I. Introduction to technology

Early fruiting, quick harvest and efficient cultivation techniques of apple buds are the latest scientific research achievements of Professor Li Linfang, a well-known fruit expert in the Fruit Teaching Experimental Park of Henan University of Science and Technology (Luoyang Bi Ye Horticultural Science and Technology Company), who has worked hard for 16 years. The core technology of this achievement is: the apple shoots with long branches are sown in the same year, reshaped in the same year, blossomed in the same year, and bear fruit in the next year, and they enter the full fruit period in three years (4000-5000 kg per mu) and have a high yield in four years (8000- 10000 kg per mu). Now a patent has been applied, and the patent application number is 20110395742.5. On behalf of Henan Province, this technology participated in the World Fruit Expo on April 15, 2009, which won unanimous praise from experts at home and abroad and greatly shocked the world's agricultural developed countries such as Japan, Italy, the United States, New Zealand and the Netherlands.

2. Tree species and cultivation objectives

(A) Tree structure

The tree is 2.5-2.7 meters high, and the trunk is 70-80 cm high, which is tree-shaped and the trunk is drooping. The whole tree is planted with 30-40 uniaxial branches (uniaxial extension). The length of branches depends on the planting density, and the length can reach 1/2. Branches are staggered and drooping at a distance of 1 10- 120 degrees from the middle trunk, and only short branches less than 20 cm are planted on the branches.

The last one doesn't need long branches, but it can be long and short.

(2) Planting density

The row spacing is 2.5-3m, and the plant spacing 1- 1.5m can be adjusted according to the variety characteristics (long branch type, short branch type, dwarfing and bridging).

(3) Training objectives

In the first spring, plant good dental seedlings or finished seedlings (stubble should be leveled). When the height of the tree was1.6-2m, 15-20 branches were planted, and most of them became flower buds.

The second year's output can reach 300-900 Jin, and the tree body is basically formed.

The third output 1500 kg or more.

4,000-5,000 Jin in the fourth year.

A major breakthrough in apple cultivation technology

Seedling raising of apple buds with long branches and rootstocks can be realized in the same year, forming flowers in the same year and achieving high fruit yield in the next year.

Wang Haozhi, Deputy Director of Unilateral Fruit Research Institute

With the rapid development of China's economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the market demand for fruit is increasing, the price of fruit is rising, the economic benefits of fruit farmers are improving, the enthusiasm of fruit farmers is getting higher and higher, and the market prospect of planting fruit trees is attractive; At the same time, consumers have higher and higher requirements for fruit quality and no pesticide pollution, which puts forward new and higher requirements for fruit tree researchers and fruit farmers. Dwarf and dense planting of fruit trees, early fruiting, early harvest and high-quality green have become the goals pursued by fruit tree researchers and fruit producers.

It is reported that at present, dwarf close planting has become a central topic in the process of apple cultivation and structural adjustment all over the world. Its central requirements are: 1, early fruiting, early income and stable annual output; 2. The fruit is of high quality, neat and beautiful, and meets the market requirements. 3. Improve the level of mechanization, reduce labor and reduce costs. 4. It is convenient to update, and can adjust and replace excellent new varieties in time according to market demand. In this way, the fruit tree cultivation technology has produced a "wide row spacing, narrow plant spacing, rectangular" cultivation model; Make full use of land and plant green manure; Increase the planting density per unit area. " Make people seek to cultivate small crown trees. One of the measures to realize the small crown tree is to use dwarf rootstocks, and the other is to use compact varieties for dwarf and close planting. This cultivation method has the advantages of early fruiting, high yield and low production cost, and generally receives good economic benefits. Therefore, this kind of orchard has been popularized all over Europe. By the mid-1960s, sparse planting was basically stopped in Europe, and dwarf rootstocks or semi-dwarf rootstocks were mostly used in new orchards, with higher planting density. After the experiments of dwarfing, close planting, early fruiting and premature delivery were affirmed, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, Russia, Bulgaria, the United States and other countries developed large-scale intensive orchards in the suburbs of big cities or near roads and railways with convenient transportation.

It is reported that in 197 1 year, a brand-new so-called "Mezdow Orchzrd" was cultivated at the Long Ashton Experimental Station in Britain, with high density and suitable for mechanized production. In this orchard, 50,000-654.38+million fruit trees are planted per hectare, which bloom in the same year and yield high in the next year. The output of apples per hectare is 65,438+06 tons-565,438+0 tons. And level the stubble after harvesting in the same year, and then bear fruit every other year. In fact, the average yield per mu is 1066.5 kg, and the average yield per plant is 0.3 1982 kg.

The "grassland orchard" initiated by Langyi Ashton shows the attractive prospect of dense planting, early high yield and mechanized production of fruit trees. This new cultivation system has attracted the attention of all countries, and similar experiments have been carried out in the United States, the former Soviet Union and Poland. The rise of "ultra-high-density planting system" has aroused people's interest in ultra-short rootstocks M27 and 3426, which are not helpful for production. According to the data of Preston (A.P.Preston 1976), Jinguan /M27 harvested 55(7333.3 kg/mu) per hectare within 18 months after planting. In China, there are such experiments in Hebei, Shandong, Inner Mongolia and other places. Among them, the yield per mu of golden crown on the rootstock of two-year-old Vitex negundo in Donghu Horticultural Field of Xifeng Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Station is 13060 kg.

These examples all use dwarf rootstocks and compact (short-branched) varieties to solve the problems of close planting, early fruiting and high yield. However, the quality of fruit produced by dwarf rootstocks and short-branch varieties lags far behind that of long-branch varieties of tree rootstocks. However, under the same conditions, ordinary (long-branched) apple trees with seedlings and rootstocks can not be densely planted and can not bear fruit and yield early because of their large crown. Since then, there has always been a pair of prominent contradictions in fruit production, such as "short-branch fruit of dwarf rootstock is poor in quality and suitable for close planting" and "long-branch fruit of arbor rootstock is good in quality, but it cannot be close planted with early fruit". It is urgent to solve this outstanding problem in production and realize the goal of dwarfing, close planting, early fruit, early harvest and high quality in apple production. To this end, all countries in the world are trying to find the best way to solve this problem.

The horticulture major of Henan Agricultural Vocational College (formerly Zhongmu Agricultural School) cooperates with Luoyang Forestry College and other units. For many years, we have been exploring the cultivation techniques of close planting, early fruit, early harvest, high quality and high yield of apples. After more than ten years of repeated experiments and research, they can realize close planting again. 1992- 1994, they used one-year-old apple seedlings. In the process of cultivation, they adopted many technical measures, such as selecting strong seedlings, reasonable close planting (83 plants per mu), scientific planting, fine fertilization and watering, ingenious shaping, promoting new branches in the early stage of the annual growth cycle, and controlling the length and promoting flowers in the later stage, so as to achieve the purpose of planting, forming and flowering in the same year. The tree adopts a small skeleton of "five main bodies, eight sides and twenty groups". 1994 1 1 passed the appraisal of scientific and technological achievements, and 1995 won the second prize of scientific and technological progress in Luoyang. 1996 was listed as one of the key scientific and technological achievements of rural spark promotion by the Ministry of Forestry.

On this basis, the horticulture department of Henan Agricultural Vocational College has conducted many experiments with the gardeners of yanshi city CPPCC and Luoyang Forestry College. In 2006, they chose the key strong bud seedlings of long-branch apple (seedlings that survived after grafting but did not germinate) and the trunk type to build a new orchard 172 mu. The rootstock is Huailai Begonia, the varieties are Gafu and Xihongfen in New Zealand, and 266 plants are planted per mu, which also achieved the formation, flowering and fruiting in the same year. Although the above two-year-old Jinguan/Vitex negundo in Xifeng Soil and Water Conservation Station achieved a good yield per mu of 1.3060 kg, they used compact varieties of dwarf rootstocks, and it was very rare for long-branch varieties using tree rootstocks to achieve the above results.

This achievement is unprecedented not only in Henan, but also in the whole country and the whole world. In late September 2007, the experts who visited the orchard were all amazed after visiting the orchard and tasting the red, big and bright apples themselves. Experts predict that the output may double in 2008. According to Professor Liu Jianshu of Henan Agricultural Vocational College, it is no exaggeration to say that in the fourth year of planting with this new technology, the yield per mu of apple trees reached 1 10,000 Jin.

This high-tech technology, which can make apples sprout and grow taller in the second year, is a pioneering work of Henan people and a major breakthrough in apple cultivation technology, which fully meets the international production standards of early fruit, early harvest, labor saving, time saving, high quality and variety renewal ability. The popularization of this apple production technology will certainly promote the development of apple industry in China and make fruit farmers obtain higher economic benefits. Therefore, the popularization prospect of this apple production technology is very broad. China Organic Agriculture Network