Planting method of sweet persimmon 1. Garden planting
Choose sandy loam with deep soil layer and pH value of 5.5-7.5, which can be used in mountainous, flat and hilly areas. Dig a ditch with a width of 100cm and a depth of 80cm or a big hole with a width of 100cmx 100cmx80cm, and apply 50kg of decomposed manure in the hole, add 5kg of calcium superphosphate and 0.3kg of potassium chloride as base fertilizer. The best planting period of sweet persimmon is 10- 1 1. Generally, it is better to select the rootstock of Wild Persimmon No.6 for grafting, and plant 100- 120 plants per 667 square meters, and the number of male and female plants is 12: 1.
Second, the management of soil, fertilizer and water.
Pay attention to loosening the soil and weeding in the young tree stage, and apply fertilizer appropriately. After the shoots of 1 year-old artificial Lin Chun germinate, apply fertilizer 1 time, urea 55-10g, and organic fertilizer 5kg. After that, topdressing 1-2 times a month, and the dosage gradually increased. Fertilize once in March, May, August and September of the following year. When the third seedling begins to bear fruit, potassium fertilizer and a small amount of boron fertilizer should be added. 4-5 years of sweet persimmon has entered the high-yield period. Should it be used well? Three flights? . That is, the fertilizer before flowering is applied in March and April, and the plants are applied with urea 100g, potassium sulfate 100g, phosphate fertilizer 50g, borax 5g and a small amount of multi-element micro-fertilizer; Guo Zhuang fertilizer was applied for the second time from June to July, with urea 100g, calcium superphosphate 150g and potassium sulfate150g per plant; The third application of postpartum fertilizer, from June 5438+01-June 5438+February, is mainly composed of organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, providing sufficient nutrients for high yield in the coming year.
Persimmon roots are afraid of water accumulation, so pay attention to ditch cleaning and drainage in rainy season to prevent water accumulation. But from July to September, the fruit will be dry before it expands, so it is necessary to water it in time to fight drought.
Third, shaping and pruning
When planting, cut off the treetops at the height of 0.9-1m. In winter or early spring dormancy, three branches with the same vertical and horizontal distance in different directions and levels are selected as main branches, and the first main branch is 40-50 cm away from the ground. Cut off 20% of the length of main branches and non-main branches on the trunk. After two years of planting, all non-main branches are cut off in winter, and the growth of main branches in that year is cut off by 20%, and then the twigs, cross branches and overlapping branches on the side branches are cut off. Finally, the strong branch extending transversely was selected as the first secondary branch about 50cm away from the main branch, and cut 20% of the growth last year together with other left branches. After planting for 3 years, the second main branch was selected according to the above method to form a dwarf natural happy crown.
The pruning of adult trees is mainly to cultivate strong and strong mother branches on the main branches and auxiliary branches. In winter, the fruiting branches and some twigs are cut short, and the long secondary main branches and the old fruiting mother branches are retracted. In summer, you can also cultivate thick and short fruiting mother branches by twisting, pulling and girdling. Replace it in turn every year, and remove dense branches, overlapping branches, thin branches and long branches in time to ensure the permeability of the inner cavity.
Fourth, flower and fruit management.
1. girdling at flowering stage: girdling 0.2-0.4cm in width and depth on the main and secondary branches at full flowering stage to improve the fruit setting rate.
2. Artificial pollination: Young sweet persimmon trees have fewer male flowers, and artificial pollination can improve the fruit setting rate by more than 35%.
3. Sparse flowers and fruits: For weak trees and multi-flowered trees, flowers are sparse at flowering stage, weak flowers are too dense, and small fruits and deformed fruits are sparse at young fruit stage. After the first physiological fruit drop in July, healthy young fruits are selected according to the ratio of 20-25 leaves to one fruit, and the redundant fruits are removed.
4. Bagging to protect the fruit: Bagging can make the fruit smooth and even, and prevent bird damage, sunburn and fruit cracking, thus improving the rate of high-quality big fruit. Bagging after fruit thinning, spraying bactericide once before bagging, and bagging with double-layer breathable paper bags. Unpacking and coloring before the fruit ripens 15 days.
Five, pest control
1. Disease control: The main diseases of sweet persimmon are anthracnose, angular leaf spot and gray mold. And give priority to prevention, do a good job of disinfection of seedlings before planting, and do a good job of garden cleaning in winter. Spraying 70% thiophanate methyl 500 times can control anthracnose and angular leaf spot; Spraying 50% Duomuqing 1000 times solution at the initial stage of gray mold can prevent and control gray mold, and the effect is better if adding 50% Sukeling 4500 times solution.
2. Pest control: 0.5 kg of 4% Ma Di powder can be sprayed on the ground under the canopy in early May to poison the overwintering larvae, and 20% bactericidal emulsifiable concentrate can be sprayed 3000 times as much as the larvae in the early stage; Spraying 2.5% deltamethrin 3000 times in larval stage can control moths; Spraying 40% quick killing liquid 1000 times in larval stage can control scorpion pests.
High-yield cultivation techniques of sweet persimmon ⅰ. Production conditions
Qingdao belongs to warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate zone, with annual average temperature 12. 1℃, annual average precipitation of 750mm and frost-free period 195 days. The experimental park is located in Liaolan Town, pingdu city, in the center of alluvial plain in the south of Pingdu, with an altitude of about 15m, sandy loam with high fertility. 1994 One-year-old seedlings were planted in spring, and the rootstock was Junqianzi. After several years of experimental observation, Jiro can completely get rid of astringency under normal climatic conditions in Qingdao.
Second, the main characters
1, botanical characteristics
This tree is very strong. The crown of the tree is naturally round and the tree is open. Annual branches are brown, stout, with short internodes and many branches. The leaves are medium-sized, light yellow-green, oval or spindle-shaped, the apex is gradually pointed, the veins on the surface are obviously depressed, the back edges are sparsely yellow, and the petiole is about 1.7cm long. The young leaves are especially yellow-green, lasting for a long time and easy to distinguish from other varieties. The whole tree has only female flowers, short bud stage, gourd-shaped and milky yellow, with 8 staminodes and 4 sepals.
2. Economic characters of fruits
The fruit is large, oblate, with a longitudinal diameter of 5.5cm and a transverse diameter of 6.9cm. The average single fruit weight is180.5 g. The top of the fruit is flat, slightly concave, with obvious horizontal grooves, a square cross section and 4 longitudinal grooves, which are extremely shallow and have no constriction marks. Tiwa is shallow and wide, medium and large, square and round, reddish. The fruit stalk is thick and short, and has strong wind resistance. The pericarp is smooth and shiny, orange-red after maturity, and there are many fruit powders. The flesh is yellow-red, brown spots are fine, the flesh is slightly crisp, the juice is less, the soluble solid content is 17%, the taste is sweet, and it can completely remove astringency, with an average of 2-4 grains per fruit, which is short and round.
3. Growth and fruiting habits
Strong growth potential, strong germination and branching ability. Medium-long fruit branches mainly bear fruit and have strong parthenocarpy. Young trees can form a crown in 3 years and have a certain yield, and enter the fruiting period in 4 years.
4. Bioclimatology
In Pingdu, it germinates in early April, spreads leaves in late April, and new buds grow rapidly in late May, and the flowering period is at the end of May and the beginning of June. The young fruit entered the rapid expansion period in mid-June, and the new shoots germinated twice in August. The fruit expanded in late September, and165438+1matured in late October.
5. Adaptability
Jiro is suitable for neutral loam, likes fat and water, and is new and strong with Junqianzi, and can bear normal fruits under the general management conditions of plain land.
Step 6 resist
Years of cultivation show that Jiro is drought-tolerant, not easy to be infected with anthrax and has strong drug resistance. When the temperature is too low (-15℃) in winter, the branches with insufficient growth are prone to freeze injury. The bigger the tree, the stronger the frost resistance. Jiro's cracked fruit is not obvious in flatness.
Third, cultivation management technology
1, planting and building gardens
Choose sandy loam with deep soil layer and good drainage to avoid low-lying and waterlogged areas. Plant spacing 2m? 3m, north-south direction. The planting hole is 0.8m long, 0.8m wide and 0.6m deep. Apply decomposed organic fertilizer about 10kg to each hole, put the seedlings into the hole when planting, lift the seedlings upward when burying soil13, let the roots fully stretch, and then fill the soil steadily. After planting, irrigate the tree hole with water and sink it, then dry it at a height of 50-60cm, leaving 4-6 full buds under the incision.
2. Soil, fertilizer and water management
Soil management. In the young tree stage, reaming and deep turning are carried out. Before freezing, the planting point was taken as the center, and it was turned outwards every year, with a depth of 50cm. When deep turning, try to minimize damage to the roots, especially the roots of the backbone. Irrigation in time after deep turning. In the first year, leave trees with a width of 1m in the row, plant dwarf crops between rows, and stop intercropping after 3 years.
Fertilize. Apply base fertilizer before planting, apply base fertilizer deeply every year and topdressing in time. The base fertilizer should be applied at the end of autumn when ploughing or ditching. It is mainly composed of manure and human excrement, mixed with available nitrogen fertilizer. Each 3-5-year-old tree is applied with about 40 kg of organic fertilizer and mixed with 0.4-0.7 kg of compound fertilizer. The amount of base fertilizer should account for more than two-thirds of the total annual fertilization. Topdressing is twice after new shoots stop growing, before flowering and after physiological fruit dropping, that is, 0.2-0.3 kg of urea or compound fertilizer is applied to each plant at the end of June and the beginning of July, urea is applied to weak trees and compound fertilizer is applied to many fruit trees. When spraying, mix 0.3% urea or potassium dihydrogen phosphate for topdressing.
Irrigation. Newly-built gardens and young tree gardens should be watered frequently. Mature gardens should be watered once before germination and once before freezing. If there is no serious drought in the growing season, there is no need for irrigation. After irrigation, intertillage in time to keep moisture.
3. Flower and fruit management
Spraying 80mg/L gibberellin or girdling the trunk (girdling width is 0.5cm) at flowering stage can improve the fruit setting rate. The day before flowering of thinning 10, 2-3 buds are left in the middle and upper part of each fruiting branch, and the rest are all thinned. After physiological fruit drop (early July), each fruiting branch leaves 1-2 fruits. The principle is to leave the lateral fruits or lateral lower fruits that are not easy to be exposed to direct sunlight, so that the fruits of the whole tree are evenly distributed.
4, plastic pruning
The tree is dominated by natural round heads. In order to enlarge the crown and increase the number of branches, young trees are lightly cut in winter, and branches are pulled and cored in growing season to promote branching and supply, control growth and cultivate fruiting branches. Results Trees combined with pruning controlled the number of flowers and fruits, maintained moderate tree vigor and improved the light condition of crown. When cutting in winter, the fruiting branches should be released slowly, and cutting is not allowed. Branches with too dense and weak cavities should be gradually cleaned up, and useless long branches should be thinned from the base. Cutting in winter or coring in summer should be used to cultivate new fruiting branches.
5, pest control
The main diseases such as leaf spot mostly occur in the middle and late June, and the severity of the diseases is closely related to the rainfall in the spring of that year. Generally, spraying medicine twice can control the harm. The first time was in mid-June, and mancozeb was sprayed 600 times; The second time, at the end of June, 1000-2000 times Paulian was sprayed. Pests mainly include brontispa longissima, spiny moth, scarab, boat moth and so on. , and timely spraying according to the situation.