Winter pruning is the main period of grape shaping and pruning, including shaping and pruning. High hedge frame, horizontal shed frame and Gao Qian freestyle frame should be selected in plain irrigation area, and Y-type, multi-main vine fan-shaped and H-type pruning can be selected. Hedgerows or sloping sheds should be selected in hilly areas, and V-shaped, F-shaped and single dragon-shaped can be selected. In order to bury the soil for overwintering in the northern alpine region, hedgerows or inclined scaffolding should be selected, and single dragon or double dragon trunk, double main rattan V-shaped or multi-main rattan fan-shaped should be selected. The suitable spacing of young trunk trees is 0.5 ~ 1 .2m. In the year of plastic planting,1new shoots with vigorous growth are selected as the main vines. When cutting in summer, the main vine extends in a straight line without secondary shoots until the main vine reaches the set length, and then the core is picked to control the extended growth. If the main vine grows slowly and cannot reach the shaping length in the middle and late August in the north, it should also be picked in time to promote the growth of new shoots and the maturity of branches and buds. When cutting in winter, according to the thickness and maturity of the main vine, it is generally required that the branch diameter should be above 0.8 cm below the cutting mouth, and the length of the main vine should not exceed 1.5 m in the year of planting, so as to prevent the middle and lower parts from being "blind" because of too long cutting. If the thickness of the main vine is less than 0.8 cm, leave 3 ~ 5 buds for stubble, and replant the main vine the next year. The stem-plant spacing of Shuanglong is 1.0 ~ 1.4 m, and two new shoots with similar growth potential are selected from the fixed seedlings for main vine cultivation. If the seedling only produces 1 new shoot, when the new shoot grows 5-6 leaves, pull them out to promote the development of secondary branches, and choose two of them as the main shoots of culture, and erase the other secondary branch by sticking the root. The technology and requirements of cutting in summer and winter are the same as those of single dragon trunk and main vine cultivation. Different varieties adopt different pruning methods. For varieties with well-differentiated flower buds, such as Rose Bud and Fujiminori, 2 ~ 5 buds should be pruned for medium and short branches, and 3 ~ 8 buds should be pruned for varieties with poor flower bud differentiation and easy to grow and drop fruit, such as Red Globe and Kyoho, and the latter should be updated in time, and measures should be taken to prevent the fruit belt from moving out.
The cutting length of trunk, lateral vine and branch group cannot be "one size fits all", and the regeneration of branch group is not based on the growth characteristics of varieties. The height of the trunk should be adapted to local conditions. The suitable trunk for plain irrigation area is 60 ~ 120 cm, and that for arid area is 50 ~ 60 cm.
Weak trees should be pruned with ultra-short branches, and old trees should be greatly updated, mainly with short and medium branches. If it is too old, you can cut off the old vines, cultivate new buds at the base of the main vines, promote their robust growth and form COVID-19 as soon as possible.
Before sprouting in spring, the branches and vines should be carefully pruned, and the bleeding period must be avoided in spring pruning. Generally, the soil temperature reaches about 5℃ at 10 ~ 30 cm. When pruning again in spring, for vineyards with more branches and buds in winter, the remaining dead branches, air-dried stumps, pest branches and redundant useless branches should be thoroughly cleaned to make the tree structure and branch distribution reasonable.
In the practical operation of summer pruning, it is necessary to ensure the leaf area required for fruit ears and make the branches evenly distributed, and it is appropriate to leave 3000 ~ 8000 ears per mu, and 200 ~ 800 grams per ear for modern commercial fruits. 15 ~ 20 days after flowering, according to the varieties, the standard of ear with small fruit grains and compact growth is 200 ~ 500g, the standard of ear with large fruit grains and slightly loose growth is 600 ~ 800g, and the standard of ear with medium fruit grains and moderate elasticity is 450 ~ 550g, excluding some over-dense fruits, deformed fruits and small fruits. When most buds grow to 0.3 ~ 0.5 cm, smear them. Apply/kloc-0 every 5 days or so, 2 ~ 3 times in a row.
When the new shoots grow to 15 ~ 20 cm, whether there are inflorescences can be identified and useless new shoots can be eliminated. Grapes with strong polarity, such as Red Globe, are prone to baldness under the upright trunk branches, but there are many buds on the upper part. In order to promote the germination of lower buds, we can not only pull branches and widen the base angle, but also cut 1 lane at a position about 0.5 cm above the buds before germination and bleeding in spring.
Grape varieties with strong growth potential under protected cultivation conditions are prone to long branches and vines, slender internodes, thin bud eyes and reduced fruiting ability. Spraying 800 times 1 times 15% paclobutrazol wettable powder after grape flowering 10 day and first fruit harvesting can obviously inhibit the growth of new shoots and increase the number of fruit branches. After treatment, the internode length of Richamat varieties was shortened by 26.9% compared with the control (conventional management); Results The branch rate was 56.6%, which was 30.6 percentage points higher than the control. After treatment, the internode length of Nezha varieties was shortened by 65438 08.3% compared with the control. Results The branch rate was 60.8%, which was 24.8 percentage points higher than the control.
In summer and autumn, from mid-July, all new shoots (tops of 2-3 leaves) should be cored and repeated many times after mid-August, which can promote the maturity of new shoots and enhance the cold resistance of plants in winter.
The redundant new shoots densely planted in the upper part of the crown, the aged yellow leaves and diseased leaves in the middle and lower parts should be removed, and light should be introduced to promote the robust growth of the tree and reduce diseases. In order to prevent forcing out winter buds, some growers cut off a large number of secondary branches and old leaves after grape harvest, which not only affects the maturity of branches in that year, but also easily forces out winter buds, seriously affecting the growth and fruit of plants in the coming year. Generally, don't pick leaves and tips after harvest, and try to keep strong branches and leaves. When working in the field, prevent mechanical damage to branches and leaves, and ensure normal maturity of branches and leaves.