Sima Guang (10 19 ~ 1086) was a famous politician, historian and essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, he was born in Xushui Town, Xia County, Shaanxi Province (now northeast of Anyi Town, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province), Han nationality. Born in Guangshan County, Henan Province, Shi Jun is called Mr. Sushui. Sima guang was eager to learn since childhood, especially the biography of Zuo Shi in the Spring and Autumn Period.
In the first year of Baoyuan in Song Renzong (1038), Sima Guang was 20 years old and a scholar. Song Yingzong (Zhao Shu, 1032 ~ 1067) inherited his previous advice doctor, and Song Shenzong Xining (1068 ~ 1077) became a bachelor of Hanlin and an imperial consultant.
In the third year of Xining (1070), Sima Guang became famous for opposing Wang Anshi's political reform. The following year, he was sentenced to Xijing Yushitai, who lived in Luoyang for fifteen years, and specially compiled "Learning from Mutual Adversity". Zhezong acceded to the throne and still served in the DPRK. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), he served as a servant and assistant minister of Shangshu, presided over the state affairs, abolished the new party and abolished the new law. Died a few months later. Posthumous title Wen Guogong, history, presented the book "Sima Ji".
Sima Guang's main achievements are embodied in his academic research. Among them, the greatest contribution is to preside over the compilation of Zi Tongzhi Jian. Zi Tongzhi Jian is the largest chronicle in China, with a total volume of 294 * *, which runs through ancient and modern times, starting from the early Warring States period (403 BC) when Han, Zhao and Wei were divided into Jin, and ending at the end of the Five Dynasties (Houliang, Houtang, Houjin, Houhan and Houzhou) and before the end of Song Taizu (955 AD). The author recorded the historical facts of this year 1362 in chronological order, taking the year and month as the longitude and the historical facts as the latitude. The cause and effect of major historical events are clearly explained, so that readers can see the development of historical facts at a glance.
Sima Guang spent 19 years and most of his life compiling Zi Tong Zhi Jian from the third year of Ye Ping (A.D. 1066) to the seventh year of Yuanfeng (A.D. 1084). In Zi Zhi Tong Jian, he said: "Day is insufficient, followed by night", "This book is full of energy". The title of the book means: "In view of the past, governance is the foundation."
Sima Guang wrote a lot. In addition to Zi Jian, there are 80 volumes of Tong Jian Li, 20 volumes of Lu and 6 volumes of Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao. In addition, he has research and writings in literature, Confucian classics, philosophy and even medicine. His main representative works are Hanlin Shihua, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi, Shuowen Jiezi and so on. Historically, Sima Guang was once regarded as one of the three saints of Confucianism (the other two were Confucius and Mencius).
On the political point of view, Sima Guang advocates that the legal system will never change and his political thoughts are conservative. He once said: "the law of the former king cannot be changed"; In his view, Wei Liede, the king of Zhou Dynasty, appointed Wei Si, a doctor of the Jin Dynasty, as a vassal, which was an abandonment of "the ceremony of the former king" and "the law of the ancestors". Wang Anshi is a political enemy.
Edit the story and the role.
First, Sima Guang smashed the cylinder.
Sima Guang was born in Tianxi, Song Zhenzong for three years (A.D.1019117 October). At that time, his father Sima Chi was the county magistrate of Guangshan County, Gwangju, so he was named "Guang". Sima Guang's family has been an official for generations, and his father Sima Chi later became an official to the Ministry of War, a doctor and a celestial pavilion, and has always enjoyed a high reputation for being honest and kind.
Influenced by his father, Sima Guang was smart and studious since childhood. According to historical records, Sima Guang likes reading Zuo Zhuan very much, and often "never stops reading books, never knowing hunger and thirst." At the age of seven, he was able to recite Zuo Zhuan skillfully, and he could clearly tell the historical outline of more than 200 years, indicating that he had a very strong interest in history since he was a child.
In addition, there is another thing that makes Xiao Sima Guang famous in Kyushu. Once, he and his friends were playing in the backyard. There is a big water tank in the yard. A child climbed to the edge of the tank to play and accidentally fell into Tanqueray. The water tank is very deep, and it seems that the child is going to have no roof. When other children saw that something was wrong, they cried and cried in fear and ran outside to ask adults for help. Sima Guang, however, used his quick wits to pick up a big stone from the ground and hit it hard at the water tank. "bang!" The water tank was broken, the water in the tank came out, and the child who was submerged in the water was saved. Xiao Sima Guang was calm when he was in trouble, and he was like an adult since he was a child. This is the story of "Sima Guang smashing a jar" that has been passed down to this day. This accidental event made Xiao Sima Guang famous, and people in Tokyo and Luoyang painted it and spread it widely.
Second, fame and fortune get early.
In the early years of Song Renzong Baoyuan (1038), Sima Guang, who was only 20 years old, was admitted to the first division of Jinshi, which was an early success. However, he was not complacent, but boldly put forward: "When a saint is alive, he must do righteousness and show others by virtue, which is not enough to abuse abroad." This sentence reflects that young Sima Guang does not seek fame, but is determined to make contributions with benevolence and become a saint. Since then, he has been working hard in this direction.
Sima Guang has always been simple and thrifty, and doesn't like extravagant and flashy things. After entering the Jinshi examination, the emperor gave a wedding banquet. He was the only one who didn't wear red flowers at the party. His companion said to him, "This is a gift from the holy family. You can't go against your orders. " Only then did he insert a flower. In his later years, this matter was written into family instructions by Sima Guang, and his son Sima Kang was educated to pay attention to thrift.
In addition, Sima Guang is especially filial to his parents. When he was appointed Feng, his father was an official in Hangzhou, so he asked for a new judge in Suzhou so that he could be closer to his father and support his parents.
Sima Guang is still a sentient and righteous person. When he was the chief judge of Bingzhou, Xixia people often invaded here, which became a local disaster. So Sima Guang suggested to Pang Ji, "Build two castles to control the Xixia people, and then recruit people to farm here." Pang Ji accepted his suggestion and sent Guo En to deal with this matter. However, Guo En is a stupid man. He led the troops to cross the river overnight. He was wiped out by the enemy because he didn't pay attention to defense. Ponzi was dismissed for this matter. Sima Guang felt very sorry. He wrote to the court three times to blame himself and asked to resign, but he was not allowed. After Pang Ji's death, Sima Guang worshipped his wife as his mother and raised Pang Ji's son as his own brother. At that time, people agreed that Sima Guang was a moral man.
Third, practical application.
Inner page of purple tongzhi sword
After entering the official career, Sima Guang still devoted himself to studying and tried to make the past serve the present. He is familiar with music, calendar, astronomy and mathematics, especially devoted to the study of Confucian classics and history. At that time, it was nearly a hundred years since the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, and there were many crises. Sima Guang has a strong Confucian thought. He participated in politics with a positive attitude and worked hard to save the country.
1? Direct advice to loyal subjects
Sima Guang's personality is straightforward, and he can also adhere to principles in political activities and actively implement decision-making strategies that are beneficial to the country. In the struggle of recommending sages and denouncing traitors, he also dared to go against the dragon's face, preferring to die directly, regardless of personal safety when arguing with the emperor in the court.
At the beginning of Injong's illness, the heir to the throne had not yet been determined. Fearing that mentioning the succession would violate the taboo of the sick emperor, the giant kept his mouth shut. Sima Guang mentioned this matter three times when he was a general in Bing before, and this time he told Renzong face to face. Renzong didn't criticize him, but he still delayed writing. Unbearable, Sima Guang wrote: "The advice I gave you in the past should be implemented immediately, but now there is no voice. There must be a villain who says that your majesty is in the prime of life. Why did you do such an unlucky thing at once? " Those little people have no vision. They just want to have a close prince as their heir when they are in a hurry. There are also disasters such as' setting the country old' and' the son of heaven'. "Injong was greatly moved after seeing it, and soon made Yingzong a prince.
Yingzong is not Injong's own son, but an imperial clan. Sima Guang expected that after he succeeded to the throne, he would definitely pursue his biological parents. Later, Yingzong really asked ministers to discuss what kind of courtesy should be given to his biological father, but no one dared to speak.
Sima Guang wrote a letter saying: "The son is the heir, so don't be afraid of personal relatives. King Pu should be called Bo Huang by convention. " This opinion is different from that of the minister in power. Six people in Yushitai argued and were all dismissed. Sima Guang interceded for them, and without any favor, he asked to be demoted with them.
In his political career, Sima Guang always adhered to this principle and was called "the minister of the country". Song Shenzong also said with emotion: "If people like Sima Guang are always by my side, I can stop making mistakes."
2? Gao mou yuan lve
Sima Guang often writes to state his ideas of governing the country, and generally regards talent, courtesy, benevolence and trust as the fundamental measures to ensure the country. He once said that there are three keys to cultivating the mind: benevolence, wisdom and soldiers; There are also three creeds in governing the country: making good use of people, rewarding meritorious service and punishing guilty. Sima Guang's thought was complete and had certain positive significance at that time.
The imperial court issued a letter to recruit 200,000 soldiers in Shaanxi, and the people's hearts were in chaos. Sima Guang thought the move was inappropriate and asked Han Qi, who was in charge of the military.
Han Qi said he wanted to send 200,000 troops suddenly to scare the enemy. Sima Guang thinks this can only be a temporary deception. Moreover, in the Qing dynasty, the people were already frightened by the conscription system and guarding the border. Han Yi said that ordinary people would not be used to guard the border, but Sima Guang expressed disbelief. Within ten years, things were as Sima Guang expected.
Renzong (Zhao Zhen 1023- 1063, the fourth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty) Baoyuan (1038- 1040) was a junior high school scholar, and Yingzong (Zhao Shu,1064-/kloc-) was a junior high school scholar. He is a conservative in politics and stubbornly opposes Wang Anshi's political reform. Therefore, he once claimed to be Xijing Yushitai (the head of Yushitai) and lived in Luoyang for fifteen years, specializing in compiling Zi Tongzhi Jian. Zhezong (Zhao Xu, 1086- 1000) succeeded to the throne as Shangshu Zuofushe (yee) (established in Qin Dynasty, later divided into deputy prime ministers), and immediately abolished the new law after he acceded to the throne, and died a few months later. Posthumous title wrote about the history of the country, and his works were collected in Sima.
Sima Guang was diligent and studious, and devoted most of his life to compiling Zi Tong Zhi Jian (* * * took 19 years, from three years of Yingzong Yeping, from 1066 to seven years of Zongshen Yuanfeng, 1084). In Zi Zhi Tong Jian, he said: "Day is insufficient, followed by night", "This book is full of energy".
Zi Tong Zhi Jian is the largest chronicle in China, with a total volume of 294 * *, which runs through ancient and modern times. It began in the early Warring States when Korea, Zhao and Wei were divided into Jin (403 BC) and ended in (yìn) (Song Taizu) at the end of the Five Dynasties (Houliang, Houtang, Houjin, Houhan and Houzhou). The author recorded the historical facts of this year 1362 in chronological order, taking the year and month as the longitude and the historical facts as the latitude. The cause and effect of major historical events are clearly explained, so that readers can see the development of historical facts at a glance.
Purple tongzhi sword has a wide range of materials. In addition to biographical history (so-called "official history"), a large number of miscellaneous histories, anthologies, notes and other related works are used to textual research historical facts, and supernatural materials such as "Fu Rui" are abandoned, and the complexity is simplified, from macro to essence.
This book is named and prefaced by God. In addition, Sima Guang also compiled 30 volumes of Textual Research on General Mirror and 30 volumes of Catalogue of General Mirror for reference and review. Liu Shu also wrote A Biography as a Mirror, which recorded the history from East Xi to Zhou Dynasty.
The compilation of Tongjian provides very valuable historical materials for our country, and it is another historical masterpiece after Shiji. But as far as the purpose of its compilation is concerned, as the title says, "In view of the past, resources should be used to govern the road." In order to enable future generations of rulers to learn from the experience and lessons of the rise and fall of the previous generation, they focused on politics and military affairs, but lacked records of social and economic changes.
As far as the author is concerned, his orthodoxy is very strong, which is fully reflected in his "Chen Guang Yue" (see the historical review of Tong Jian). He maintains that the legal system will never change. He once said: "the law of the former king cannot be changed"; In his view, Wei Liede, the king of Zhou Dynasty, appointed Wei Si, a doctor of the Jin Dynasty, as a vassal, which was an abandonment of "the ceremony of the former king" and "the law of the ancestors". At the same time, he also regarded people's ideological activities, especially the political activities of rulers, as a decisive factor in historical development. Of course, these views must run through the mirror, so we can't help but pay attention when reading.
Fourth, write "Purple Tongzhi Sword"
Writing history is also a way for Sima Guang to govern the country politically. 107 1 year, Wang Anshi became prime minister. In the case of different political views and difficulties in cooperation, Sima Guang requested to stay at the National History Desk in Xijing and retreat to Luoyang to study history, hoping to extract the experience of governing the country from the ups and downs of history by compiling historical books.
As early as the reign of Emperor Jiayou of Injong (A.D. 1056 ~ 1063), when Sima Guang served as the attendant system and assistant lecturer of Tianzhangge, he saw that every room in the world was full of history books, and even if a person was poor all his life, he could not see it. So he gradually had the idea of writing a systematic and concise general history, so that people can understand the ups and downs of thousands of years of history after reading it. His idea won the approval and support of his good friend and historian Liu Shu.
In the first year of Song Yingzong Zhiping (A.D. 1064), Sima Guang presented twenty-five volumes of his own history book "Li Tu" to Yingzong, and eight volumes of Tongzhi were presented two years later. Yingzong was very satisfied after reading it, and asked him to continue writing, and wrote a book to set up a bookstore to supply expenses, supplement personnel and specialize in writing. Inspired by this, Sima Guang called famous historians at that time to discuss the purpose and outline of the book, and divided the book into four periods: Liu Ban, Liu Shu, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Fan Zuyu and Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties. Finally, Sima Guang assembled his books, and his son Sima Kang was a proofreader.
After Zong Shen acceded to the throne, he thought that Tongzhi was easier to read and learn from than other historical books, so he summoned Sima Guang and praised it, and gave it the title "Learning from the past, there are resources to govern Taoism", and personally prefaced the book. Zongshen also presented 3,400 old books of Indy to Sima Guang for reference. The expenses for writing a book, such as pens, ink, paper, inkstone, food and lodging, were all provided by the state, which provided favorable conditions for Sima Guang to write a book and promoted the compilation and revision of this history book. In the seventh year of Yuanfeng (AD 1084), this book was finally completed, and it took 19 years to revise it.
Zi Jian is the first chronological general history in the history of China, which spans from the 23rd year of Zhou Martyr (403 BC) after the Five Dynasties to the 6th year of Zhou Xiande (959 AD), totaling 1362. The book has 294 volumes, 30 volumes and 30 volumes of textual research. This book has a large selection of materials. In addition to the official history, more than 320 kinds of unofficial history miscellaneous books are used, and the selection of historical materials is very strict, striving for truth. The content described in this book is indeed more detailed and credible, and it has always been respected by historians. Moreover, Tong Jian is concise, vivid, fluent and concise, which can be read as both a historical work and a literary work.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Sima Xianggong
After Zi Tong Zhi Jian was written, Sima Guang was promoted to a bachelor's degree in Zi Zheng Dian. He has lived in Luo Yin for 15 years, and everyone in the world thinks he is the real prime minister. The people all respect him as Sima Xianggong, and the name Sima Junshi is well known to women and children. When Zongshen died, Sima Guang went to the funeral. When the guards saw it, they all said, "This is Sima Xianggong." Wherever he goes, people welcome him on both sides of the street, so that the horse can't move forward. The people said to Sima Guang, "Don't go back to Luoyang, stay and help the son of heaven and save the people."
By the time Zhezong ascended the throne and Empress Dowager Tai came to power, Sima Guang was already a veteran of the four dynasties who had experienced Renzong, Yingzong and Zongshen, and he was quite prestigious. He advised the Queen Mother to speak freely, so thousands of people wrote letters and told stories. At that time, people all over the world were watching, hoping to innovate politics. However, some people said, "The policy of the first emperor cannot be changed within three years." As a result, only a few small things have been reformed to block people's mouths.
At this point, Sima Guang wrote bluntly: "The law of the first emperor. Well, even eternity can't change it. The system formulated by Wang Anshi and Lv Huiqing has become a worldwide scourge, which should be changed as urgently as fire fighting and flood fighting. Moreover, Empress Dowager Tai changed her son's legal system as a mother, rather than her son changing his father's law. " Only in this way can we unify our opinions. Therefore, the Baojia clique was abolished and the Baowu was not established. Abolish the market measurement method, sell all the stored materials without interest, and exempt the arrears; JD。 COM's iron money and vegetable salt laws have restored the original system.
Sima Guang was ill in his later years, and he will die unsatisfied unless the new law is completely abolished. So he wrote to Lv Gongzhu and said, "I entrusted my body to the doctor, my family to my son, and only national affairs were not entrusted. I will give it to you today. " So I wrote a letter about the five evils of the immunity law, asking the emperor to abolish it and asking for the abolition of Changping's promotion; The border region strategy is mainly to make peace with Xirong; It is also suggested to establish a ten-subject recommended teacher law. The court adopted these suggestions.
Sima guang abolished the young crops law when he was left assistant minister of Shangshu. Empress Dowager Miyako allowed Sima Guang to act. At that time, Sima Guang had outstanding achievements and boundless power. Even the envoys sent by Liao and Xixia had to ask about Sima Guang's physical life. Their monarch said to the generals guarding the border: "Sima Guang was the prime minister of the Song Dynasty. Don't make trouble easily and screw up the border."
Sima Guang can be described as "doing his best and dying". He handles all kinds of affairs with illness and works day and night. Others advised him to pay attention to his health, but he said, "Life and death are life." When he died, he was unconscious and kept talking nonsense. It was all about the national economy and people's livelihood.
In the first year of Yuan You (AD 1086), Sima Guang died at the age of 68. Upon hearing the news, Empress Dowager Tai personally went to offer condolences to Zhezong, and ratified Sima Guang as a surname and Lord Wen, and posthumous title as "Zheng Wen", and gave the tablet "loyalty, sincerity and virtue". People in Beijing stopped their work and went to mourn when they heard the bad news. The villagers in Fengzhou, Lingnan are also preparing to worship their ancestors; Sima Guang's portrait was painted in and around the capital to worship his ancestors, so we must pray for him when eating.
Sixth, the final conclusion
Sima Guang was loyal, filial and righteous all his life. He lives in peace, has laws and behaves politely. When Sima Guang was in Luoyang, he went to see his brother Sima Dan every time he went back to his hometown in Xiaxian to visit the grave. Sima Dan is almost eighty years old. Sima Guang not only respects him like a father, but also takes care of him like a baby.
Sima Guang never told a lie in his life. He said of himself, "I have nothing extraordinary, but I have a clear conscience about what I have done in my life? All people admire and believe him. People in Luoyang, Shaanxi Province are all influenced by his virtue. When they did something wrong, they said, "Does Sima Jun really know? "
Sima Guang lived a clean and simple life and did not like luxury. Many short stories about him are recorded in the history books and handed down as beautiful talks. Even his political opponent, Wang Anshi, admires his moral character and is willing to be his neighbor. It is said that after Sima Guang's wife died, the family had no money for the funeral. His son Sima Kang and his relatives advocated borrowing some money to make the funeral more ostentatious, but Sima Guang disagreed, and educated his son that thrift should be the most valuable thing in life, so don't borrow money easily. Finally, he pawned his own land and arranged a funeral in a hurry. This is the story of Sima Guang's classic wife burial, which is circulated among the people.
Sima Guang's character, virtue, knowledge and history have always been highly respected by people. However, people praised and criticized his achievements.
When the Conservatives were in power, they praised their achievements. Song Zhezong also ordered Su Dongpo, a conservative academician, to write a tombstone, which was full of praise.
When the reformists were in power, Sima Guang not only made great achievements, but was also listed as a traitor. During Song Shaosheng's reign, Zhou Tie, an imperial envoy, first commented that "Wen Gong (posthumous title after Sima Guang's death) slandered the emperor and abolished the law, and it was a sin to say this plainly". The imperial court not only deprived all the titles, but also knocked down the huge monument erected in front of its tomb. When Wang Anshi's students, Zhang Chun and Cai Jing, were in power, they and 309 courtiers were listed as "traitors in Yuan You" in order to retaliate against Sima Guang and others for abolishing the new law, and they wanted to set up "traitor monuments" in the imperial court and counties. However, at the corner of the monument, an unexpected thing happened. An Min, a stonemason, said to Cai Jing, "I am a fool, and I don't know the purpose of erecting a monument. "But Sima Xianggong praised his integrity, and now he wants to list people as traitors. I really can't bear it." Cai Jing was so angry that she wanted to punish him that her daughter cried and begged for mercy: "I dare not disobey the orders of adults." Only the villain has one request: when carving the craftsman's name on the tablet, don't carve the villain Anmin's name on it, so as not to leave a thousand years of infamy. "Cai Jing think carefully, Sima Guang is wrong, but he is honest and enjoys prestige, so he changed his mind and excluded Sima Guang from the traitors.
It can be seen that Sima Guang's personality is not only praised by the people, but even impressed by his opponents. In the feudal era, Sima Guang was the third sage of Confucius, ranking below Confucius and Mencius, and also enjoyed the match in Confucius Temple. Today, people still remember that there was a "Mr. Xu Shui" in history, and he left great spiritual wealth to future generations.