There are many varieties of osmanthus fragrans, among which Jingui, Yin Gui, Dangui and Sijigui are common. The fruit is purple-black drupe, commonly known as cinnamon.
Han Gui in Hanzhong is the best of osmanthus, which enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad, and is also a household name in Kyushu.
Osmanthus fragrans originated in southwest and central China, and is now widely planted in Huaihe River Basin and its south area. Its suitable area is north to the lower reaches of the Yellow River and south to Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Wild plants are distributed in southwest China, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong and Hubei provinces, and also in India, Nepal and Cambodia. Like warm and humid climate, it is a subtropical tree species, resistant to high temperature but not too cold. Osmanthus fragrans leaves are lush and evergreen, and the trees are long in age. They bloom in autumn and are full of fragrance. It is a unique ornamental flower and aromatic tree species in China. Osmanthus fragrans is the city flower of more than 20 cities in China.
Osmanthus fragrans is not strict with the soil. Except alkaline soil and low-lying land or soil that is too sticky and poorly drained, it can generally grow, but slightly acidic sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage is the most suitable.
Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen broad-leaved tree with a tree height of15m and a crown covering 400 square meters. The bark is rough, the opposite leaves are grayish brown or grayish white, ovoid, ovoid to lanceolate, and the whole or upper part is sparsely serrated. The leaves are leathery, opposite, oval or oblong, and the edges of young leaves are serrated. Flowers are clustered, with 3-5 flowers in the axils of leaves, mostly in the spring shoots of that year, and there are also flowers on the biennial branches. The corolla splits into milky white, yellow, orange red and other colors, and the aroma is very rich. Flowers cluster in leaf axils to form cymes. The flowers are small, yellow and white, and very fragrant. The bark is smooth and gray. The single leaf is opposite, the leather is bright, the leaf shape and leaf margin vary with varieties, the leaf shape is elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, and the leaf margin is whole or serrated. Flowers are axillary cymes, small and fragrant, and their colors vary with varieties. There are osmanthus fragrans with strong growth potential, thick branches, large leaf shape, rough leaves, dark green leaves and orange red leaves; There are silvery laurel trees with medium growth, smooth leaves, serrated leaves, milky white flowers and dense and sweet flowers; Strong growth potential, smooth leaf surface, sparse serrated or entire leaf margin, light yellow flowers and sparse fragrance, which can bloom with the above varieties from September to autumn 10, or once every 2-3 months. Dangui and Sijigui, the fruit is purple-black drupe, commonly known as cinnamon. Osmanthus fragrans seedlings have obvious taproots, developed and deep roots. Young roots are yellow-brown, and old roots are yellow-brown. The root system of grafted seedlings varies with rootstock; When cuttings are buried in the soil, adventitious roots grow everywhere, but there is no obvious main root. Hanging flowers have strong branching and low technical points, especially in the early stage, and often appear shrub-like for a long time. After close planting or pruning, it can become an obvious trunk. Bark is rough, grayish brown or grayish white, sometimes showing lenticels. The leaf surface is smooth, leathery, dark and bright green near the axis, and the far axis surface is more talked about; Oval, oblong, oval, obovate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oblanceolate to ovate-lanceolate.
Osmanthus fragrans likes warm environment, and should grow in acid sandy loam with deep soil layer, good drainage, fertility and rich humus. Not drought-tolerant and barren, it grows very slowly in shallow, hardened and barren soil, with few branches and leaves, thin leaves, yellow leaves, no flowers or few flowers, and even periodic dead tops. In severe cases, the whole plant of osmanthus fragrans died; It likes sunshine, but it has a certain shade tolerance. Small trees need some shade, and adult trees need relatively sufficient light to ensure the normal growth of osmanthus fragrans. Strong sunlight and shade are not good for its growth, and it usually needs 6~8 hours of light every day. It is observed that one side of the crown of osmanthus fragrans clings to the wall, or when the crowns of two osmanthus fragrans plants overlap with each other, the crown close to the wall or the overlapping part will soon become sparse, which will affect the shape and beauty of the whole crown. It can be seen that osmanthus fragrans is suitable for planting in ventilated and light-transmitting places; Osmanthus fragrans likes clean and ventilated environment, is not resistant to the harm of smoke and dust, and often cannot blossom after being victimized; Afraid of waterlogging, if waterlogging damages, the root system will be black and rotten, the leaves will be scorched at the tip first, and then the whole leaves will wither and fall off, leading to the death of the whole plant; Not very cold-tolerant, but compared with other evergreen broad-leaved trees, it is still a relatively cold-tolerant tree species, which provides the possibility for potted osmanthus fragrans in the north.
Variety classification.
Four varieties of osmanthus fragrans;
Jingui
Jin Guihua is golden yellow with strong smell and thick leaves.
Jingui Variety Group: It blooms in autumn with lemon yellow to golden yellow flowers, including Dahuajiugui, Dayehuang, Huangchuan Jingui, Late Jingui, Round Leaf Jingui and Golden Globe Jingui.
Yin Gui
The flowers of Cinnamomum cassia are white, yellowish, with strong smell and thin leaves.
Yin Gui variety group: autumn flowering, pure white, milky white, yellow white, light yellow, seeded Yin Gui (seeded), Jiulong Guigui, early Yin Gui, late Yin Gui, Baijie and other varieties.
orange osmanthus
Osmanthus fragrans flowers are orange in color, moderate in smell, thick in leaves and dark in color.
Osmanthus fragrans variety group: It blooms in autumn, and its color is dark, orange yellow, orange red to vermilion. There are varieties such as "Dahuadangui", "Yadangui", "Zhusha Dangui" and "Broad Leaf Red".
Sijigui
Four seasons laurel is also called laurel. The flowers are slightly white or yellowish, with faint fragrance and thin leaves. It blooms all year round.
Osmanthus fragrans variety group: it blooms all year round, and there are varieties such as "laurel", "Osmanthus fragrans" and "Osmanthus fragrans".
There are some varieties worthy of popularization and application in each variety group, such as Osmanthus fragrans and Phyllostachys macrophylla, which are small shrubs with a height of 0.5-1.5m. "Osmanthus fragrans" has a light yellow flower, and each node of the same branch blooms one after another, and flowers appear almost every day, hence the name. There are a large number of mother plants in Cangxi, Sichuan. "Big-leaf Buddha's Dingzhu" has milky white to pure white flowers, dense inflorescences and unique terminal inflorescences, which bloom continuously from spring to autumn. They have high ornamental value and can be potted indoors or planted outdoors in a large area.
Different species or varieties can be selected for breeding according to different needs. For the purpose of picking flowers, high-yield types with dense flowers should be selected, such as "Huangchuan Jingui", "Jingui", "Seed Yin Gui", "Big Flower Dangui" and "Orange Red Dangui". For the purpose of seeing flowers and smelling fragrance, osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus cinnabarinus, Osmanthus fragrans and Osmanthus fragrans should be selected. Shrubbery, potted plants and bonsai should be selected from "Fusang", "Big Leaf Buddha's Fixed Pearl", "laurel", "Four Seasons Cinnamomum", "Kowloon Cinnamomum" and "Willow Cinnamomum". And take them as trees or choose "Huang Yingui with big leaves", "Jingui", "Dangui with big leaves" and "Jingui with big Dan" as the garden owners of Jing Yi.
According to the investigation in recent years, there are about 105 osmanthus varieties.
Ⅰ Cinnamomum cassia
Plants are low, often in the form of tufts and shrubs, with a height of 1~3m, and occasionally grow into small trees as high as 5~6m. The two kinds of leaves, spring leaf and autumn leaf, are different. The former is wide, nearly entire, and the apex is often pointed, while the latter is narrow, serrated and the apex is gradually pointed. Inflorescence terminal or (and) axillary, there are two types, one is broom-shaped or nearly conical, with peduncle (peduncle), and the other is clustered cymes without peduncle. The former is more common at the top of branches, especially in spring, while the latter mainly blooms in autumn. The flowering period is long, and the spring and autumn is the full flowering period. Only 1 variety.
① Cinnamomum cassia variety group. There are about 15 varieties, such as laurel, tianxiangtai pavilion, wrinkled leaf, small leaf, big leaf, Guizhou, big leaf bergamot, small leaf bergamot, Japanese osmanthus, Dongxiang red and small flower.
Ⅱ Autumn Osmanthus fragrans
Plants are tall, mostly small and medium-sized trees, with obvious trunks, which can reach 3~8m (sometimes up to 12m), and a few species are tufted shrubs. Inflorescence axillary, clustered cymes, without peduncle. The flowering period is short, and it is concentrated from August to165438+1October. Includes three species groups.
② The varieties in Yin Gui are light, white, light yellow, lemon yellow to medium yellow. There are about 30 known varieties, such as Yin Gui, Yin Gui, Yin Gui, Yin Gui, Yin Gui, Yin Gui, Yin Gui, Baijie, Suzhou Zaohuang, Liuguigui and Jiulong Guigui.
③ Jingui variety group, the color is yellow to light orange. Now it is known that Ziziphus jujuba, Su Jingui, Mo Ye Jingui, Huada Jingui, Late Jingui, Huangchuan Jingui, Dayezijingui, Dayehuang, Xiao Ye Jingui, Jinshigui, Jinguigui, Boye Jingui, Round-petaled Jingui, Jingui, Willow Jingui, Broken Leaf Jingui, Bright Leaf Jingui, Sickle Jingui, Camellia Jingui and Cirrhosa Jingui.
④ Osmanthus fragrans varieties have the deepest color, which is orange yellow, orange and even reddish orange. There are about 25 known species, including hippopotamus chef Dangui, Daye Dangui, Gaihua Dangui, Dahua Dangui, Dangui, Broadleaf Red, Tooth Leaf Dangui, Cinnabar Dangui, Hard Leaf Dangui, Peach Leaf Dangui, Zhuangyuanhong, Xianning Dangui, Cadmium Orange Dangui and Xiaoya Dangui.
Seedling raising technology
Osmanthus fragrans generally adopts cutting seedling, and single-dried Osmanthus fragrans mostly adopts sowing seedling, which is introduced as follows:
1. Osmanthus fragrans blooms from September to June, and the fruit matures from late March to late April of the following year. When the fruit enters maturity and the peel gradually changes from green to purple-black, it can be harvested. The collected fruits are piled and retted for about 3 days. After the peel becomes soft, wash it with water, remove the peel and pulp to get clean seeds, dry them a little, and moisten them with sand. Because osmanthus seeds have a post-ripening period, wet sofa buds usually take 8 months.
2. Seeding and seedling raising methods are commonly used. A large number of osmanthus seedlings can be obtained by sowing and seedling raising, which is suitable for street trees. Sowing is usually carried out in wide rows, with the row spacing of 20-25cm and the width of10-12cm. Sow 20 kilograms per mu, and there are 25,000 to 30,000 osmanthus seedlings per mu. Before sowing, the umbilical cord should be oriented to one side, covered with one or two centimeters of fine soil, covered with a thin layer of straw, and sprayed with water until the soil is soaked to prevent soil hardening and reduce water evaporation. After the seeds germinate, uncover the grass cover in time and put the grass between rows, which can not only keep the soil moist, but also prevent the weeds from growing.
[Edit this paragraph] Cultivation and propagation
Seeding, layering, grafting and cutting propagation. When 65438+ 10 is sown in autumn in the same year or in spring in the next year, the initial flowering period of seedlings is late, so it is difficult to maintain the original characteristics of varieties. Layered propagation is used to propagate improved varieties. Grafting propagation is a common method. Ligustrum lucidum, Ligustrum lucidum, small wax, water wax, tassel and ash tree are used as rootstocks for grafting or cutting. Cutting propagation is mostly carried out from mid-June to late August. Transplanting is often carried out after flowering in autumn or spring, and it can also be transplanted in rainy season. Large seedlings need soil balls, and more base fertilizer should be applied to planting holes. Potted osmanthus can be placed in the courtyard sunshine in summer without shading, and it can be safely wintered indoors in winter. Pests and diseases include Fusarium wilt, dead branch disease, Osmanthus fragrans, citrus whitefly, grasshopper and so on.
Maintenance points
(1) intertillage weeding. Tree tray with trunk as the center and diameter of 1 m, with emphasis on loosening soil and weeding. After irrigation or rainfall, intertillage and loosen the soil to prevent the soil from hardening.
(2) Water and drainage. Osmanthus fragrans is mainly watered within one month after new planting and in the summer of the same year. Newly planted osmanthus fragrans must be watered and permeable, and the canopy of the plant should be sprayed with water conditionally to maintain a certain air humidity. Osmanthus fragrans is not tolerant to waterlogging, so timely drainage or transplanting waterlogged plants, combined with certain sand planting, can promote the growth of new roots.
(3) Rational fertilization. Fertilization should be based on the principle of thin fertilizer and diligent application, with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer, and medium and large seedlings should be fertilized three or four times a year. In early spring, apply organic fertilizer to the tree tray to promote the growth of spring shoots. Inorganic fertilizer or garbage miscellaneous fertilizer should be applied in early winter. In the meantime, fertilization can be applied once or twice according to the growth of osmanthus fragrans. Newly transplanted osmanthus fragrans should not be topdressed too early. The base fertilizer of the transplanting pit should be mixed with soil before covering it.
(4) plastic trimming.
(1) Bud peeling: During germination, the useless buds at the lower part of the trunk are peeled off.
(2) Thinning branches: keep a certain branch height and cut off useless branches. Generally, the branch height of osmanthus fragrans is about 1.5 meters.
(3) Short cutting: Cut off the top branches that are growing too vigorously to keep the height of osmanthus fragrans at about 3.5 meters and the crown width at 2.5 ~ 3 meters.
Disease control:
Osmanthus fragrans brown spot, Osmanthus fragrans wilt and Osmanthus fragrans anthracnose are common leaf diseases, which can lead to premature defoliation of Osmanthus fragrans, weaken plant growth potential and reduce flower yield and ornamental value.
Brown spot of osmanthus fragrans
At the initial stage of the disease, there are yellow macules on the leaves, which gradually expand into a nearly round lesion with a diameter of 2 ~ 10mm, or become irregular lesions due to the expansion of the lesion restricted by the veins. The focus is yellowish brown to grayish brown with yellow halo around it. Brown spot disease generally occurs from April to 10, and older leaves are more susceptible to disease than younger leaves. The pathogen overwinters on the diseased leaves with mycelium, and conidia are produced in the following spring for primary infection, and the conidia are spread by airflow and raindrops.
Osmanthus wilt
The pathogen of the disease mostly invades from the leaf margin and tip, and occurs at the leaf margin and tip. At the initial stage of the disease, light brown spots are produced on the leaves, which gradually expand into round or irregular lesions, and then expand into nearly round or irregular taupe spots with dark brown edges. Fusarium wilt occurred from July to 165438+ 10, which can occur all year round in the greenhouse with poor environmental conditions. Pathogens are spread and infected by conidia through wind and water. High temperature, high humidity and poor ventilation are conducive to the onset. Old leaves and leaves at the lower part of the plant are seriously ill when the plant grows weak and overwinters.
Anthracnose of osmanthus fragrans
This disease infects the leaves of osmanthus fragrans. At the early stage of the disease, small chlorosis spots appeared on the leaves, which gradually expanded to form round, semi-circular or oval lesions. The lesion is light brown to grayish white with reddish-brown ring at the edge. Under wet conditions, pink myxospore discs appear on the lesion. Anthrax occurs from April to June. Pathogenic bacteria overwinter in the diseased leaves of maple trees and spread through wind and rain.
Preventive and control measures
First of all, reduce the source of infection. Thoroughly remove diseased leaves in autumn. Potted sweet-scented osmanthus should remove the diseased leaves in time.
Secondly, strengthen cultivation management. Choose fertile and well-drained soil or substrate to plant osmanthus fragrans; Increase the application of organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer; Planting density should be suitable for ventilation and light transmission, reduce leaf humidity and reduce diseases.
Scientific use of chemicals for prevention and control. At the initial stage of the disease, the Bordeaux mixture can be sprayed at a ratio of 1: 2: 200, and then 50% carbendazim wettable powder at a ratio of 1000 or 50% benomyl wettable powder at a ratio of 1000 to 1500 can be sprayed. Seedlings in seriously ill areas should be soaked and disinfected with 1000 times potassium permanganate solution when they leave the nursery.
Pest control:
The main pests of osmanthus cultivated at home are mites, commonly known as red spiders. Once the disease is found, it should be treated immediately, and it can be sprayed on the leaves with acaricide, acaricide and triazole. Spray evenly on both sides of the blade. Once a week, 2-3 times in a row, it can be cured.