The purpose of young orchard management is to promote vegetative growth, put into production early, and form a good crown at the same time, creating conditions for high yield, high quality and easy management in the future. Young trees mainly apply nitrogen fertilizer, and apply thin fertilizer frequently (about once every two months) to accelerate the formation of crown. Young orchards should be intercropped and interplanted, with soybeans and peanuts planted in spring and sweet potatoes and vegetables planted in summer and autumn.

In Taiwan Province Province, China, fruit farmers often use cup-shaped or hollow round-headed pruning to increase the bearing area, reduce wind damage and facilitate management. (1) Cup-shaped: it is mostly used in windy areas on sloping fields and varieties suitable for opening (such as Tanaka). After the seedlings are planted, 4 ~ 5 lateral branches are left at a height of 40 ~ 60 cm from the ground to cultivate the main branch, which is stretched in all directions and forms an angle of 40 ~ 50 with the main branch. In the second year, 3 ~ 4 secondary branches were left in the proper position of the main branches, and the main branches were truncated and cultured into cups without central stems. In the future, keep some side branches in the center of the trunk to avoid sunburn of the trunk or main branch; ② Hollow round head shape: Suitable for flat orchards with deep soil and upright varieties (such as "Mao Mu"). After the seedlings are planted, leave 3 ~ 4 main branches 30 ~ 40 cm from the ground, and then leave 2 ~ 3 layers, with the spacing between layers of about 60cm, and the main branches of each layer should maintain balanced growth. Finally, the trunk is shortened, so that the plant is no longer tall and forms a hollow round head.

2. Key points of adult tree management

(1) Fertilization and soil management

Adult trees should be fertilized four times a year, in which heavy fertilizer should be applied after fruit picking and before spring shoot germination, accounting for about 70% ~ 80% of the annual fertilization. Common types of fertilizers are human excrement and urine, cake fertilizer, compost, garbage soil, burnt soil, chicken manure and chemical fertilizer. Long-term use of nitrogen fertilizer, the fruit is larger, but the color and fragrance are lighter; More potassium fertilizer, more sugar, but thicker meat. So it should be properly matched. Generally, every hectare of mountain orchards can use nitrogen 180 ~ 220 kg, phosphorus 150 ~ 180 kg and potassium 180 ~ 220 kg. The soil management of adult trees is to loosen the soil by clearing, weeding and loosening the soil 6 ~ 8 times a year, which is beneficial to the growth and absorption of roots and has the function of preserving moisture and preventing drought. In autumn and winter, ploughing outside the canopy (depth 10 ~ 15 cm) increases air permeability and water retention capacity. In rainy season, loquat orchards should be well drained to prevent root rot and stem rot near tree heads. In autumn and winter, water should be diverted for irrigation once or twice where conditions permit.

(2) Pruning

After fruit picking (May) and at the end of flower bud differentiation (September). Cut off weak branches, pests and diseases, overlapping branches, cross branches, drooping branches and dead branches, and cut the mouth flat. Sparse 2 new buds from fruit-picking branches or short-cut branches, and cut off or short-cut long branches.

(3) thinning ears and fruits

Thinning flowers and fruits is an effective technical measure to increase fruits and prevent fruits of loquat in different years. During the period from 65438+1early October to165438+1early October, the ear is obvious, but before flowering, the ear cannot be thinned where there is freezing damage, but it can be thinned at the same time. Usually, if there are 4 ears on a branch, 1 ~ 2 ears should be sparse, and if there are 5 ears, 2 ears should be sparse. Varieties with large fruit shapes should be appropriately sparse. One, sparse leaves, stunted, or flowers with pests and diseases, master the principle of staying outside, staying late, staying weak and staying strong, and thinning the upper part of the crown. The "New Year Tree" with high heading rate should be thinned more. Sparse spikes are usually broken off from the base by hand, and leaves are kept as much as possible.

There are three methods for thinning flower buds in Japan: ① removing the upper part of flower spike; (2) Remove two supporting shafts at the bottom and several supporting shafts at the top, and keep 3-4 supporting shafts in the middle; (3) On the basis of the above two methods, the terminal buds left on the supporting shaft are removed. Usually, only 2 ~ 3 supporting axial leaves are left per panicle for varieties with large fruit shape, and 3 ~ 5 supporting axial leaves are left per panicle for small and medium-sized varieties to ensure 4 ~ 6 fruits per panicle in the future.

The fruit setting rate of loquat is high, even though the ear is sparse, there are still too many fruits. Fruit thinning can obviously increase the fruit size, make the fruit size and maturity uniform, improve the fruit quality and facilitate harvesting. The fruit thinning in Putian, Fujian Province was mostly carried out at the end of February, when the residual flowers were exhausted and the young fruit was the size of broad bean. First, break off a part of the extra ear, then thin the fruit one by one, and thin the diseased fruit, deformed fruit, small fruit and over-dense fruit. Large fruit varieties (such as Jiefangzhong) keep 4 ~ 6 grains per panicle, while small fruit varieties (such as Wei Sen Zaosheng) keep 6 ~ 10 grains per panicle. Short and thick fruit branches with strong trees and many leaves can be properly reserved, and the fruits in the middle of the ear can be reserved, and attention should be paid to selecting young fruits with uniform size, so as to make the maturity consistent in the future and facilitate harvesting.

(4) bagging

The purpose of bagging is to prevent rust spots, fruit cracking, sunburn and bird damage on the fruit surface. 1 bagging in January, mid and February has the best antirust effect. Paper bags are made of old newspapers and coated with vegetable oil (such as palm oil) to prolong their life. There are air holes in the corner of the bag to prevent the fruit from rotting. After bagging, tie a small iron wire on the upper part of the paper bag, which can improve the efficiency.