthed, the amount of water should be appropriate. Topdressing 2-3 times in the seedling growth period, loosening the soil and weeding. Grafted seedlings and root-cutting seedlings are easy to produce tillers and buds, which should be smoothed in time to avoid consuming nutrients. When the grafted bud grows to 15cm, support should be set to prevent the new shoot from being broken by the wind. Fertilization and water management After the seedlings are unearthed, it is necessary to control the watering amount and water less to prevent the soil moisture from being too high, causing root rot and lodging of the seedlings. At the first watering 1 time, Shennongdan 1- 1.5 kg was applied to control underground pests. From June to July, topdressing 15kg urea is applied every 667m2, and fertilization is stopped in September, and 1 1 frozen water is applied before freezing in October.
Afforestation principle
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge has the characteristics of strong stress resistance, cold tolerance, drought tolerance and barren tolerance. However, artificial planting has the phenomena of great variety difference and unstable results, low yield and poor benefit. On the basis of summarizing the recent production practice, this technology divides Xanthoceras sorbifolia into oil forest and ecological forest for management, so as to maximize the ecological and economic benefits of Xanthoceras sorbifolia.
Oil forest construction
Afforestation site selection: select plots with deep soil layer, fertile soil, flat terrain, good drainage, convenient irrigation, neutral or slightly alkaline soil and relatively concentrated contiguous land.
Soil preparation: before afforestation, it rains in the first year, and the soil preparation is sufficient in autumn, with a depth of 25 cm -30 cm. Water the soil with frozen water to keep it moist before it freezes, so as to prepare for the next spring sowing.
Planting time: afforestation in spring is generally adopted, and the time is from early April to early May.
Planting density: First-class seedlings are selected for planting, with proper close planting, and the plant spacing is 2m× 2m, every 666.7 m2 167 plants; The plant spacing is 2m× 3m, and every 666.7m211plant; Plant spacing is 2m× 4m, with 84 plants per 666.7m2; Two rows of belts can be 2m× 2m× 5m, with 95 plants per 666.7m2; 2m× 2m× 6m, per 666.7m2 plant. ..
Planting method: hole sowing, hole diameter 60cm, hole depth 60 cm. First, backfill 5 kg of crushed straw, then mix the topsoil and decomposed farmyard manure (the ratio is 5: 1) evenly for 20㎏-25㎏, and fill the top with surface soil until the pit is full. When planting, straighten the seedlings to ensure that the roots of the seedlings extend. After the soil is firmly buried, the roots of the seedlings should be slightly higher than the ground 1 cm -2 cm, so they should be watered immediately. After water seepage, it should be made into a tree tray with a diameter slightly larger than the planting hole, covered with plastic film and fixed 60 cm from the ground.
Intertillage and weeding: during the growing period, combine weeding and loosening soil to expand holes, and intertillage and weed 3-4 times a year.
Water and fertilizer management: irrigation planting 1-3 years: irrigation 3-5 times in the current year; 2-3 years after planting, irrigation should be carried out every year according to the growth of seedlings and soil moisture to ensure the survival and normal growth and development of seedlings.
Planting for 4-5 years: in the middle of April-July every year, water the plants 1 time at the germination stage, new shoot growth stage, flowering stage and fruit expansion stage, and stop watering half a month before fruit harvesting. After harvest, combine fertilization and watering 1 time, and water frozen water 1 time before freezing.
Three years before fertilization and sowing, topdressing 1 -2 times a year from June to July, using compound fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, fertilizing 0.25㎏ per plant, spreading or pit applying, mixing with soil and irrigating with water. After the fruit is seen, the compound fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is applied three times a year before germination, after flowering and during fruit expansion, and the fertilization amount is 0.5-1.0/plant depending on the age of the tree; Apply base fertilizer10-20/plant every autumn after fruit harvesting.
Shaping and pruning: according to the tree shape, it can be cultivated into small crown sparse layer shape, natural happy shape, single stem high-Qian shape or multi-stem high-Qian shape and other tree shapes. In the year of planting, the stem is fixed and the height is 50 cm -60 cm. Select 3 -4 budding branches from different directions to cultivate fixed stems, cut off the main branches within the range of 10 cm -20 cm, and remove all the others. If the trunk is peeled off in the first year of planting, 2 -3 robust branches with bud roots are selected for cultivation, and the trunk is fixed in the second year.
From the second year to the fifth year of planting: obviously choose the middle trunk to stay dry, prune it according to the sparse layer form, cultivate 2 -3 layers of main branches, and control the tree height at about 2.5 meters. If the central stem is not obvious, it should be pruned according to the shape of happiness, and it should be placed at the position of 30 cm -40 cm of bud branches reserved in the last year's fixed stem, and the main branches should be cultivated and fixed; Select 2 -3 sprouting branches at the top of the main branch 10 cm -20 cm for culture, and remove all other sprouting branches.
After planting for 5 years, the tree body basically takes shape, mainly thinning out over-dense branches, overlapping branches, cross branches, twigs and pest branches, increasing ventilation and light transmission and increasing yield. According to the characteristics of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, the terminal buds of branches should be kept as much as possible when pruning.