Why was the strongest province in Ming Dynasty divided by Qing Dynasty?
Above _ Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang Bust Ganlong Imperial Plate Making
How strong is Nanzhili?
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang set up four prefecture-level areas such as Yingtianfu, Suzhou, Fengyang, Yangzhou, etc. 14 as directly affiliated areas, and called them Nanzhili. The whole region includes Jiangsu, Anhui and Shanghai, with a total area of 235,368 square kilometers, accounting for only 7% of the country's total area. In the third year of Chongzhen (AD 1630), the population of Nanzhili was about 30.94 million, accounting for 16% of the total population in China.
Behind the rigid data, there is huge energy. In the 26th year of Hongwu (A.D. 1393), the summer tax and autumn grain in the north and south were Shanxi and Nanzhili respectively, and Shanxi collected 2,800,937 stones, while Nanzhili collected 7,234,820 stones, the former only accounted for 38.7438+0% of the latter. Moreover, compared with the tax revenue of the southern region, the tax revenue of Nanzhili is 2.63 times that of the second Zhejiang, and its total tax revenue accounts for 1/3 of the national tax revenue, which shows the strong economic strength.
Above _ Daming Jade Map South Zhili
Administrative divisions of Nanzhili in Ming Dynasty
The huge economic advantages of Nanzhili promoted the development of cultural undertakings. In the third year of Hongwu (A.D. 1370), the imperial court announced the number of students admitted after having obtained the provincial examinations, including 40 students from South Zhili 100, 40 students from Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Beiping, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Huguang, and 25 students from Guangdong and Guangxi. In the seventh year of Jingtai (A.D. 1456), the number of people who had obtained the township examination in Nanzhili and Beizhili increased to 135 respectively, far exceeding that in other provinces. People sigh:? Half the people in the world go out of Jiangnan. ?
"Ming history? Geographical records:? In August of the first year of Hongwu, Nanjing was built, and Zhongshu Province went on strike, making the provincial capital in the capital of Zhongshu Province, Zhili and Wei. In the first month of the eleventh year, Nanjing changed its capital? The first month of the first year of Yongle was also called Nanjing. There are fourteen states, four zhili, seventeen states and seven counties. ? Among the counties under the jurisdiction of Nanzhili, Suzhou and Songjiang (now Shanghai) are one of the richest areas in China. Both Nanjing and Suzhou are the centers of silk industry in China, and the importance of Yangzhou, a salt town in the Huai and Huai Dynasties, Xuzhou, a military stronghold, Fengyang, the hometown of dragons, and Nanzhili can be seen.
Above _ During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Huainan mainly boiled salt, while Huaibei mainly dried salt.
Reasons for the prosperity of South Zhili
In fact, there is a precedent in history to make Nanzhili stronger and bigger. Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was born in Nanyang County, Jingzhou. Moreover, among the 28 generals in Yuntai, 1 1 came from Nanyang. To this end, Liu Xiu took 37 counties in Nanyang as his own and became? The first county in the world? , and regarded as? Dixiang? .
Affected by this, people all over the country moved to Nanyang. "The History of the Three Kingdoms" said frankly: Nanyang has a million accounts. ? According to statistics, in the 5th year of Yonghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 140), the total population of Nanyang County reached 2.43 million, accounting for 4.94% of the total population of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was equivalent to the population of Youzhou in the 13th year of secretariat. With the help of Nanyang, Jingzhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty enjoyed it? The capital of the emperor? Therefore, it is not surprising that South Zhili outshines others.
Above _ Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty (65438+ 10/5-March 29, 57 BC), the word Shu Wen.
Horizontally, the Ming Dynasty copied the practice of Nanzhili. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), Judy, the founder of Ming Dynasty, moved to Beijing, abolished the Chief Secretary of Beijing, and set up Beizhili to govern Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. Even so, the Ming Dynasty retained Nanzhili. All the other mountains are dwarfed under the sky. ? State.
The fundamental reason is that the Ming Dynasty was the only dynasty that succeeded in the Northern Expedition, and the North was ruled by Liao, Jin and Yuan for more than 400 years. Hu Hua? Severe, unfavorable rule. Therefore, it is wise to cultivate Jiangnan and stabilize the south. And also in South Zhili? Four blasphemies? In China, the Yangtze River and Huaihe River cross east and west, and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal connects north and south. Two horizontal and one vertical? The new waterway network, coupled with efficient, convenient and low-cost water transportation, strengthened the Ming Dynasty's rule over all parts of the north.
Above _ Daming Map North Zhili
The confrontation between Ming and Qing dynasties turned from prosperity to decline
In the forty-four years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 16 16), Nurhachi divided Liaodong, established the post-Jin Dynasty, and openly opposed the Ming Dynasty. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1644), in March of 19, Li Zicheng invaded Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged Jingshan Park. In April of 2 1 year, Wu Sangui led the Qing army into the customs, and the Eight Banners attacked the city and plundered the land, sweeping the Central Plains.
In April of the second year of Shunzhi (AD 1645), Duo Duo led the Qing army to attack Yangzhou. On 25th, Shi Kefa died of illness and died heroically. Is it miserable for the Qing soldiers to enter the city and slaughter the city? , made? Ten days in Yangzhou? Tragedy In June, the people of Jiangyin, under the organization of Yan Yingyuan, Chen Mingyu and Feng Houdun, rebelled against the Qing Dynasty, and the soldiers of the Qing army besieged the territory and suppressed it. Jiangyin 81 days? Events.
Above _ Wu Sangui (1665438+June 8, 2002? 16781October 2)
The troubles of bosom friends are gradually divided.
After the baptism of war, South Zhili is empty, can you see? There is no one at first sight, but there is an empty wall? A scene of decline. The seemingly weak people in Nanzhili, faced with the butcher's knife of the Qing army, showed amazing iron blood and rebellious spirit, which made the rulers of the Qing Dynasty nervous. The developed economic environment and rich humanistic atmosphere in South Zhili attracted attention, and the Qing court realized that it was necessary to fundamentally divide and disintegrate South Zhili.
According to the specific situation of Nanzhili, the Qing Dynasty adopted a targeted separatist plan. In the second year of Shunzhi (AD 1645), the imperial court took the lead in changing Nanzhili into a province in the south of the Yangtze River, keeping the administrative division unchanged and setting up another envoy. This move undoubtedly abolished the imperial privileges enjoyed by Nanzhili in politics and laid the groundwork for future division.
In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (A.D. 166 1), the split work entered a substantive stage. The left envoy of Jiangnan was stationed in nine counties such as Jiangning and Huai 'an, and governed northern Jiangsu and Anhui, while the right envoy of Jiangnan moved to Suzhou, making five counties govern southern Jiangsu and Shanghai. In essence, this is the North-South division based on the Yangtze River, and jiangnan province exists in name only.
Four years of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty _ above jiangnan province
Above _ official seal issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Jiangning, Jiangnan, Qing Dynasty
After a lapse of six years, Jiangsu and Anhui, where jiangnan province was born, were formally established, and their residences remained unchanged. The left and right ambassadors were changed to Anhui and Jiangsu respectively. In August of the twenty-fifth year of Qianlong (1760), Anhui envoys moved to Anqing, and the resident and jurisdiction of Jiangsu envoys remained unchanged. Jiangning ambassador was newly established, which governs Jiangning, Huai 'an, Yangzhou, Xuzhou, Haizhou and Tongzhou, which is equivalent to today's northern Jiangsu.
After the adjustment, what about the Qing Dynasty? Eighteen provinces? The administrative pattern was basically formed, and Nanzhili was replaced by Anhui, Jiangning and Jiangsu, completely disappearing in the long river of history.
Above _ Summary of the Whole Map of Two Beijing Provinces and Eighteen Provinces in Qing Dynasty
Above _ Outline of Two Cities and Eighteen Provinces in Qing Dynasty
From its establishment to its demise, Nanzhili existed for 39 1 year. After the management of the four emperors, it took 1 15 years to complete the division of South Zhili. Today, Jiangsu, Anhui and Shanghai have replaced Nanzhili.
According to statistics, the GDP of Jiangsu, Anhui and Shanghai in 20 18 was 9,259.540 billion yuan, 3,267.987 billion yuan and 3,000.680 billion yuan respectively, ranking second, eleventh and thirteenth in the country, accounting for 7.25% of the national GDP. It ranks in the forefront of the country, and the educational and cultural resources of the three places are also one of the most concentrated areas in the country. It can be said that the tradition of attaching importance to economy and respecting education in Nanzhili is still carried forward in this land.
Text: When white is black.
References:
Ming History, Ming Hui Dian, A Brief Introduction to the South of Ming Dynasty, Records of Xukun and Xinxian County, and Records of the Cape.
The text was created by the team of History University Hall, and the pictures originated from the Internet and belonged to the original author.