Grape artificial planting
terrain condition
1, latitude and altitude: most vineyards in the world are located between 20 ~ 52 degrees north latitude and 30 ~ 45 degrees south latitude, and most of them are in the northern hemisphere, with an altitude of 400 ~ 60 1 m. The altitude of grapes in China varies greatly from 30 to 43 degrees north latitude, about 200 ~1000 m; The distribution height of Huailai grape in Hebei Province is1100m; Xu Da county is1200m; The altitude of Shannan in Tibet is over1500m. Latitude and altitude are important factors affecting temperature and heat in a large range.
2. Slope direction and gradient: Under the condition of similar terrain conditions, the microclimate of different slope directions is obviously different. Usually the slopes facing south (including due south, northwest and southeast) receive more light and heat, and the temperature is higher on weekdays. The warming effect of sloping land is closely related to its slope. Generally, every tilt to the south 1 degree is equivalent to a forward 1 latitude. The most heated inclination angle is about 20 ~ 35 degrees (within the range of 40 ~ 50 degrees north latitude). Grape is more suitable for slope cultivation than other fruit trees because of its drought tolerance and thin soil, which can develop roots in a relatively small range. However, the greater the slope, the more serious the soil erosion. Therefore, priority should be given to the land with a slope below 20 ~ 25 degrees when planting grapes.
3. Influence of water surface: In large water areas, such as oceans, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, etc., due to absorbing a lot of solar radiation energy, the temperature in daytime and summer is lower than that in land, while the temperature in night and winter is higher than that in inland. Therefore, the coastal climate near the water area is mild and the frost-free period is long. The vineyards near the big water surface reflect a lot of blue-violet light and ultraviolet light in the deep water, and the berries are colored and of good quality, so when choosing vineyards, try to be close to big lakes, rivers and oceans.
edaphic condition
Grapes can grow in various soils, such as desert, flood plain, saline-alkali land, rocky slope and so on, but different soil conditions have different effects on the growth and fruit of grapes.
climatic factor
It is one of the main indexes of grape variety zoning. The French believe that only grapes planted in specific soil can produce world famous wines with unique flavor. However, for the vast grape producing areas in the world, this situation of dividing grape regions by soil is not universal and absolute. The factors affecting grape quality and wine quality are comprehensive. Only in most cases, climate often plays a leading role in the growth of grapes and the quality of wine, and climate has become the most important and active factor among many factors. Meteorological conditions such as illumination, measurement and precipitation are all necessary conditions for grape growth and fruiting, especially in summer and autumn.
Illumination: Solar energy is the only energy source for grape photosynthesis, and it is the driving force for grape energy and material circulation. 90% ~ 95% of grape yield and quality comes from photosynthesis. In many cases, the real solar energy consumed by photosynthesis has not reached 1% of the total solar energy. In China, the solar energy utilization rate of general vineyards is only about 0.5%. Grapes are light-loving crops. For thousands of years, people have erected and trimmed it in order to get more adequate and reasonable light.
Temperature: Temperature (heat) is the most important meteorological factor affecting the growth and fruit of grapes. Grape is a warm temperate plant, which needs quite a lot of heat. During the grape growing period (from budding to fruiting), the monthly average temperature is above 10 degrees, which varies with different varieties. Temperature also has an important influence on the growth and fruiting process of grapes. High temperature will do harm to grapes, but the degree is far less than that of low temperature. The harm of low temperature to grapes is a common problem in grape cultivation in the world, and low temperature limits the cultivation area of grapes. Grapes are generally planted in the northern hemisphere between 20 degrees and 5 1 degree north latitude. The northern limit of European grape variety cultivation is the Rhine Valley in Germany, and the southern limit of cultivation extends to India. In the southern hemisphere, grapes are mainly planted between 20 and 40 degrees south latitude. The limiting factors for the expansion of grape planting range in Europe to the equator are high temperature, disease and lack of sufficient low temperature to induce grape dormancy. The main limiting factor for the expansion of European grapes to the poles is that the growing season is short, which is not enough to ensure the maturity of fruits and vines and to resist the low temperature in winter.
Precipitation: The quantity and seasonal distribution of precipitation strongly affect the growth and development of grapes and the yield and quality of grapes. In some areas, the seasonal variation of precipitation of some cultivated varieties is one of the most important climatic factors for grape variety zoning. Due to different climate types in the world, the seasonal variation of precipitation shows significant differences. The seasonal distribution of climate precipitation in the Mediterranean is characterized by drought in summer and autumn and rainy in winter and spring. However, the climate of the main grape producing areas in China is monsoon climate (except Xinjiang), which is hot and rainy in summer and rainy in the south in spring, making it difficult to cultivate grapes. Except Xinjiang, it is not good for grapes, and the phenomenon of grape water shortage is very obvious.