Hanoi is the capital and historical city of Vietnam, located in the northwest of the Red River Delta, on the right bank of the Red River, where the Red River meets the Dun River. No matter from the south to the north, or from the mainland to the coast, it is a must. Its geographical location is very important. It has the largest river port in the north, and there are many railways connected here, which is the general hub of the northern highway. There are Baimei Airport and Jialin Airport in the suburbs, with convenient land, water and air transportation. The city is located in the subtropical zone. Because it is close to the ocean, the climate is pleasant, the seasons are like spring, the rainfall is abundant, the flowers and trees are lush and the flowers are in full bloom. It is known as the "Hundred Flowers Spring City".
Hanoi is an ancient city with a history of 1000 years. It has been the political, economic and cultural center of Vietnam since 1 1 century. Rich in historical relics and numerous places of interest, it enjoys the reputation of "the hometown of cultural relics for thousands of years". Hanoi was founded in 62 1 year, then called Zicheng, and later renamed Luocheng and Rhoda. 165438+At the beginning of the 20th century, Li Tai T, the great ancestor of the Li Dynasty in Vietnamese history, thought that Rhoda was "the best in the world", rich in products and prosperous in population, which was an ideal place for the implementation of the rule of Yue, and it was convenient for10/kloc to move its capital from Lu Hua in Ningping Province to Rhoda. According to legend, when Li Taizu led the people to move the capital, a golden dragon flew from the ground of Rhoda. Taizu thought it was an auspicious place and renamed Rhoda "Shenglong". Many later dynasties, such as Chen and Li, took it as their capital, and the city names were changed many times, successively called Long Yuan, Zhongjing, Kyoto, Tokyo, Zhongdu, Shangjing and Beicheng. 183 1 year, the king of Ruan dynasty in Ming dynasty established his capital here. Seeing that the city was surrounded by the Red River levee, it was renamed "Hanoi", which is still in use today.
Hanoi is divided into inner cities (urban areas) and outer cities (suburbs). The inner city is divided into three parts: Purple City, Imperial City and Beijing City. The place where emperors, queens, their descendants and attendants live is called Zicheng; The purple city is surrounded by the imperial city, where courtiers and officials are located. Blocks, markets and residential areas outside the imperial city are all capitals. In the past, the imperial garden in the imperial city had beautiful scenery, the tower hall in Zicheng was magnificent, and the pagoda temple in Beijing was towering. Later, due to the change of dynasties and frequent wars, the ancient buildings of Li, Chen, Li, Ruan and other dynasties in the past thousand years were repeatedly destroyed, and the palace was gone, leaving only the north gate and Guantou city wall less than 200 meters. In today's Hanoi, many streets still use the old names, such as Pihang, Tonghang, Mianhang, Tanghang, Malaysia Airlines, Taohang and Fanhang. And some streets still maintain professional traditions, such as Pixing Street selling leather goods and Tonghang Street selling bronzes.
There are many places of interest in Hanoi, including Fuxing Jianhu, West Lake, Confucian Temple, Duzhu Temple, Guita Temple, Erzheng Temple, Yushan Temple, Bating Square, Luocheng, Zhubo Lake, Baicao Park, Lingguang Temple, Zhaochan Temple, Dongduogang, Lianpai Temple, Xiangfu Temple, Jingu Temple, Fengta Temple and Medical Temple. The restored Jianhu Lake is located in the southeast of the city and has a slightly oval shape. The lake area is tree-lined and clear as a mirror, and the lake is tree-lined. It is the first scenic spot in Hanoi with quiet environment and beautiful scenery. There is a Yushan Island in the middle of the lake. On the island stands a Yushan Temple built in18th century, which is connected with the lakeshore by an arch bridge. Guita Temple and Duzhu Temple face Yushan Temple far away. Bating Square, not far from the east of Fuxing Jianhu Lake, was the place where Ho Chi Minh issued the Declaration of Independence on September 2, 1945, announcing the birth of the Republic of China. This square covers an area of 3 hectares. After Ho Chi Minh died on September 2, 1969, his mausoleum was also built in the square, and his body was for people to pay tribute to.
Baicao Park is located in the west of Wang Xiong Road, covering an area of about 13 hectares, with 100 kinds of trees and many rare birds and animals. It is also a favorite place for tourists. Guluocheng site is located in the northeast of the city18km, and it is a spiral earthen city, covering an area of 5 square kilometers. There are 9 floors inside and outside the city wall, and there are 3 existing floors, which are more than 2m high and 15m wide. Luocheng town was built in 300 AD, with a history of nearly 1700 years. The temples of Anyang dynasty still existed when the city was built. There are many lakes, large and small, sparkling in the center of ha noi, which is a good place for recreation and makes the city clean and elegant.
Today, the urban area of Hanoi has also expanded from 152 square kilometers in 1954 to 1000 square kilometers, and the population has also increased from more than 400,000 at that time to about 365,438+million. It is the political, economic and cultural center of Vietnam. Several wide and straight streets in the center of ha noi extend radially around the restored Jianhu Lake, and tall trees with evergreen seasons grow on both sides of the streets. The bustling streets in the urban area include Tao Jie, Tang Jie and Tongchun Market. Hanoi has its own industrial system, including machinery, chemicals, textiles, sugar, cigarettes and other industrial sectors, among which machine manufacturing has become the national center. For example, Hanoi Machinery Factory can produce all kinds of high-precision machine tools and new agricultural machinery for the whole country, and turn Hanoi from a consumer city into a production city.
Vientiane, the capital of Laos
Vientiane, the capital of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is located on the valley plain on the north bank of the middle reaches of the Mekong River, facing the opening of the entrance corridor of Thailand across the river, and is one of the few border capitals in the world. The population is mainly in Lao, which is commonly used. Most residents believe in Buddhism, and their language and customs are similar to those of the Dai people in China.
Vientiane, founded in the 4th century BC, is an ancient city with a long history. Vientiane has been the capital of Laos since14th century, with a history of more than 500 years. 1893 to 1975 were French colonies, which were occupied by Japan during World War II. 1975 12. Laos established the People's Democratic Republic with Vientiane as its capital.
Vientiane belongs to the tropical climate type, with high temperature and rain all year round and evergreen trees. In the local language, "Vientiane" means "Ebony City", which means that Vientiane once had dense ebony trees. Due to excessive logging during colonial rule, ebony trees are rarely seen in Vientiane now. But on the back of Vientiane, there is a lush forest, which has built a natural barrier for Vientiane.
Vientiane is a quiet and beautiful city. The urban area is long from east to west and narrow from north to south. Seen from the sky, it looks like a crescent moon, so it has the reputation of "the city of the moon". The urban area is adjacent to the east bank of the Mekong River and extends from west to east to north, forming an "up" shape. The environment is quiet and tree-lined, and the national flower of Laos "Changba Flower" (frangipani) can be seen everywhere. The wide riverside avenue-"Tade Avenue" runs through the whole city. On both sides of the avenue, coconut, banana, betel nut, longan, phoenix tail, acacia and other high and low plants grow alternately, and trees shade the sun. Every April and May, the phoenix tree is in full bloom, which is the most beautiful street in Vientiane. Lancang Avenue, from the Old Palace to the Arc de Triomphe, is the widest road in Vientiane. Sansentai Street runs through Vientiane, which is a local Chinatown, an overseas Chinese gathering area and a commercial center. The residential buildings in the suburbs of Vientiane are mostly wooden and bamboo buildings supported by several long columns, which are about 1 m above the ground. These buildings are called "high-legged houses" and "floating-legged houses", which are designed to adapt to the local tropical geographical environment. They can make rainwater easy to pour, ventilate and cool down, and reduce the invasion of wild animals.
As an ancient historical city, the beauty of Vientiane is also reflected in its ancient buildings. As more than 85% of the residents in Laos believe in Buddhism, temples and pagodas can be seen everywhere in Vientiane. These ancient Buddhist temples, exquisite pagodas and exquisite reliefs condense the essence of Lao traditional culture and art. So Vientiane is also called "Yongzheng", that is, "a city with many temples".
"Talong" is located in the northeast suburb of Vientiane, also known as "Talong". This is a16th century building, which has been restored several times. It is unique among many pagoda buildings in Laos and is considered as a symbol of Laos. The national emblem of Laos is painted with the pattern of "Talong". When Chinese people see "Talong", they will immediately associate it with the White Pagoda in Beijing Beihai Park. Indeed, the main tower is very similar in size and shape to the White Tower, except that the Talon is a golden dome with 30 small towers around it. The whole building is a gray brick structure with a unique style. The pagodas in Southeast Asia are generally round, but the Talong in Laos is square. The bottom of the tower dragon consists of three huge square seats, surrounded by four worship pavilions, and the top floor is the main tower with gold foil on it, which shines in the sun. Talong was built in 1566, so it was called "Talong" because it was built by the king of Lancang. In the following centuries, it was destroyed and built repeatedly, and now the Talon is rebuilt at 1930. There are many legends about Talon. A legend says that the Buddha's hair of Sakyamuni is buried under the Talong. According to another legend, the Buddha bones of Sakyamuni were buried under the Talong. There is also a legend that Buddha Sakyamuni once lived in the place where Tower Dragon was built. Laotians regard Talong as a symbol of the Holy Spirit of Buddha, a sacred symbol, and Buddhists often come here to worship. Every year, the Talon Festival in Gregorian calendar 1 1 is a day when Buddhists from all over Laos gather here to hold the Talon Conference to worship Buddha. The newly-built Talon Square centered on Talon is the most open area in downtown Vientiane. In addition to the Talong Buddhist Temple, which consists of Talong, Buddhist temples and monasteries, a revolutionary monument has been built in the north of the square. On the high pedestal of the monument stands a pagoda-like building in Laos. The difference is that the spire is decorated with a red five-pointed star.
The main Buddhist temples in Vientiane are: Jade Buddha Temple, Wa Xiaji Temple, Wa Ximeng Temple, Wa Wengde Temple and Wa Yinbing Temple. Among them, the Jade Buddha Temple was founded in 1563, which was a Buddhist temple in the palace at that time, separated from the old palace in Vientiane today by a wall, and was converted into a museum in the middle of the 20th century, mainly collecting various Buddha statues. Waxia Temple was built in 18 18. It is a palace-style lecture hall with strong colors, surrounded by a Buddhist corridor composed of 120 gray plastic Buddha statues, and has a unique Buddhist pavilion with beautiful image, which is known as the first ancient building in Laos. Numerous Buddhist temples are not only places for Vientiane citizens to carry out religious activities, but also places to preserve the traditional culture and art of Laos.
Vientiane is not only the cultural center of Laos, but also a relatively developed area in Laos, and it is the city with the largest number of trade centers and factories in China. Industries are mainly textile, wood processing, rice milling, cigarettes, soap, matches and other daily textile industries. Vientiane has a warm and humid climate, abundant sunshine and water, which is suitable for the growth of all kinds of tropical and subtropical crops. The output of rice, vegetables, mung beans, tobacco leaves and sugarcane ranks among the best in the country.
Because Vientiane is close to the Mekong River, waterway traffic mainly depends on this river, which is called the "mother of all things" in Laos. From Vientiane in the north, Luang Prabang in the south and savannakhet in the south, it is navigable all year round. Nanmu River, Nanteng River and Nanbuang River, tributaries of Mekong River in Vientiane area, have been the main navigation channels for local residents to sail large and small wooden boats since ancient times. There is no railway in Vientiane, and land transportation mainly depends on roads. Located on the West Mekong River in Vientiane, Wadai International Airport is the largest airport in Laos, with international flights to Hanoi, Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City, Phnom Penh and Moscow. The Nane Dam in the north of the city provides sufficient hydropower and exports electricity to Thailand. There are Laos Military Museum, Independence Tower and many temple pagodas in the city.