Method for planting grapes on balcony
Potted grapes have strong adaptability to soil, and all kinds of soil can be cultivated except swamp and heavy saline-alkali land, and fertile sandy loam is the most suitable. Different soils have different effects on the growth, filling and quality of grapes. In unsuitable areas, soil improvement and planting can be carried out through agricultural engineering and cultivation techniques. For example, in the saline-alkali area of Panjin, Liaoning, the soil content is above 0.3%, so it is impossible to survive by directly planting grapes. However, after 2-3 years, the soil salinity can be reduced to below 0.2%, and grapes can be planted by digging ditches and terraces, irrigating and washing salt, replacing soil with green manure or local soil, and selecting salt-tolerant rootstock varieties.
It is best to choose a ceramic basin with a diameter of 35 to 50 cm and good water permeability, and the basin soil should be rich in organic matter. Before the grapes germinate in spring, the pots should be buried in the soil with a spacing of about 35 cm along the line, and the pot surface is slightly lower than the ground. Gently pull down the branches and vines with full bud eyes and bearing capacity, and the vines are not less than 80 cm long, press them into the basin, fill them with soil and step on them. Leave 4 to 5 full buds on the pot soil, then insert a thin rod with a length of 120 cm and tie branches and vines to it. After 20 days of grape germination, the branches and vines in the basin should be girdled to make them take root early and more. The girdling part is at the end of the pot near the root of the plant, and the girdling length is 2 cm, so that the cortex is completely peeled off. After the cuttings bear fruit, leave five leaves to pick the core on the ear, so that the plants in the pot are less than 120 cm. Leave 4 to 6 ears of fruit in each pot. Before flowering, half of each ear should be removed to ensure that the ear is neat and the fruit grains are uniform.
Grapes are usually propagated by cutting, and annual branches with vigorous growth and full bud eyes are cut off. The length of single-bud or double-bud cuttings is about 5- 15cm, and the cutting rate is 15cm? Cutting at 50 cm of seedbed in February. However, rootstocks with strong adaptability and resistance should be selected in hot areas, and grafted seedlings suitable for local climate conditions should be cultivated through grafting propagation.
Grapes should be watered immediately after germination In order to develop roots in the basin, it is necessary to keep the basin soil moist frequently. If the weather is dry, water it every 4 to 6 days. After watering, the basin surface should be covered with wheat bran or straw to keep it moist. Grapes are backward, combined with watering, 3% ~ 5% nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizer should be applied to the basin every 15 days.
Remove the extra buds in the bud stage of grapes, remove the extra inflorescences before flowering, leave the big ones for the small ones, and leave the strong ones for the weak ones. When the branches and vines grow to a certain extent, they should be tied to the surface of the frame, and the tendrils should be removed in time to reduce nutrient consumption. Results 5 ~ 7 leaves were left before the inflorescence to improve the nutritional status. Grape has a high fruit setting rate, so it can be thinned appropriately to make the fruit size uniform, otherwise abnormal fruit and small fruit will appear.
Grape planting techniques
First, posture
Grape is a perennial vine fruit tree, which needs to be shed to maintain a certain space and fruit shape and obtain a higher yield. Put it up in the first year, and you can't climb it smoothly. There are several common postures.
1. Hedge frame: The surface of the frame is vertical to the ground and looks like a fence wall. At present, the single-wall hedge frame is mostly used, and the frame height is more than 2 meters. Suitable for large-scale planting.
2. Inclined scaffolding: it is suitable for large-scale cultivation and can be divided into two types.
Large scaffolding: the row spacing is more than 6 meters, the horizontal column spacing is about 2 meters, and the horizontal direction is generally 4? 5 ranks.
Small scaffolding: the row spacing is less than 6 meters, and the construction method is the same as that of large scaffolding.
3. Large horizontal scaffolding
Suitable for garden cultivation. Planting grapes in the garden can not only increase income, but also beautify the environment, killing two birds with one stone.
Second, plastic surgery
The purpose of shaping is to make the branches and spikes distribute reasonably on the frame surface, make full use of space and improve the photosynthetic performance of leaves.
1. Multi-vine natural fan. Suitable for all kinds of scaffolding.
Many main vines are naturally fan-shaped, with a hole 3? 4 (6 hospitals at most? 7) Main vines, and then the main vines are divided into lateral vines, the distance between the same vines is about 2 meters, and each main vine is equipped with 14? 16 lateral tendrils are fan-shaped and distributed on the frame surface. Early stage (1? 5 years) pruning is mainly long, and after molding, it is mainly medium and short.
2. Natural fan shape. Suitable for hedgerow cultivation. There is usually a main vine 3? Five, the fan-shaped distribution of the frame surface. Evenly arrange side vines on the main vines, properly select the fruiting mother vines on the main vines and side vines, and carry out long, medium and short mixed pruning.
3. Dulong trunk and Shuanglong trunk are extremely short and slightly plastic.
3. Gan Long is simple in shaping, easy to master, stable in yield, neat in ear and grain, and suitable for various racks. It is characterized in that there are no lateral vines, and the fruit vines are directly planted on the main vines. The main vine spacing is 50 cm, resulting in vine spacing 15? 20 centimeters.
4. Multi-main rattan fan. It is different from the natural fan with many main vines in that there is no auxiliary vine. The distance between main vines is 50 cm, resulting in the distance between mother branches 15? 20 cm, 7 per meter? 10 fruiting vines, at a rate of 14 2 per meter? Trim 20 new cuttings with long, medium and short mixture. Suitable for small scaffolding.
Third, pruning
Grape pruning can be divided into winter pruning and summer pruning. Pruning in winter is completed from the first ten days of 165438+ 10 to the last ten days of 165438+ 10, and pruning in summer refers to pruning in the growing period.
1. Winter scissors. The purpose is to cut off pests and diseases, immature vines and renew weak vines, adjust plant load, improve fruit quality and prolong economic life. There are three methods of pruning in winter, namely thinning, short cutting and regeneration, which are generally carried out simultaneously on the same plant.
(1) refinement. Removing vines with different bases can inhibit the former, promote the latter, improve landscape conditions and improve fruit quality. Be careful not to remove the opposite tendrils at the same time, and don't make the wound too close, so as not to hinder the transport of nutrients and cause the decline of yield and quality.
(2) Take shortcuts. According to the pruning length, it is divided into long, medium and short (extremely short) pruning. Cut it short and leave it 8? Section 12, abbreviated as 4? Section 7, shortcut 1? Section 3. Because of the different fruiting habits of different varieties, the methods adopted are also different. Longan is located at 5? In section 9, the new vines sprouting from the basal buds often have no spikes, so the pruning is mainly long (medium). Most of the new vines germinate from the bud eyes of different parts of Rose fragrance and Kyoho, and have fruit ears. They are often pruned with long, medium and short pruning, or short and extremely short pruning.
Longer pruning is easy to choose the best bud fruit; The cutting length is beneficial to the expansion of the frame surface, and the output can be obtained in advance; The main vine is slender, which is conducive to burying the soil to prevent cold. But if the management level is not improved, the load will be too heavy, which will affect the quality. Short pruning is beneficial to nutrient concentration, good fruit quality, easy to update and easy to master technology. But it is difficult to bury branches in thick soil to keep out the cold, and it is also difficult to update big branches.
Therefore, winter pruning should be based on variety characteristics, site conditions and management level to decide which method to adopt.
(3) Updating and pruning the mother vine. In order to prevent the load-bearing part from rising, resulting in baldness at the lower part, the mother vine should be constantly updated. The method is that after the fruiting mother vines germinate in spring, the new ones with good lower parts are selected as the fruiting mother vines for cultivation in the next year, and they are taken back during cutting in winter. However, due to the influence of the top advantage, the lower vines are weak and difficult to renew. The solutions are as follows: firstly, properly prune the newly updated vines in winter, and secondly, keep the newly updated vines and leave less fruits in summer that year.
(4) Residual amount of fruiting mother vines in winter. According to 1 fruiting vine, two fruiting vines were produced, with each fruiting vine bearing 1 ear, with an average of 0.7 kg per ear. If you produce 7 kilograms of fruit per square meter, there will be 5 fruiting vines per square meter.
Another way is to press per square meter 14? If 20 new shoots are counted, the result should be 7? 10.
In short, if the frame is high, the scenery is good, and the water and fertilizer are sufficient, you can leave more fruiting vines, and vice versa.
(5) Problems that should be paid attention to when shearing wool in winter. 1. The distance between the cutting mouth and the cutting mouth bud is not less than 2 cm; The second is to leave 1 cm pile when cutting vines from the base; The third is to update the big branches with a hand saw; The fourth is to try to make the big wound not on the same side.
2. Summer scissors. Pruning in summer is mainly to adjust the relationship between growth and fruiting, remove useless buds and new buds, sparse excessive inflorescences, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, make branches fully developed, and improve yield and quality.
(1) Smear buds and thin branches. When the new size is less than 10 cm, it is called budding, and when it is greater than 10 cm, it is called thinning. Principle: Wipe off all the buds below 40 cm from the ground, leaving no double vines, weak ones and strong ones, straight ones and flat ones, and long ones and fruiting ones.
(2) Sparse the spike, and pinch the secondary spike and spike tip. While wiping buds and thinning branches, thinning weak branches and multi-branch inflorescences, leaving two ears for strong branches and one ear for weak branches. For varieties with serious years and low fruit setting rate, such as Rose Fragrant and Kyoho, the 1/4 of secondary panicle and main panicle can be pinched off. 1/5.
(3) the new one is a little heart-warming. Before the flower 3? Picking seeds for 5 days can concentrate nutrients, improve fruit setting rate and improve ventilation and light transmission conditions. Leave 3 at the top of the flower? Take the core of 4 leaves (3 leaves for inflorescence 1 and 4 leaves for inflorescence 2). The more you stay in Harrison, the lower the fruit setting rate. Longan has a high fruit setting rate, can you leave 5? Seven leaves. No flowers 10? 12 leaves are cored.
(4) The deputy is a little worried. After the new one is picked, the sprouted accessory beard is picked several times. Leave once 1? Two leaves were repeatedly cored. Erase all the flowers at once, and leave them every time you spend too much 1? Two leaves were repeatedly cored. The number of leaves left depends on the landscape conditions of the surface and the new number.
(5) Tie the vines. When the grapes grow to 30 cm, tie the vines again every 15 days and remove the tendrils. Do it again in early July. Tie the vines with pig leg buckles.
(6) autumn scissors. Grape branches and vines do not form terminal buds, but grow at the right temperature. In order to reduce unnecessary nutrient consumption, autumn pruning should be carried out immediately after harvest. The principle is: cut whatever you want in winter; The second is to prepare the top of the fruiting mother vine and the tender part of the main side vine.
Four, water and fertilizer management
(1) water. Don't water the flowers in spring, water them as soon as they fall. Every 10? Water every 15 days. Water can be stopped in rainy season and watered in autumn drought. Water frozen water once before winter and 7 or 8 times throughout the year.
(2) fat. Base fertilizer (coarse fertilizer) per mu 10000 kg, applied after the autumn and before the shelf. There are three ways: one is a disk. In the tree tray, the soil rises from the distance of 30 cm from the trunk, from the depth of about 15 cm to the periphery of 30 cm. 40 cm deep, fertilizing, and evenly mixing the soil to the original height; The second type is ditch-shaped. Open 40 outer tree trays? 50 cm deep ditch, 30 cm wide, covered with soil after fertilization; The third is the combination of groove and disk.
The application of base fertilizer will not take effect until the following spring after autumn. If it is too late to apply, it must be applied in early spring and April. Base fertilizer should also be applied once from late July to early August, with 10 per plant? 15 kg human feces is good for fruit size and quality.
Topdressing A few times. The first time was in early May, which was a new and slightly faster period, each plant was 1. 2 Jin. The second time is from the end of May to the beginning of June, that is, before flowering, and the amount of topdressing is the same as last time. The third time is in the middle and late June after fruit setting. It is best to chase compound fertilizer. In the middle and late July, if there is no base fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be applied to improve fruit quality.
Topdressing outside the roots. Spray 0. 1 before flowering? 0.2% borax; Spray 0.3 in the young fruit period? 0. 1% urea; Spraying 1% calcium superphosphate or 1? 2% plant ash solution.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Prevention and treatment of diseases.
The main diseases of grapes are downy mildew, black bean disease, white rot, root rot and so on, and comprehensive control should be taken.
1) Clean up the orchard and reduce the source of infection.
2) increase the potential of organic fertilizer, reasonable load, enhance the tree potential and improve the disease resistance of the tree.
3) Raise the fruiting part, leaving no ear below 50cm from the ground.
4) Strengthen pruning and intertillage weeding in summer, and cut off diseased ears and branches and leaves in time to facilitate ventilation and light transmission in the orchard.
5) Fruit ear peach bag.
6) After watering in spring, spread plastic films on both sides of the tree to isolate soil germs, reduce the chance of infection, keep warm, moisturize and weed.
7) Sprinkle the medicine on the ground. Before the outbreak of the disease, the orchard with serious illness was disinfected by spraying chemicals on the ground. Commonly used chemicals are: thiram 1 serving, sulfur powder 1 serving, and lime 2. After being mixed evenly, they are scattered on the ground, and the area of 667m2 is 1 ~ 2kg, which is 200 times that of thiram.