(1) adapts to the growth law of trees and is conducive to the full expansion of branches.
(2) The permeability is good, which is beneficial for trees to fully receive the light from all directions and improve the overall production efficiency.
(3) Fertilizer and water pesticides are used economically, which is conducive to reducing the investment and production costs of orchards.
(4) The reduction of orchard labor is beneficial to reduce the labor intensity of orchard.
(5) The overall production benefit is good, which has obvious advantages over close planting.
If densely planted, the first three years are young trees and there is no yield; Results after 4 ~ 5 years, the light became worse, and the yield and quality decreased. Sparse planting is the biggest weakness of sparse planting because of its small photosynthetic area, insufficient accumulation of photosynthetic products and low yield in the early stage, which affects the early stage income. Intercropping can make up for the shortage of sparse planting. Intercropping watermelon, potato, broad bean, peanut, pepper, cauliflower and other high-efficiency crops in the early stage can make a profit of 1 1,000 ~ 2,000 yuan per 667 m2, which promotes the large-scale popularization of sparse planting. Rootstock thinning has become one of the main development directions of Jingning apple.
In addition, Jingning fruit farmers creatively applied heel in's big seedling garden construction method, using big seedlings over three years old to build gardens, shortening the seedling stage, promoting early production and effectively overcoming the shortcomings of sparse planting. The method of seedling cultivation and garden construction focuses on cultivating large seedlings and saving land. It takes too long for apple seedlings to build gardens directly, and all kinds of management are inconvenient, which will cause waste of land and labor; Planting heels in seedlings can make economic use of land. At the same time, this method concentrates apple seedlings in a small area, and all management measures and fertilizer and water can be applied in a centralized way, giving full play to their respective advantages and cultivating excellent seedlings. Using this method, the seedlings are classified and planted twice by transplanting and planting, and then the fruit trees grow neatly, which is beneficial to orchard management. Orchards planted in this way can generally bear fruit in the second year and have high yield and good economic benefits in the third year. When planting a garden in a big pit, dig a planting ditch (pit) at least 60 cm deep. When backfilling, the surface soil fills the core, and the core soil covers the surface, thus breaking the bottom of the plow, loosening the soil and optimizing the deep soil structure. When backfilling is possible, chopped crop straw or wheat bran should be filled in, and a layer of crop straw and a layer of soil should be used for landfill to increase the organic matter content of the soil.
Young orchards should be intercropped with enough nutrient zones to promote root growth. The intercropping space of young orchards is large, which increases early income. Intercropping should leave a wide fruit belt above 1 m, and intercrop high-efficiency crops such as melons, peppers, potatoes and broad beans with low stalks and short crowns, which are not similar to apple pests and diseases, so as to protect apple roots.
In the young tree stage (within 1 ~ 5 years after planting), the holes should be enlarged and deepened year by year, and the soil in the whole garden should be deeply turned within 4 ~ 5 years to create loose soil conditions, promote root growth, form strong root groups, improve the absorption capacity of trees and ensure the robust growth of trees. Attention should be paid to reaming and deep turning:
(1) should be carried out at the periphery of the crown every year to minimize root damage, and at the same time, pay attention to turning the soil without interlayer.
(2) Deep tillage should be combined with base fertilizer application in autumn to reduce labor and production costs.
(3) Local soil improvement should be carried out during deep ploughing, the surface soil should be buried as much as possible, and the core soil should be leveled to speed up ripening.
(4) It is best to bury weeds, crop straws, etc. Increase the content of soil organic matter in ditches (holes).
(5) Every year, the hole-expanding and deep-turning part should be covered in time, reserved as a nutrition belt, and no intercropping is allowed. Intercropping can be carried out outside the nutrient zone. After the intercropping crops are harvested, the soil of the intercropping crops can be rotated by a micro rotary tiller to loosen the soil, keep moisture and eliminate weeds.
Popularize plastic film no-tillage cultivation to protect shallow roots from full expansion after entering the full fruit stage, with more underground roots and less soil cultivation as far as possible. Sand mulching, grass mulching and plastic film mulching can be used to protect the shallow root system, so that the shallow root system with the most active growth, the most sensitive to temperature difference and the strongest ability to absorb nutrients and synthesize cytokinins can grow under relatively stable environmental conditions and promote the robust growth of trees. Attention should be paid to when covering no-tillage cultivation:
(1) Thicken sand grass every year to ensure that the sand thickness is above 10 cm and the grass thickness is above 20 cm, and press the grass as much as possible to prevent fire and wind from blowing and accelerate the decomposition of weeds. In order to ensure the integrity of the film, soil can be covered on the film, which can prevent the film from weathering on the one hand, reduce the temperature on the other hand, create a relatively constant environmental condition, and inhibit the growth of weeds on the other hand; Black film has the above functions and can be covered with black film as far as possible.
(2) The weeds in the garden can be uprooted manually, and the uprooted weeds will cover the trees and increase the organic matter content in the soil.
(3) Try to apply fertilizer by flushing method. Before spring germination and after fruit bagging and swelling in August, topdressing can be fully dissolved, and topdressing with topdressing gun is fast, which is beneficial to the rapid development of fertilizer efficiency and good effect. The base fertilizer should be replaced every year and applied by ditching method; Organic fertilizer should be applied deeply to guide the root system to grow downwards and improve the drought resistance of trees by using deep nutrients in the soil. The application depth of farmyard manure should be about 40 cm.
(4) Combined with the application of base fertilizer, cut off the root system above 1 cm, so as to promote the generation of new roots, accelerate root regeneration, maintain vigorous root groups and improve absorption capacity. Qinguan apple has high yield and large water demand. However, Jingning County is dry and rainy, with an annual precipitation of only 450 mm. Natural precipitation is far from meeting the needs of apple production, with obvious seasonal precipitation and frequent droughts in spring and summer, which has become the biggest limiting factor of Qinguan apple production in Jingning County. Various forms of water management systems have been explored in the local area, such as covering, building water cellars, building ditches and dams, collecting natural precipitation as a supplement, and carrying out artificial irrigation during drought, which has better overcome the adverse effects of water shortage and promoted the improvement of production efficiency.
Sand covering combined with intercropping, the whole garden is covered with a layer of fine sand, the thickness of which exceeds 10 cm. Because sand can well accept natural precipitation, it can effectively reduce soil evaporation loss, obviously increase the temperature difference between day and night, which is conducive to improving yield and quality, and is widely used in the southern towns of Jingning.
Covering trees with grass or rows with weeds can improve the soil water supply in the garden, and the decay of weeds can increase the soil organic matter content. Mulching has become the main dry farming measure in central and southern China. In autumn and winter, it is best to cover the grass with the thickness above 10 cm.
Plastic film mulching has the advantages of less investment and less labor. In recent years, the promotion area of Jingning has expanded year by year, especially the black plastic film mulching has the effect of suppressing grass, and the effect is good. Generally, the behavior center of tree planting is 1.4 m per side, which can greatly reduce the evaporation loss of soil moisture and improve the drought resistance of trees.
Supporting dry pits, building dry pits or building dams in ravines, and collecting water in rainy season for use in dry season are generally adopted drought-resistant measures in Jingning mountain area. In general, 20 m3 1 dry pit can be used to irrigate 667 ~1.334m2 orchards. ..
Mechanical hauling and watering method in critical period Jingning suffered severe drought in 2009. People used motorized tricycles to pull water and water during the fruit expansion period, which successfully alleviated the drought and laid a good foundation for high yield and income increase of apples. Generally, six large buckets are pulled per train, each bucket contains about 300 kilograms of water, and every 667 m2 is poured 10 train, which can meet the needs of tree growth. 6.6 Where there are irrigation conditions in Sichuan, timely use water sources for irrigation. It is important to ensure the critical period of water demand in May, and water the soil before freezing in winter to ensure the robust growth of trees. The experience of Gan 'an Village in Shuangxian Township can be widely popularized in mountainous areas, and dams can be built in ditches to collect natural precipitation for irrigation to ensure efficient apple production. Apple's absorption and utilization of fertilizer is very regular, and fertilization according to the law can maximize the fertilizer efficiency. Qinguan apple (1 ~ 3 years old) is young, with vegetative growth as the main growth, and new shoots as the main growth. Flower buds began to form at the age of 4 ~ 5, and the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, and the absorption of phosphorus increased obviously; After a large number of fruits, both reproductive growth and vegetative growth were paid equal attention, and the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased in an all-round way. Fertilization should adapt to this characteristic. Young trees should mainly apply nitrogen fertilizer, and should pay attention to the combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium after entering the full fruit stage. Generally, young trees can be applied with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at the ratio of 2∶2∶ 1, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium will gradually transition to 1∶0.7∶ 1 after the full fruit stage.
In the one-year growth cycle of apple, the early stage is mainly vegetative growth, which needs more nitrogen; In June, the flower buds began to differentiate and the absorption of phosphorus increased sharply. In August, the fruit swelled and the sugar content began to increase, so it was necessary to absorb a lot of potassium fertilizer. Fertilization management should adapt to this law of fertilizer demand. Before June, the leaves were immature and the production capacity of photosynthetic products was weak. Nutrients required for tree germination, flowering, leaf spreading and branching mainly depend on the storage of trees. After 6 months, the new shoots stopped growing and the leaves grew fully. The nutrients needed for flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion of the tree were supplied by photosynthetic products of the leaves, and the growth of the tree mainly depended on the assimilation of nutrients in the current year. Specifically, the following four fertilizers should be applied:
(1) Applying base fertilizer to ensure the growth before June can not only increase the storage nutrition of the tree, but also promote the safe overwintering of the tree and the formation of high-quality flower buds, which is also very beneficial to improve the fruit setting rate. Basic fertilizer should be applied immediately after fruit picking in autumn every year, mainly organic fertilizer, to supplement tree nutrition and improve tree stress resistance. To produce 3 000 kg apples per 667 m2, it is necessary to apply about 32 kg of calcium superphosphate, 5 000~6 000 kg of high-quality soil miscellaneous fertilizer or 300 kg of 50% bio-organic compound fertilizer, and compound bacterial fertilizer 15 kg. Early application of base fertilizer can increase the nutrient storage of trees.
(2) In the case of untimely or insufficient fertilization in winter, nitrogen should be supplemented as soon as possible after soil thawing in spring. For every 667 m2 apple, 40kg+31kg urea+50% calcium superphosphate +60kg 50% bio-organic compound fertilizer+10 kg compound bacterial fertilizer should be applied.
(3) After fruiting in June, phosphorus and potassium were the main topdressing, which promoted the development of young fruits and flower bud differentiation and increased photosynthesis. Urea 65438±02kg, calcium superphosphate 63 kg, potassium sulfate 65438±09kg or ternary compound fertilizer 50 kg should be applied to produce 3 000 kg apples per 667 m2.
(4) The fruit expands and grows in August. To produce 3 000 kg apples per 667 hm2, 50 kg ammonium bicarbonate and 30 kg potassium sulfate are needed. Choose a tree with relatively more branches per plant and a larger crown for efficient production, mainly to improve the spindle shape. Three main branches are selected at the base, and the whole tree has 12 ~ 15 branches. The height of the tree is controlled at about 3.5 m, and the branches extend uniaxially. This tree shape can form a relatively concentrated local fruit advantage and improve yield and quality. Qin Guan has high germination rate and weak branching ability, so it should be fixed in time after planting to promote branching; Aft germination, that tender branch within 60 cm from the ground are erased, and 4-5 branches with good orientation are left, and a plastic belt of 20 cm is left. When pruning in the second year, 1/3 of the middle trunk is pruned to select extended branches, two competing branches are thinned out, and 2-3 extremely heavy buds and short nodes are reserved for the rest branches; After budding in the third year, leave back buds for extremely heavy chopped branches, smooth the rest buds, promote the three main branches at the base, choose to leave the branch axis more than 20 cm away from the uppermost main branch, and keep the branch axis rising spirally. In the fourth year, cut off 1/3 of the extension branches of the middle trunk to promote branching and select the branching axis. In the fifth year, 1/3 of the extension branch of the middle trunk is cut off to promote branching and select the branch axis, and then the tree body can basically take shape.
Promote the vigorous growth of young trees and increase the photosynthetic area. Because Qinguan apples are easy to flower, the general principle of pruning is to remove the weak and retain the strong, promote the vigorous growth of branches and form a strong tree structure. Specific pruning should pay attention to:
(1) Expand the ratio of trunk thickness to supporting shaft. The most obvious feature of silk reeling is that the central trunk has absolute growth advantage and the branch shaft keeps uniaxial elongation. In order to adapt to this feature, continuous re-cutting method should be adopted in the production of supporting shaft. Generally, a branch on the trunk that exceeds 1/3 of the trunk can leave a short section of 1 cm at the base.
(2) In the young tree stage of Qin Guan, the pruning of the remaining branches is mainly based on long planting, so as to fully extend the branches, promote the growth of the branches, occupy space, form a plump tree structure, increase the effective fruiting parts and improve the early yield.
(3) Make full use of the advantages of vertical growth of branches to improve the quality of branches. Generally, the annual branch length of/kloc-0 should be 60 ~ 1 00 cm in the young tree period, and the spring shoots are longer than the autumn shoots, or the spring shoots appear, with few or no autumn shoots. The vast majority of annual branches are stout, with similar thickness at the base and at the end, dark and shiny branches, consistent thickness and position of branches, hard branches and small and compact pith.
Tree pruning in the first fruit period:
(1) moderately opened. Generally speaking, the branching angle is negatively correlated with the branching potential. The smaller the angle, the more lush the branches. If the included angle is too large, the branches will be weak. Qin Guan is easy to blossom, and it is easy to bear too many fruits after entering the fruiting period, which will lead to the weakening of the tree. Therefore, the opening angle of Qin crown should not be too large, generally, the bottom angle is 60, the waist angle is 80 and the sharp angle is about 70, so as to avoid the branches being pulled too flat, which will lead to the rapid decline of tree potential and affect the crown expansion and the improvement of yield and quality.
(2) Maintain the normal extension of supporting shaft. Because Qin Guan is easy to blossom, so when pruning, the flower buds within 30 cm of the branches should be loosened to ensure the effective extension and vigorous growth of the branches.
(3) Cultivate robust fruiting branches. Generally speaking, the fruiting ability is the strongest when the diameter of fruiting branches in Qinguan is 0.6 ~ 1 cm, and attention should be paid to thinning out redundant and weak branches when pruning.
(4) Promote the drooping growth of fruit branches. The drooping branches of Qinguan apple have big fruit, positive fruit shape and good quality, so we should pay attention to the cultivation at the initial fruit stage and take measures such as strengthening branches in summer to promote the drooping branches.
(5) Leave more branches appropriately to improve early yield. In the young tree period, the garden has good permeability, vigorous tree growth and strong fruit-bearing ability, so more branches can be left appropriately to improve the yield. Generally, the large fruiting branches can be left with a spacing of 20 cm, and the small fruiting branches can be left in the air to form a plump tree structure and improve the fruiting ability.
Pruning trees in full fruit period:
(1) Prevent photoaging. Temporary branches left in the young tree stage can be drained in stages and batches after entering the full fruit stage to improve the lighting conditions; Over-dense fruit branches can be properly thinned, the spacing between large fruit branches can be gradually widened to 40 cm, the spacing between medium fruit branches can be kept about 20 cm, and small fruit branches can be left blank. Pay attention to control the number of 60,000 to 80,000 branches per 667m2.
(2) Pay attention to renew the fruiting branches and keep the strong ones. Because Qinguan apple is not sensitive to pruning reaction, retraction and renewal method can be used. Stimulate the branches at the lower part of the branches first, and then the aging branches retract the new branches at the lower part of the branches. If there are strong branches in the lower part, the replacement regeneration method can also be used. If the age of the mother branch is 8 ~ 10 years, the branch will become thinner and smaller, so it needs to be updated in time to keep the branch robust and improve the yield and quality.
(3) Prevent the generated parts from moving out. As a result, the parts moved outward, and the result was superficial, which had a great impact on production efficiency. Results one of the main reasons for the outward movement of the position was the deterioration of illumination in the hole and the poor flower formation. Second, the branches are stout and compete for nutrients. Therefore, on the one hand, when pruning, the light path should be opened to promote the formation of high-quality flower buds in the hole and improve the bearing capacity of the hole; On the other hand, we should pay attention to sparse strong branches and keep the balanced results of branches.
(4) Control the amount of flowers and fruits to produce appropriate fruits. Osmunda japonica is easy to blossom and bear too much fruit. The yield can be controlled by controlling the number of flower buds, which requires careful pruning. The number of buds per 667 m2 should be controlled at 15000 ~ 20000, and the inflorescence spacing should be kept at about 25 cm. After fruit setting, single fruit should be kept sparse, and the number of fruits per 667 m2 should be controlled at 15000 ~ 20000. Excessive buds can be thinned out when pruning in winter.
The pruning of old trees focuses on rejuvenation, improving light conditions, reducing the number of branches, concentrating nutrient supply and prolonging the fruiting period.
(1) Change the tree shape and implement sunshine management. By lowering the head and lifting the rod, the thickness of the curtain is effectively reduced from more than 2 m to about 1 m, and a single-layer curtain is realized. Weak trees should be thinned year by year to improve the trunk and enhance the amount of reflected light on the ground. If the tree body is too high and the tree head is too big, it is necessary to lower the head every year to increase the light transmission at the top.
(2) Reduce the number of branches and concentrate nutrition supply. Generally, the number of branches per 667 m2 can be controlled at 60,000 ~ 70,000, and all the redundant branches can be thinned out. In the production, the masses summed up that "to achieve high yield, the stems should be cut off (uniaxial extension)", "to achieve large fruit, the branches should be branched", which fully explained the necessity of centralized nutrition supply in apple production. The method of "breaking embryo" can be used in winter pruning, and every 5 ~ 7 buds are left 1 flower bud. For other flower buds, "embryo breaking" can reduce the consumption of nutrients by flower buds on the one hand, and promote the growth of short and medium branches, increase the leaf area and improve the high-quality fruit rate on the other hand.
After flowering and fruiting in spring, each inflorescence leaves a single fruit. Generally, the fruit stalk is curved, which means that it has normal results and can be left alone. The natural fruit setting rate of Qinguan apple is high, with 5 fruits per inflorescence. Usually, the flowers and fruits at the edges should be thinned, leaving the flowers and fruits at the center.
On the basis of strict fruit thinning, M-45 800 times solution+1 month was sprayed on the orchard after flowering, and 3 000 times solution of imidacloprid+10% avermectin 5 000 times solution was used for fruit bagging. Bagging should choose high-quality paper bags to ensure the bagging effect. Bagging should avoid the dew period and high temperature period at noon and implement a full set of bagging; 65438+1mid-October, cloudy for 3 ~ 4 days in a row, bag picking at one time; If the weather is fine, the bags should be picked in stages, and the outer bags should be picked for 3 ~ 5 days before the inner bags are picked to prevent sunburn.