(1) Meteorological conditions
The annual average temperature is above 12℃, the growing period is from April to June, the daily average temperature is above 20℃, the annual average rainfall is less than l000mm, the temperature difference between day and night is large when the fruit is ripe, the sunshine is sufficient and the rainfall is less.
(2) Soil environmental conditions
Hutai 8 grape has wide adaptability to soil, and can be planted in sandy soil, loam and clay with pH value of 6.5-7.5. But for thin and sticky soil, organic fertilizer should be added to improve it. It is best to choose a place with convenient irrigation and drainage, gentle terrain and far away from air, soil and groundwater pollution.
(1) seedling
Choose healthy seedlings with developed root system, rhizome diameter of 0.8 cm- 1.0 cm, 2-3 full buds, no pests and diseases, 1- 12 years old. It is recommended to use virus-free vaccine.
(3) Planting pits
The diameter and depth are 60 cm -80 cm. During excavation, the surface mature soil layer and underground raw soil should be placed separately. When backfilling, backfill the ripe soil first, and then backfill the raw soil.
(4) base fertilizer
Apply 3kg-1 0kg of pure organic fertilizer or 80kg-100kg of farm manure,1kg of calcium superphosphate and 0.25kg of multi-element compound fertilizer to the planting pit, and apply them after fully mixing. When farmyard manure is decomposed in a short time, an appropriate amount of pesticides should be added to each pit to prevent and control underground pests.
(5) Planting time
Autumn planting 65438+1early October-10/late October 65438+1late October, spring planting from late February to mid-March, autumn planting should be planted in the winter of that year to prevent cold.
(6) Planting method
After irrigation, the root neck should be flush with the ground, not too deep. When planting, the collapse degree of the pit should be included, and the root system should be trimmed properly before planting. When planting, the root system should be stretched and not in direct contact with fertilizer.
(7) Water:
Water it in time after planting, and seal the nest with fine soil in time after underwater infiltration to prevent water evaporation and surface cracking.
(8) Plastic film:
After the grape planting is completed, the vines should be covered with plastic film with a width of 80- 100 cm, a thickness of 0.075 mm and a spacing of 2 meters, and the film should be covered in the vines. (a) determining the type of tree
According to the soil and climate conditions in Xi 'an, it is suggested that Gao Qian's "H" and "V" grapes should be used to produce high-quality table grapes.
"H" type: trunk height 1.6m, two main vines with height 1.0m are planted along the left and right sides of the tree row, and each main vine is planted in the opposite direction, with the spacing of bearing vines in the same direction being Zm, and bearing branches are alternately planted on both sides of bearing vines, with the spacing of bearing vines on the same side being 15cm-20cm.
T'' type: stem height 1.7m, two fruiting mother vines with height 1.0m are planted along the left and right sides of the tree line, and the fruiting mother branches are the same as "H" type.
Gao Qian "V" type: the stem height is 1.2m- 1.6m, two horizontal main vines are cultivated in the opposite direction, and the bearing branches are alternately cultivated along both sides of the main vines, with the spacing between bearing branches on the same side being 20cm-30cm.
(2) Tree culture
Grape is a vine. Only by artificial pruning and shaping can the branches and vines be reasonable, cover the ground, make full use of sunlight and growth space, and achieve the goal of high quality and stable yield. Tree cultivation should be carried out year by year.
1. The first year of colonization
After the seedlings grow new buds, they should be inserted into the bamboo pole in time, and the strong main branches should be tied along the bamboo pole, and all other buds should be smoothed. When the main branch grows to 50 cm away from the shed, the main branch should be pitted, and 3-4 pieces of auxiliary branches grown on the main branch should be repeatedly pitted to increase the leaf area of the plant. Promote trunk thickening. When the tree grows vigorously, it can be cultivated by using the secondary branches at the top according to the tree type. After August, we should control the growth of new shoots and promote the aging of branches. When pruning in winter, the length of branches should be determined according to the growth of trees. If the thickness of the trunk at the height of 50Cm above the ground does not exceed Icm, we should consider leveling the stubble from the ground and continue farming next year.
2. The second year of colonization
Continue to cultivate the "H" shape according to the predetermined tree type, and cultivate four basic fruiting main vines, the length of each main vine can reach half of the predetermined length. In this way, the main vines should be cultivated year by year, and the remaining vines in the first year are too long, which will affect the uniformity of germination, and there will be no branches in the middle. "T" type and "V" type in Gao Qian can basically cultivate scaffolding tree in the second year, and enter the high-yield period in the third year.
3. The third year of colonization
For the main fruiting vines preserved last year, before the grape bleeding from late February to early March, cut off the damage at the base of the main fruiting vines 0.3-0.8 cm in front of each bud with a depth of 0.2-0.3 cm, so as to promote the normal germination of each bud and prevent the loss of fruiting branches, and start fruiting after the base germinates. The terminal bud of the main vine does not leave any fruit, and the extension culture is continued until the top ends of two adjacent main vines are connected together, and the tree body culture is all over. (1) pruning
Pruning time: 65438+mid-February-early February
Pruning method: Prune the single or double buds of the bearing branch with H-shaped and T-shaped racks, and Gao Qian prunes 3-4 buds with V-shaped racks. In order to prevent the cut from being blown dry by the wind, affecting the germination of the remaining buds and the outward migration of the resulting parts, the cut should not be too close to the reserved buds, and the upper buds should be cut off. With the extension of tree age, fruiting branches are often missing. If the upper branches are insufficient, the lower fruiting branches can be lengthened and pruned to make up for the deficiency of the upper branches.
(2) Treatment of carving injury
The results of "H" and "T" frame culture show that all the main vines will be trimmed into extra-long tips if they are not trimmed and fixed.
The material range of anchor stone is very wide, including stone, brick, cement block and so on. It is necessary to choose more economical materials according to local conditions, the unit weight should not be less than 20kg, and the corner pillar anchor stone should be increased to more than 30kg. Depth: The buried depth of the anchor stone shall not be less than 80cm, and the anchor stone shall be firmly bound to prevent the thread from escaping. After being buried, it should be tamped with heavy objects.
(3) Scaffolding method: The grape trellis should be firm, flat and durable, and it is very important to master the correct scaffolding procedure. Practice leveling: according to the planting direction of the vineyard, control the branches and vines, determine the basic line direction of the scaffold, and point out the positions of corner columns and side columns with white ash. Digging: The pit depth of planting side columns is generally 50cm, which can be adjusted according to the terrain. Plant four corner columns first, and then plant the side columns around by pulling wires, and the upper ends of the side columns should be kept horizontal. Mooring anchor stone: the pit of anchor stone should be perpendicular to the side column, with a spacing of 80- 100cm, not too close or too far. The anchor line should be absolutely perpendicular to the side column. Fixed side column: When the side column is connected with the ground anchor, it can be fixed only by uniformly inclining outward for 50-60 degrees. Diameter-pull wire: the diameter wire acts as a beam, so it should be pulled first, and the tightness should be consistent. When the distance is long, the middle should be propped up with a vertical pole. Weft drawing: Weft mainly plays the role of fixing the main fruiting vine and fruiting branch. There are three kinds of weft yarns. First, pull the weft thread that fixes the main vine in the middle, and both ends are rooted and fixed on the side column. After the other two wefts are pulled to the surrounding thick edges, they are mended, and the two ends are rooted and fixed on the edges. Support the center column: the position of the center column is at the intersection of each radial line and the latitude line. The central column is not stressed, which mainly plays a supporting role. The center pillar does not need to be buried. In order to improve the stability, a red brick can be placed at the bottom of the central column, and the upper part can be fixed with iron wire, radial line and weft. Pull the fence: the fence is mainly used to connect the whole grape, and it should be fixed on each pole of the corner column and the side column with iron wire. The steel wires used for erection are all steel strands except those used for binding and anchor pulling. Because the flexibility of steel strand is small, and the erected surface is flat, there is no need to tighten the iron wire every year. (1) Bud wiping: After the grapes germinate, choose the advantages and disadvantages of the buds, leave the strong ones in a good position, and wipe off the useless buds.
Bud smearing time: Due to the different temperature in spring, the speed of grape germination is also different, which is usually carried out on 10- 15 days after germination.
Bud wiping method: the first time, the obviously useless buds are mainly erased, such as the buds at the base of the main vine and the auxiliary buds on both sides of the main bud. The second time is about 10 days after the first bud smearing, mainly to wipe off the last remaining buds, germinated buds and useless buds. Unfamiliar buds should be preserved as much as possible for valuable weak buds.
(2) Fixed-branch grape is another technical measure to determine the load of new shoots on the shelf surface after budding. Branch fixing time: usually when a new ear appears and the size of the ear can be distinguished. Pruning principle: According to the distribution of racks, H'' type and T-type racks generally adopt 1-2 buds for pruning, and Gao Qian "V" type adopts 3-4 buds for pruning. Pruning should be based on the size of the ear, the position and direction of the ear of the branch, and only one branch is left for one bearing mother branch, and the distance between two bearing branches is 6544. According to different varieties, the number of branches is set, with fewer branches for large panicle varieties and more branches for small panicle varieties.
(3) The tying is to locate the vines of the grapes. By binding, adjusting the angle of branches, and rationally dividing the position of branches on the frame surface, we can make full use of light energy and promote the growth and development of branches. Tie-up time: the perennial fruit of the main vine is usually carried out after the frame type is completed in spring, and the main vine is fixed with the middle latitude with a relatively strong rope every 30-40Cm. When the new shoots grow to 40-50 cm, they should be bundled immediately to prevent the tender shoots from being broken by strong wind. Binding form: there are many forms of binding. Generally, young trees are bound vertically to promote vigorous growth, and new shoots of bearing trees are bound horizontally to make them flourish. Lead-and-tie method: When lead-and-tie, cut the lead-and-tie material into a short rope with a certain length, fix the tie rope on the iron wire with a "pig's hoof buckle" to prevent it from slipping, and then cross it into an "8" shape to tie the branches firmly and moderately to prevent the branches from rubbing against the iron wire. Binding materials: At present, there are many kinds of materials for binding vines, such as plastic tear film, cloth strip, hemp rope, adhesive tape and binding tape. , you can choose according to your own situation.
(4) Grape branches and vines of "Tiaoxin" Hutai No.8 are generally not capped in the growing season. Under suitable conditions and adequate nutrition, branches and leaves will sprout continuously. If these new shoots and secondary branches are not picked in time, the branches and leaves will grow wildly, wasting nutrition and affecting ventilation and light transmission. The purpose of coring is to strictly control the new shoots and secondary shoots, adjust the reasonable amount of leaves left, which is conducive to ventilation and light transmission, purposefully control the flow direction of nutrient distribution, and promote the coordinated development of nutrient growth and reproductive growth. The repeated result of Hutai 8 is to artificially adjust the fruit and ripening time of each fruit through ingenious pit removal treatment. 1. The flowering period of grape with main shoot and core is the vegetative transformation period between vegetative growth and reproductive growth. During this period, the storage of nutrients in the tree is limited, and there are few functional leaves in the new shoots, which can not meet the needs of their own branches and leaves, while flowering and fruit setting require a lot of nutrients. This period is the most intense period of vegetative growth and reproductive growth. Therefore, the growth of new shoots must be strictly controlled during the flowering period of grapes, and the growth of new shoots can be artificially terminated and prolonged by picking cores. Picking time: The first flowering period of grapes is the best time to pick the heart. Degree of core removal: the core removal position is generally at the size of new tip leaves 1/3, and there are 4-6 functional leaves above the fruit setting position. After fruit-setting, the elongated branches of the fruiting branches do not need to be pitted, and can be tied to grow vertically downward. It can improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the shelf surface and reduce the management workload. If the fruit setting of the main fruit is too poor due to climatic reasons, the main fruit can be re-pitted in late May to promote the germination of the secondary fruit of the main winter bud. 2. After the core is removed from the main tip, the top is blocked, and the secondary tip in the axil of the basal leaf will grow rapidly. If not handled in time, the surface of the shelf will be too cloudy, which will affect ventilation and light transmission. Under the condition of not affecting the tree shape, 2-3 leaves can be left in the secondary branches of young trees, and the tips can be picked repeatedly to enhance the nutritional area of young trees. As a result, all the branches under the ears were wiped clean, and 2-3 leaves were left above the ears and pinched repeatedly. After entering the initial stage of coloring, if the shelf surface is too shaded, some secondary branches can be cut off at intervals to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the shelf surface and promote fruit ripening. Soil is the foundation of grape growth. Soil quality, organic matter content and pH will directly affect the normal growth of grapes.
(a) Before planting, the fields to be planted should be leveled to facilitate scaffolding and irrigation. Deeply cultivate the soil in an all-round way to promote soil maturation. Dig ditches or pits, and apply a lot of organic fertilizer. For the renewal of old vineyards, it is necessary to disinfect the soil and eradicate the pests and diseases in the soil of previous crops.
(2) Chengyuan
1. Local deep ploughing: combined with the application of base fertilizer at the end of autumn every year, alternate furrowing and deep ploughing is generally 30-40 cm, and the area of deep ploughing accounts for 10- 15% of the whole garden area every year, and then deep ploughing is carried out in rotation year by year.
2. Ground cover: Covering vineyards with open spaces between rows and under frames is beneficial to the growth of roots. Mulching can prevent soil moisture evaporation, reduce soil drought hardening, narrow the range of soil temperature change, facilitate microbial activities, and promote the decomposition of organic matter and the absorption of nutrients. Covering materials include: plastic film crop straw, xlJ mowing, etc.
3. Planting grass: This technology has been popularized abroad. Planting grass in orchard can improve microclimate, improve soil fertility, improve soil aggregate structure and save orchard labor. Natural grass: natural grass is a weed grown by grapes themselves. During management, only weeds with high growth are pulled out, and other weeds are controlled within 20cm, so that grapes can grow naturally without affecting their growth. Artificial grass planting: Artificial grass planting is the artificial planting of beneficial orchard-specific grass seeds after clearing the weeds in the orchard. Grass species: American clover, purple flower bud. Planting time: April-May in spring and September-65438+1October in autumn. Sowing method: drilling or sowing. Sowing amount per mu: 0.5 kg per mu in orchard. Management: Grasp the soil moisture when sowing, sow in harmony with the soil moisture as far as possible, cover the soil lightly 1-2cm thick, and clean up other weeds in time after emergence. When artificial grass is dominant, other weeds will not grow.
4. No-tillage method uses chemical herbicides instead of manual or mechanical intertillage weeding to reduce the adverse effects of tillage on soil. No-tillage is adopted in vineyards with deep soil and fertile soil. Use chemical herbicides no more than twice a year in orchards, and the effect is better when there is no wind on sunny days and dew is dry. Herbicides used in vineyards include glyphosate and carbofuran. (1) basic fertilizer is the most important fertilization link in grape production, which is usually carried out from late autumn to early winter in 10 ~ 12. This kind of fertilization is very important to restore the vitality of plants and lay a good foundation for high yield next year. Organic fertilizer is the main ingredient, and a proper amount of multi-element compound fertilizer is added, with the dosage of 3000-4000 kg per mu, accounting for 70-80% of the annual fertilization. The young garden adopts furrow application, and the mature garden can adopt surface application around the tree tray.
(2) Topdressing During the growth of grapes, topdressing should be carried out several times according to the growth of plants and soil fertility. Generally, don't apply too much nitrogen fertilizer before the grapes bloom. Because the nutrients needed before flowering mainly depend on the nutrients stored and accumulated in the trees last year. Improper topdressing before flowering will lead to vigorous plant growth, but it will affect the fruit setting rate. The correct topdressing time should be after the grapes bloom, which is the period when the grapes grow fastest and need nutrients most. This time, 30-40 kilograms of phosphoric acid or ternary compound fertilizer can be applied topdressing per mu, and 2000-3000 kilograms of biogas fertilizer can be applied topdressing during fruit expansion and in late September after fruit harvest to promote fruit expansion and increase tree storage nutrients. Before the grapes are ripe, in order to improve the fruit quality, potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be lightly applied once, and 20 kilograms can be applied per mu.
(3) Foliar fertilizer plants can not only absorb nutrients through roots, but also through leaves, and grapes are no exception. In order to strengthen and improve the growth of grapes, in several key periods of grape growth, in addition to root fertilization, foliar fertilizer can also be supplemented through leaves. The concentration of foliar fertilizer is 0.2-0.3% of urea, 0-3% of 65438+ calcium superphosphate and 0.3-0.5% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Don't increase the amount of foliar spraying fertilizer or mix it with various pesticides, so as not to reduce the effect or cause phytotoxicity. Although grapes are berries, the relative water demand is relatively large, but in each growing season, appropriate control should be advocated to adjust fertilizer with water to achieve the purpose of scientific water use.
(1) Irrigation principle: properly irrigate grapes before flowering: during this period, the weather in the north is generally dry and there is little rain. According to the weather, once or twice irrigation 1, the amount of water is less. Too much water will promote the vigorous growth of branches and leaves, which is not conducive to fruit setting. Water control in flowering period: water control shall be carried out within 10- 15 days from the first flowering period to the last flowering period. Irrigation at flowering stage will lead to long branches and leaves, consume a lot of nutrients, which is not good for fruit setting. Water the fruit in time during the fruit expansion period: from physiological fruit drop to fruit coloring period, the fruit growth rate is the most decisive period. The external temperature is high, the evaporation of leaves is large, and plants often suffer from drought in dry years. Generally, water is poured once every 10 day, but it depends on the weather change, so it cannot be mechanically copied. Water control during fruit ripening: generally, irrigation should be controlled during fruit coloring to ripening. However, in case of drought, irrigation should be done properly. During this period, if the humidity of soil and air is too high, diseases will easily occur. Controlling water is beneficial to sugar accumulation and reducing the occurrence of diseases. Irrigation in autumn and winter: Generally, there is more rain in autumn in Xi 'an, so irrigation is not needed. However, after the fruit is harvested in autumn, it should be watered once in combination with the application of base fertilizer, and overwintering water should be watered again before overwintering.
(II) Micro-irrigation water-saving technology Micro-irrigation water-saving technology is a widely used orchard irrigation method abroad, which can not only save water resources, but also improve the water environment of fields and soils. Micro-irrigation water saving technology is very suitable for orchard irrigation. Its advantages are: economy (the investment per mu does not exceed that of 300 yuan), material benefit (one investment can benefit for many years) and practicality (low requirements for water source and water pressure, convenient use and few failures). Water pipeline: PVC pipes are generally used for water distribution pipes, with complete specifications and convenient installation and construction. The wall thickness is 3-5mm, the pipe diameter is 50- 100mm, and the pressure is 6kg/cmZ. Control valve: Micro-irrigation water saving is generally a single-line control, and each control point is equipped with a control valve with the same thickness according to the pipe diameter. It is best to choose a plastic ball valve as the control valve. After the grapes are ripe, the harvesting time should be strictly controlled: for general Kyoho varieties, it takes about 35-40 days for the fruits to be colored until they are ripe. The harvesting criteria are: the original color of grape variety Jujiatai No.8 should be completely presented, the fruit seeds are brown, the minimum sugar content is above 17 degrees, and it has the unique flavor of this variety.
(1) When harvesting, the growth and senescence of fruiting branches should be considered first. Generally, the branches are thick, the branches with light load mature first, the branches grow weakly, and the branches with heavy load mature late. Also observe whether the fruit color is full from the paper hole. When harvesting, be sure to handle it gently and put it in a plastic box in a single layer to prevent the ears from squeezing each other.
(2) Packaging method First, unpack the harvested grapes to check the quality, and use the fruit thinning scissors to thin the fruit with quality problems. When finishing, the action should be light to prevent the fruit powder from being wiped off, and then the fruit should be packaged in grades according to the neatness of the fruit. Super grade: Put the ear with uniform size, uniform ear shape and full color in a triangular transparent bag with air holes for ear use, and then label the ear, with 2-4 ears in each box. The first-class fruit is 4kg in a box, with a single ear of white paper. Secondary fruits can be packaged in wholesale markets and sold as ordinary fruits.