Overview of grapes
grape
1, "A Record of Famous Doctors": Grape was born in Dunhuang Valley, Wuyuan, Longxi.
2, "Compendium": Zozo grapes, out of Turpan [1], borrowed from Beijing, shaped like peppers, are also different kinds of grapes. According to Zitaoxuan Miscellaneous Notes, Zozo grapes, one of the nine grasses in Shennong, have a long history in China, and without hope, they will not be brought from the western regions [2].
Grape is the fruit of grape, which is a deciduous vine and one of the oldest plants in the world. Grapes are native to Europe, West Asia and North Africa. According to archaeological data, the earliest grape growing area was between Caspian Sea and Black Sea in Asia Minor and its south bank. About 7000 years ago, grape cultivation began in South Caucasus, Central Asia, Syria, Iraq and other regions. Most historians believe that Persia (today's Iran) was the first country to make wine.
The first country in Europe to grow grapes and make wine was Greece. [3] It is produced in the north of the Yangtze River basin in China, mainly in Xinjiang, Gansu, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong and other places. The stem and vine are as long as 10 ~ 20m. Simple leaves, alternate. Flowers are small and yellow-green, forming panicles. Berries are round or oval, and the fruits have different colors, such as white, blue, red, brown, purple and black. The maturity period is from August to 10. Grapes have been cultivated in China for more than 2,000 years, which is said to have been introduced from Zhang Qian in Han Dynasty.
There are many varieties of grapes. There are about 1000 species in the world, which can be divided into two categories: wine grapes and edible grapes. There are two major cultivated varieties in the world: European varieties and fox grapes. According to their different origins, they can be divided into oriental strains and European strains. The seedless white, milk and black chicken hearts cultivated in China for a long time belong to the oriental variety group. "Rose fragrance" and "Jialiniang" belong to European varieties. Fresh use or dry in the shade.
Grapes (28)
Grape is the oldest fruit. According to paleontologists, the fossils of grape leaves and seeds were found in Cenozoic tertiary strata, which proved that grapes existed more than 6.5 million years ago. Some scholars believe that there were plants similar to grapes 230 million to 67 million years ago.
"Tizi", which means "grape" in Cantonese, is a commodity name. Broadly speaking, red grapes are red grapes, black grapes are black grapes and blue grapes are green grapes. However, the name "raisin" became popular in China in recent years after the introduction of American Red Globe grapes. People only refer to grapes such as red soil imported from the United States as "raisins", and also refer to Kyoho and Rose Fragrance as grapes.
"Crystal Pearl" is people's favorite name for grapes, because it has gorgeous fruit color, delicious juice and rich nutrition. The sugar content of fruit is 10%~30%, and it contains many trace elements. It can also improve human health and treat neurasthenia and fatigue.
In this section, edit the ecological and topographic conditions of artificial breeding.
1. Latitude and elevation: Most vineyards in the world are located between 20-52 degrees north latitude and south latitude.
On the vine (9 pieces)
Between 30 and 45 degrees, mostly in the northern hemisphere. The altitude is generally 400-60 1 m. The altitude of grapes in China varies greatly between 30 and 43 degrees north latitude, about 200-1000 m; The distribution height of Huailai grape in Hebei Province is1100m; Xu Da county is1200m; The altitude of Shannan in Tibet is over1500m. Latitude and altitude are important factors affecting temperature and heat in a large range.
2. Slope direction and gradient: Under the condition of similar terrain conditions, the microclimate of different slope directions is obviously different. Usually the slopes facing south (including due south, northwest and southeast) receive more light and heat, and the temperature is higher on weekdays. The warming effect of sloping land is closely related to its slope. Generally, every tilt to the south 1 degree is equivalent to a forward 1 latitude. The hottest tilt angle is about 20-35 degrees (within 40-50 degrees north latitude). Grape is more suitable for slope cultivation than other fruit trees because of its drought tolerance and thin soil, which can develop roots in a relatively small range. However, the greater the slope, the more serious the soil erosion. Therefore, it is necessary to give priority to the land with a slope below 20-25 degrees when planting grapes.
3. Influence of water surface: In large water areas, such as oceans, lakes, rivers and reservoirs, due to absorbing a lot of solar radiation energy, the temperature in daytime and summer is lower than that in land, while the temperature in night and winter is higher than that in inland. Therefore, the coastal climate near the water area is mild and the frost-free period is long. The vineyards near the big water surface reflect a lot of blue-violet light and ultraviolet light in the deep water, and the berries are colored and of good quality, so when choosing vineyards, try to be close to big lakes, rivers and oceans.
edaphic condition
Grapes can grow in various soils, such as desert, flood plain, saline-alkali land, rocky slope and so on, but different soil conditions have different effects on the growth and fruit of grapes.
1. Soil-forming parent rock core: In the soil formed by limestone or rich in lime soil core, the grape root system is developed, sugar accumulation and aromatic substances are more developed, and calcium in the soil has a good influence on the quality of wine. World-famous winemaking areas are located on this land, such as Champagne and Xia Lang de Konnek. But the soil layer is thin, and there is often a gravel layer under it, which is easy to cause water leakage and fertilizer leakage.
2. Soil layer thickness and mechanical composition: The soil layer thickness of the vineyard is generally 80- 100㎝. Sandy soil has strong permeability, strong radiation in summer, large soil temperature difference, high sugar content and good grape flavor, but the soil is short of organic matter and poor in moisture and fertility. Clay has poor permeability and is easy to harden. Grape has shallow roots, weak yield and poor fruit. Sometimes the output is large, but the quality is poor. Generally speaking, grapes should not be planted on heavy clay. High-quality grapes can be planted on gravelly soil, such as gravelly Gobi soil in Lufan Basin, Xinjiang (gravel and sand are above 80%). After improvement, the grapes grow well.
3. Groundwater level: Grapes grow in moist soil and produce good fruits. Groundwater level has an influence on soil moisture, and the soil with low groundwater level has poor water storage capacity; The soil with high groundwater level and close to the ground is not suitable for growing grapes. The suitable groundwater level should be below1.5-2m. Under the condition of good drainage, grapes can grow and bear fruit well in the soil where the groundwater level is 0.7- 1 m above the ground.
4. Soil chemical composition: It is of great significance to the nutrition of grape plants. Generally speaking, grapes grow well in a slightly acidic environment with a PH of 6-6.5. In the soil with too strong acidity (pH close to 4), the growth is obviously poor, and in the soil with relatively strong alkalinity (pH 8.3-8.7), yellow leaf disease begins to appear. Therefore, the soil with too large or too small acidity needs to be improved before grapes can be planted. In addition, grapes are salt-tolerant plants in fruit trees and can grow well in places where apple, pear and other fruit trees can't grow.
climatic factor
It is one of the main indexes of grape variety zoning. The French believe that only grapes planted in specific soil can produce world famous wines with unique flavor. However, for the vast grape producing areas in the world, this situation of dividing grape regions by soil is not universal and absolute. The factors affecting grape quality and wine quality are comprehensive. Only in most cases, climate often plays a leading role in the growth of grapes and the quality of wine, and climate has become the most important and active factor among many factors. Meteorological conditions such as illumination, measurement and precipitation are all necessary conditions for grape growth and fruiting, especially in summer and autumn.
1. illumination: solar energy is the only energy source for grape photosynthesis. It is the driving force of energy and material circulation of grapes. 90%-95% of grape yield and quality comes from photosynthesis. In many cases, the real solar energy consumed by photosynthesis has not reached 1% of the total solar energy. In China, the solar energy utilization rate of general vineyards is only about 0.5%. Grapes are light-loving crops. For thousands of years, people have erected and trimmed it in order to get more adequate and reasonable light.
2. Temperature: Temperature (heat) is the most important meteorological factor affecting the growth and fruit of grapes. Grape is a warm temperate plant, which needs quite a lot of heat. During the grape growing period (from budding to fruiting), the monthly average temperature is above 10 degrees, which varies with different varieties. Temperature also has an important influence on the growth and fruiting process of grapes. High temperature will do harm to grapes, but the degree is far less than that of low temperature. The harm of low temperature to grapes is a common problem in grape cultivation in the world, and low temperature limits the cultivation area of grapes. Grapes are generally planted in the northern hemisphere between 20-5 1℃ north latitude. The northern limit of European grape variety cultivation is the Rhine Valley in Germany, and the southern limit of cultivation extends to India. In the southern hemisphere, grapes are mainly planted at 20-40℃ south latitude. The limiting factors for the expansion of grape planting range in Europe to the equator are high temperature, disease and lack of sufficient low temperature to induce grape dormancy. The main limiting factor for the expansion of European grapes to the poles is that the growing season is short, which is not enough to ensure the maturity of fruits and vines and to resist the low temperature in winter.
3. Precipitation: The quantity and seasonal distribution of precipitation strongly affect the growth and development of grapes and the yield and quality of grapes. In some areas, the seasonal variation of precipitation of some cultivated varieties is one of the most important climatic factors for grape variety zoning. Due to different climate types in the world, the seasonal variation of precipitation shows significant differences. The seasonal distribution of climate precipitation in the Mediterranean is characterized by drought in summer and autumn and rainy in winter and spring. However, the climate of the main grape growing areas in China is monsoon climate (except Xinjiang), which is hot and rainy in summer and rainy in the south in spring, making it difficult to grow grapes. Except Xinjiang, it is not good for grapes, and the phenomenon of grape water shortage is very obvious. Biological characteristic temperature
Different grape groups have different requirements for temperature at different growth stages. For example, the average temperature in early spring is about 10℃, and the soil temperature 30cm underground is 7- 10℃.
At that time, hybrids from Europe, Asia and Europe and America began to sprout; Vitis amurensis and its hybrids can germinate at soil temperature of 5-7℃. With the increase of temperature, the germinated new buds will accelerate their growth, and the most suitable temperature for the growth of new buds and the meridional division of flower buds is 25-38℃. When the temperature is lower than 14℃, it is not conducive to flowering and pollination. The optimum temperature for berry ripening is 28-32℃. When the temperature is lower than 16℃ or higher than 38℃, it is not conducive to the development and maturity of berries and the quality is reduced. The temperature at which roots start to move is 7- 10℃, and the fastest growth is at 25-30℃. Varieties with different maturity need effective accumulated temperature. For example, the early-maturing variety Saba Pearl needs an effective accumulated temperature of 2 1℃, the middle-maturing variety Vineyard Queen needs 25℃, and the late-maturing variety Longan needs 33℃ to fully mature.
The ability to tolerate low temperature varies with species and organs, such as Eurasian species and European-American hybrids, which can tolerate low temperature of -3 to -4℃ when sprouting; Young leaves, young leaves and inflorescences were frozen at-65438 0℃ and 0℃ respectively. During the dormancy period, the winter buds of mature branches of Eurasian varieties can tolerate-16℃ to-17℃, and perennial lianas are frozen at -20℃. The cold resistance of root system is weak. The roots of longan, rose fragrance and vineyard queen in Eurasia were slightly frozen at -4℃ to -5℃, and froze to death for two days at around -6℃. Using Vitis amurensis or Vitis amurensis as rootstock in northern China can improve the cold resistance of root system, and its root system can tolerate low temperatures of-16℃ and-1℃, and the critical lethal temperatures are-18℃ and-14℃ respectively, which can reduce the cold resistance in winter.