Scientific name: Prunus serrulata
Japanese name: サクラ/𞻼
English name: Cherry Blossom
Spanish name: Cherry
Alias: Mountain Cherry, Fukushima Cherry and Green Cherry. It belongs to Rosaceae, a deciduous tree. Bark is purple-brown, smooth and shiny, with horizontal stripes. Flowers and leaves alternate, oval or obovate-oval, with awn teeth on the edge, sharp and glandular apex, dark green and shiny surface, and slightly pale back. Stipules are needle-linear, with serrated edges and glands at the crack ends. Three or five flowers per branch, in an umbrella, sepals spread horizontally, petals with notches at the apex, white and red. Flowers bloom with leaves or after leaves in March. The nucleus is spherical, red at first, then purple-brown, and mature in July.
[ Edit this paragraph] Classification of families and genera
Boundary: Plant kingdom
phylum: Angiosperma
class: Dicotyledonous plant class
Order: Rosaceae
subfamily: Rosaceae
Genus: Cherry
Scientific name: Prunun. It belongs to Rosaceae, a deciduous tree. Bark is purple-brown, smooth and shiny, with horizontal stripes. Flowers and leaves alternate, oval or obovate-oval, with awn teeth on the edge, sharp and glandular apex, dark green and shiny surface, and slightly pale back. Stipules are needle-linear, with serrated edges and glands at the crack ends. Three or five flowers per branch, in an umbrella, sepals spread horizontally, petals with notches at the apex, white and red. Flowers bloom with leaves or after leaves in March. The nucleus is spherical, red at first, then purple-brown, and mature in July. It is the national flower of Japan.
[ Edit this paragraph] Origin and main distribution
It is native to the temperate Himalayan region in the northern hemisphere, including northern India, the Yangtze River valley in China, Taiwan Province Province in China, North Korea and Japan. It is the most abundant in the southwest mountainous area of China, and cultivated in all parts of North China in China. It is cultivated all over the world, and Japanese cherry blossoms are the most famous, with more than 2 varieties. Therefore, Japan is known as "the country of cherry blossoms".
cherry blossoms like sunshine, warm and humid climate, and the requirements for soil are not strict. Deep and fertile sandy loam grows best, with shallow roots, and its resistance to smoke, harmful gases and tidal winds is weak. Saline-alkali intolerant soil. The root system is shallow, so avoid water accumulation and low-lying land. It has certain cold tolerance and drought tolerance, but it is weak against smoke and wind. Cherry blossoms are extremely beautiful. When they are in full bloom, they are full of trees, like clouds and clouds. They are famous ornamental flowers and trees that bloom in early spring.
Cherry blossoms are popular with Japanese people and widely planted in Japan, and chrysanthemum, a symbol of the royal family, is designated as the national flower of Japan. Yoshinoyama, Nara Prefecture is the most famous cherry blossom, so it is known as "Yoshino Thousand Cherry Blossoms". The flowering period of Japanese cherry blossoms is about 5 days, but it takes only seven to ten days from bloom to the end of flowering in each region. There are many kinds of cherry blossoms, so the color is not pure pink, and the corresponding flower species have the same color. Cherry blossom viewing in spring is one of the traditional Japanese customs. The Japan Meteorological Agency publishes the forecast of cherry blossom date every year, which is the "front line of cherry blossom". Japanese cherry blossoms are mostly divided into horticultural species and wild species, and the more famous ones are: Hansakura, Hejin Sakura, Rainy Sage Sakura, Yoshinoya Sakura, Oshima Sakura, Hanfei Sakura, Daisy Sakura, and a series of Octuple Sakura (such as Octuple Red Shore, Nara Octuple Sakura, Octuple Xiasakura, Octuple Akasakura, and Octuple heavy purple Sakura). Among them, Yoshino Sakura, the most common non-dyed cherry, accounts for about 8% of the Japanese cherry blossoms, with five pink petals, but the most beautiful one is the branch cherry blossom, also known as waterfall cherry blossom, which hangs down like a pink waterfall and is extremely poetic.
most of the cherry blossoms in Japan bloom from late March to early April, but in recent years, due to the influence of global warming, the opening time of cherry blossoms has been advanced. Moreover, the warming climate in the Pacific Ocean has also caused bloom to be scattered by the wind. It has greatly shortened the time for citizens to enjoy cherry blossoms.
[ edit this paragraph] belong to the same common species
1. Japanese cherry (P.yedoensis Mats.), with dark gray dry skin, oval leaves, tapering apex or tail tip, awn-like fine-pointed serrations at the edge, glands at the tooth tip, and two glands at the upper end of the petiole. The petiole is strip-shaped, with glandular teeth, with multiple petals, white, pink or rose red flowers and a nucleus. â‘¡ Pink Japanese cherry (var.taizanfukus Wils.), double, medium, pink.
2. P.serrulata Lindl., also known as Green Skin Sakura. Dry skin is millet-brown, leaves are mostly elliptic-lanceolate, the apex is often tail-shaped, the edge is tapering with single serrations or double serrations, the teeth have glandular prickles, the leaf surface is pale green and smooth, the back is slightly covered with white powder with midvein hairs, and the young leaves are often brown. Petiole has 2-4 glands, single or double flowers, white or pink, ovoid fruit, black when ripe. It is a native species in China, and it grows wild in mountainous areas of North China. It is resistant to smoke and dust, and is often used as the rootstock of cherry. Its nucleolus can be used as medicine.
[ Edit this paragraph] Morphological characteristics
The crown of the tree is oval to round, and the leaves are alternate with each other, with glandular serrations. The single branches of the flowers are topped or clustered in 3-6 groups in an umbrella-shaped or umbrella-shaped inflorescence, which produces at the same time with the leaves or leaves first and then flowers. The calyx tube is bell-shaped or tubular, and most cultivated varieties are double petals; The fruit is red or black and ripens in May-June.
[ Edit this paragraph] Growth habit
People like sunshine and warm and humid climate, and the requirements for soil are not strict, but loose and fertile sandy soil with good drainage grows best and is not tolerant of saline-alkali soil. The root system is shallow, so avoid water accumulation and low-lying land. It has certain cold tolerance and drought tolerance, but it is weak against smoke and wind.
[ Edit this paragraph] Common cultivated species
1. P.serreulata, deciduous trees. About 5-25 meters high. The bark is dark chestnut brown, smooth and shiny, with horizontal stripes. Branchlets glabrous. Leaves ovoid to ovoid-elliptic, with awn semi-mature teeth on the edge and hairless on both sides. Corymbose or raceme with white or pinkish flowers. Diameter 2.5-4cm, flowering from April to May. The prismatic fruit is spherical, black and ripe in July.
2. Japanese late cherry (P.lannesiana), about 1m high, with light gray bark. Leaves obovate, margin with long awn teeth; Single or double flowers, drooping, pink or nearly white, fragrant, 2-5 flowers clustered, flowering in April.
3. Japanese early cherry (P.subhirtella) is a small tree, about 5m high, with striated bark and old bark. Branchlets brown, leaves obovate to ovate-lanceolate. The flowers are pink, 2-2.5cm in diameter, 2-5 in umbels, and bloom before leaves in spring.
4. P.sargentii, 12-2m high, with brown bark, purplish brown branchlets and oval-shaped leaves. Pink flowers, 2-4 in clusters, 3-5cm in diameter, flowering in March-April.
5. Yunnan cherry blossoms (P.cerosoides), about 1m high, with brown bark, purplish brown branchlets, oval or obovate leaves, and heavy teeth at the margin. Flowers pink to deep red, 2-5 in clusters, flowering in February-March.
6. P.majestica, about 25m high, with light brown bark, green branchlets, long oval to lanceolate leaves and pink flowers, blooms from January to the following January.
7. Mountain cherry blossoms: wild, small flowers, single petals, white or pink, with hairless pedicels and flowers.
8. Prunus tomentosa: Its appearance is basically the same as that of Prunus tomentosa, but its leaves, stalks and flowers are hairy.
9. Re-distinguish White Cherry Blossom: White flowers with double petals are the main cultivated varieties.
1. Double red cherry blossom: the flower is pink, double.
11. Red and white cherry blossoms: the flowers are reddish and double.
12. Magnificent cherry blossoms: pale red flowers with straight petals, large flowers and long pedicels.
13. drooping cherry blossoms: the flowers are pink, double, and the branches are open and drooping.
[ Edit this paragraph] Breeding
Seeding, cutting and grafting are the main breeding methods. The cherry blossoms are propagated by sowing. Be careful not to dry the seeds. They should be sown with the harvest or the next spring after wet sand accumulation. Grafting propagation can use the seedlings of cherry and mountain cherry as rootstocks. Cutting in late March or budding in late August, after grafting, it can be cultivated for 3 to 4 years, and can be planted out of the nursery. When planting, 15 kg -25 kg of decomposed compost is applied to each pit, and 1 kg -2 kg of ammonium sulfate is applied to each plant in July. After flowering and before germination in early spring, it is necessary to cut off dead branches, weak branches and long branches, and try to avoid pruning thick branches to keep the crown complete.
[ edit this paragraph] cultivation and management
1. Soil requirements and improvement measures
Cherry blossoms can grow well in sandy loam and clayey loam (pH5.5-6.5) with more humus. In places with heavy soil in the south, self-made humus soil (soil made by collecting leaves, acid soil, chicken manure and charcoal powder retting) is generally mixed. Note that all the original clay blocks must be broken before mixing, otherwise it will not improve the soil. In the place where the groundwater level is less than 1 meter, the high planting method is adopted, that is, after the whole planting hole is leveled, soil is piled on it to plant seedlings. In northern alkaline soil, it is necessary to apply sulfur powder or ferrous sulfate to adjust the pH value to about 6. Apply 2 grams of sulfur powder per square meter, valid for 1 to 2 years, and measure it every year so that the pH value does not exceed 7. The tree trunks of Prunus mume, Inoue Yoshino and other varieties are straight, and the trees are large, so they are strongly positive trees, which require shelter from the wind and sunshine, ventilation and light transmission. When planting in pieces, each tree should receive sunlight.
2. Planting measures
The planting time is immediately after the soil is thawed in early spring, usually in February and March. Carefully prepare the soil before planting. A hole with a diameter of 1 meter and a depth of .8 meters can be dug by planting in the flat land. Fill the hole with improved soil about half depth first, and put the seedlings in the center of the hole so that the roots of the seedlings extend in all directions. After a small amount of soil is filled, the seedlings are slightly raised upward to fully extend the roots, and then lightly trodden. The depth of planting seedlings should be 5 cm from the ground. After planting, make a water hole, fully irrigate it, and finally support it with bamboo pieces almost as high as the seedlings to prevent the wind from blowing down.
3. management measures
drought prevention: after planting, the seedlings are vulnerable to drought. In addition to adequate irrigation during planting, irrigation should be done once every 8 to 1 days to keep the soil moist without water accumulation. Loosen the soil in time after irrigation, and it is best to cover the surface with grass to reduce water evaporation. In 2 to 3 years after planting, in order to prevent the trunk from drying, it can be wrapped with straw. However, after two to three years, the seedlings grow new roots and their adaptability to the environment is gradually enhanced, so there is no need to wrap grass.
growing period management: apply fertilizer twice a year to cherry blossoms, and acid fertilizer is better. One is winter fertilizer, and organic fertilizers such as bean cake, chicken manure and decomposed fertilizer are applied in winter or early spring; Another time, after flowering, quick-acting fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ferrous sulfate and calcium superphosphate were applied. Generally, the method of hole application can be adopted for fertilization of large cherry trees, that is, an annular ditch with a depth of about 1 cm is dug at the edge of the crown: orthogonal projection line, and the fertilizer is applied. This method is not only simple but also beneficial to root absorption. In the future, with the growth of trees, the diameter and depth of the annular groove for fertilization will also increase. The root system of cherry blossoms is shallow, which requires good drainage and ventilation. Therefore, people, animals and vehicles are forbidden to stabilize the soil around the trees, especially within the root system distribution range. Pedestrian trampling will weaken the tree, shorten its life, and even cause rotten roots to die.
pruning and maintenance: pruning is mainly to cut off withered branches, overgrown branches, overlapping branches and pests and diseases. In addition, when many branches grow on the trunk of a large cherry tree, some robust branches should be kept, and the rest should be cut off from the base to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. After pruning, the branches should be disinfected with drugs in time to prevent bacteria from invading after rain and causing rot. After a long period of exposure to the sun, the bark of cherry blossoms is easy to age and damage, causing rot, so it should be removed and disinfected in time. After that, wrap the rotten part with humus soil and carbon powder to promote its normal physiological function.
[ edit this paragraph] pests and diseases and their control
cherry blossoms should mainly prevent gummosis and nodule diseases, as well as aphids, red spiders, scale insects and other pests. Gummosis is caused by moths drilling into tree trunks to lay eggs. We can dig out eggs with sharp knives, improve soil and strengthen water and fertilizer management. Nodular nodule disease will cause the roots of diseased trees to fail to grow normally, and the trees are still not strong no matter how fertilized. It is necessary to remove the tumor in time, disinfect the soil, and improve the soil by using humus soil, charcoal powder and microorganisms. For aphids, red spiders, scale insects and other diseases and insect pests, prevention should be given priority to, spraying drugs 3 to 4 times a year, the first time before flowering, the second time after flowering and the third time in July and August.
There are many kinds of diseases and insect pests of cherry blossoms, and the common diseases and insect pests are described as follows:
1. Perforated brown spot
occurs in May and June, with purplish brown spots on the leaves, and then gradually expands into a circle. The diseased spots become pores after drying and shrinking, and most of the pathogens spend the winter on the diseased leaves. The optimum temperature for development is 2 5℃ to 28℃, which is beneficial in rainy seasons.
Control methods:
(1) Strengthen cultivation management, prune reasonably, pay attention to cutting off diseased shoots, clean diseased leaves in time and burn them to create clean growth conditions for plants.
(2) Before new shoots germinate, 3-5 Baume's sulfur mixture can be sprayed, and 16 times of Bordeaux solution or 1-2 times of 5% wettable powder, or 6-8 times of 15% zineb solution can be sprayed during the onset period.
ii. Leaf blight
In summer, yellow-green circular spots appeared on the leaves, then turned brown, scattered with small black spots, and the diseased leaves died but did not fall off.
Control methods:
(1) Remove and burn diseased leaves, and spray Bordeaux solution before germination.
(2) Spray 5 times of 65% zineb wettable powder from May to June, once every 7 to 1 days, and spray for 2 to 3 times.
3. Root cancer
mainly occurs at the base of trunk, sometimes at the root neck or lateral roots. The diseased part produces tumors, which are milky white or flesh-colored at the initial stage, gradually turn brown or dark brown, spherical, rough, uneven and cracked. After infection, the root system is underdeveloped, with few fine roots, slow growth of the aboveground parts, weak trees, and yellow leaves and early fall in severe cases.
prevention and control methods:
(1) seedlings infected with root cancer must be destroyed in a centralized way. Before planting, it is best to soak the seedlings in 1% copper sulfate for 5 to 1 minutes, then wash them with water, and then plant them.
(2) It is found that the diseased strain can be completely removed with a knife saw.
(3) The soil around the diseased plant can also be disinfected by sprinkling sulfur powder at a dosage of 5 to 1 grams per square meter. At the same time, pay attention to soil improvement.
[ Edit this paragraph] Application
Cherry blossoms are fragrant and gorgeous, and they are important ornamental trees in early spring. They are often used for garden viewing, planting in groups, or planting on hillsides, courtyards, roadsides and in front of buildings. In full bloom, the flowers are numerous and gorgeous, and the trees are full of brilliance, like clouds and clouds.