Different grape groups have different requirements for temperature at different growth stages. For example, when the average temperature in early spring reaches about 10℃ and the soil temperature of 30cm underground is 7- 10℃, hybrids from Europe, Asia, Europe and America begin to germinate; Vitis amurensis and its hybrids can germinate when the soil temperature is 5-7℃. With the increase of temperature, the germinated new buds will accelerate their growth, and the most suitable temperature for the growth of new buds and flower buds is 25-38℃. When the temperature is lower than 14℃, it is not conducive to flowering and pollination. The optimum temperature for berry ripening is 28-32℃. When the temperature is lower than 16℃ or higher than 38℃, it is not conducive to the development and maturity of berries and the quality is reduced. The temperature at which roots start to move is 7- 10℃, and the fastest growth is at 25-30℃. Varieties with different maturity need effective accumulated temperature. For example, the effective accumulated temperature of early-maturing variety Saba Pearl needs 2 100℃, the middle-maturing variety Vineyard Queen needs 2500℃, and the late-maturing variety Longan needs 3300℃ to fully mature.
The tolerance of grapes to low temperature varies with different groups and organs, such as Eurasian species and European and American hybrids, which can tolerate low temperature of -3 to -4℃ when buds germinate; Young leaves, young leaves and inflorescences were frozen at-65438 0℃ and 0℃ respectively. During the dormancy period, the winter buds of mature branches of Eurasian varieties can tolerate-16℃ to-17℃, and perennial lianas are frozen at -20℃. The cold resistance of root system is weak. The roots of longan, rose fragrance and vineyard queen in Eurasia were slightly frozen at -4℃ to -5℃, and froze to death for two days at around -6℃. Using Vitis amurensis or Vitis amurensis as rootstock in northern China can improve the cold resistance of root system, and its root system can tolerate low temperatures of-16℃ and-1℃, and the critical lethal temperatures are-18℃ and-14℃ respectively, which can reduce the cold resistance in winter.
(2) Lighting
Grapes are light-loving plants and need high light. The length of illumination time has a great influence on the growth, yield and quality of grapes. When the light is insufficient, the new shoots grow thin, the leaves are thin, the leaves are pale, the ears are small, flowers and fruits fall off in large numbers, the yield is low, the quality is poor, and the winter buds are poorly differentiated. Therefore, when building a garden, it is required to choose a place with good light, pay attention to improving the wind and light conditions on the shelf surface, correctly design the row direction and row spacing, and adopt reasonable shaping and pruning techniques.
(3) Moisture
Water plays an important role in the life activities of grapes, and nutrients are transported to various organs after being dissolved in water, so water is the carrier of nutrients, which can regulate the body temperature of trees and promote the absorption of water and fertilizer through water transpiration. If the soil is too dry, it is difficult for the roots to absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and the photosynthesis is weakened, which is easy to make the old leaves turn yellow and fall off, and even the plants wither and die. However, excessive water is harmful to growth, and flooding in flood season generally does not exceed 1 week, and it can still grow as usual after water infiltration; Flooding for more than 10 days will suffocate the roots, and also cause yellowing and shedding of leaves, insufficient new shoots, poor flower bud differentiation and even plant death. Grapes have different water requirements in different phenological periods. Early spring germination, new shoot growth period and young fruit expansion period need sufficient water supply. Generally, it is appropriate to irrigate every 7- 10 day/time, so that the soil water content can reach about 70%. It is better that the soil moisture content reaches about 60% before and after berry ripening. However, in the case of excessive rainfall, attention should be paid to timely drainage to avoid excessive humidity affecting the quality of berries and prone to diseases. If there is too little rain, irrigate 1 time every 10 day, otherwise it will easily crack fruit and cause economic losses if it rains for a long time.
(4) Soil
Grape has strong adaptability to soil, and all kinds of soil can be cultivated except swamp and heavy saline-alkali land, and fertile sandy loam is the most suitable. Different soils have different effects on the growth, filling and quality of grapes. In unsuitable areas, soil improvement and planting can be carried out through agricultural engineering and cultivation techniques. For example, in the saline-alkali area of Panjin, Liaoning, the soil content is above 0.3%, so it is impossible to survive by directly planting grapes. However, after 2-3 years, the soil salinity can be reduced to below 0.2%, and grapes can be planted by digging ditches and terraces, irrigating and washing salt, replacing soil with green manure or local soil, and selecting salt-tolerant rootstock varieties.
(5) Others
In grape cultivation, we should not only consider the requirements of grapes for suitable climatic conditions, but also pay attention to avoiding and protecting disastrous climate, such as long drought, flood, severe frost, strong wind and hail. All these may cause great losses to grape production. For example, strong winds in the growing season often break new buds, scrape off fruit ears and even destroy vines. Hail in summer often damages branches and leaves and ears, which seriously affects the yield and quality of grapes. Therefore, the frequency and intensity of a certain disaster factor should be taken into account when building a garden, and the location of the garden should be reasonably selected, the suitable direction should be determined, the shelterbelt should be built, and other corresponding protective measures should be taken.