Name of species: Taxus mairei
Scientific name: Taxus chinensis. Mairuicheng co., ltd
Alias: Taxus mairei, Torreya grandis and Taxus cuspidata.
Family and Genus: Taxaceae, Taxus.
Protection level: wild plants under special state protection (approved by the State Council1August 4, 1999).
Distribution: It is found in the south of the Yangtze River basin in China, mostly in mountainous areas below the altitude of 1000- 1200m, with sporadic distribution. Guiyang is mainly distributed in Huaxi, Wudang, Kaiyang and Xifeng. Anhui Province is mainly distributed in Shimen Township, Shexian County, Huangshan City and huangshan district. It is also widely distributed in baishanzu National Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province, among which Sandui Village, Qingyuan Scenic Village, and Jingning are the most.
morphological character
Evergreen tree Leaves are spirally inserted, arranged in two rows, strip-shaped, slightly curved or nearly sickle-shaped, with a length of 1-3cm and a width of 2.5-3.5cm (budding or seedling, the length can reach 4cm and the width can reach 5mm), the apex is gradually pointed, the upper midvein is convex, and there are nipple points evenly arranged on the midvein, or there are no nipple points at all, and there are two yellow-green stomatal zones below. Dioecious, solitary leaf axils with cones; The ovule of the female cone is solitary at the top of the lateral short axis in the upper part of floral axis, and the base is supported by a disc-shaped aril. Seeds obovate, slightly flat, with two longitudinal ridges at the apex, born in red fleshy cup-shaped aril.
Taxus chinensis is an evergreen tree, about 20 meters long, DBH 60 ~ 100 mm, with alternate branchlets and spiral leaves arranged in two rows, which are slightly curved, with a length of 1 ~ 4.5 cm and a width of 2 ~ 5 mm. Fruit spherical nuts, arils and ovoid seeds. Dioecious, cross-pollinated. The flowering period is from March to June, and the fruiting period is 9-165438+1October. Scattered in the mountains at an altitude of 500 ~ 3500m, it likes humid and cold climate, with an annual average temperature of 1 1.2℃ and an annual precipitation of about 487.9mm.. ..
[Edit this paragraph] Habitat and ecological characteristics
Taxus chinensis var. mairei var. mairei in China is one of the endemic components in subtropical to warm temperate zones in China, which is often distributed in broad-leaved forests. Glad to be born in
A damp place in the hinterland of the foot of the mountain. It has strong adaptability to climate, with the annual average temperature of 1 1- 16℃, and the lowest extreme value can reach-1/℃. Strong tolerance to shade and moisture, which requires yellow soil and yellow brown soil (acidic and slightly acidic soil) with high fertility to be water-resistant and moisture-resistant. Taxus mairei has strong germination ability.
Shade-tolerant tree species like humid environment. I like warm and humid climate. It grows naturally in acidic soil rich in humus, such as valleys, streams and gentle slopes. Neutral soil and calcareous soil can also grow. Not tolerant of drought and barren land, not tolerant of low-lying water. Less pests and diseases, slow growth and long life.
[Edit this paragraph] Protection value
Mairei, a variety of Taxus chinensis var. China, has luxuriant foliage and beautiful trees, and the fruits are covered with branches when the seeds are ripe. Suitable for solitary planting in the corner of the garden, or at the doorway or intersection on the shady side of the building, clustered on the hillside, lawn, pool and forest edge. Suitable for middle and lower tree species and various coniferous and broad-leaved tree species in scenic spots. The effect of using European bean fir as plastic hedge abroad is very good.
National second-class protected plants, excellent and precious tree species. The material is hard, and it is difficult for knives and axes to enter. There is a saying that "thousands of firs should not be red." The sapwood is yellow-white, the heartwood is reddish, hard, dense in texture, beautiful in image, not cracked, and strong in corrosion resistance. Can be used in architecture, high-grade furniture, interior decoration, vehicles, pens and so on. Seeds with high oil content are valuable medicinal materials for expelling octopus and resolving food stagnation.
[Edit this paragraph] Protective measures
Mairei, a variety of Taxus in China, is widely distributed, and most of them are spread by birds in feeding areas, so it is scattered and sporadic. Because the material is good. Beautiful color, serious damage. At present, the most important thing is to stop the destruction of existing resources, and at the same time strengthen the breeding work, introduce them into ornamental trees in gardens, expand cultivation, and achieve the purpose of preserving species. Breeding with seeds, the seeds have a dormant period, and they must undergo low-temperature stratification before they can emerge in the same year. Seedling growth is slow.
condition
Rare species. Taxus chinensis var. mairei var. mairei from China is widely distributed in Guizhou Province, but the species is scattered in its distribution area and its population is sparse. If it is not protected, it is in danger of extinction.
Be distributed
Southern red beans are distributed in Zunyi, Fenggang, Fanjingshan, Leigongshan, Weng 'an, Zhenyuan, Tianzhu, Jinping, Liping and Libo. Taiwan Province, Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong and other places have also produced. This species is endemic to Tertiary relict plant, China, and its model origin is Fan Jing, Guizhou.
There are 1 1 species of yew in the world, which are distributed from temperate zone to tropical zone in the northern hemisphere. There are four varieties of 1 in China, namely, China Taxus, Northeast Taxus, Yunnan Taxus, Southern Taxus and Tibet Taxus, which are distributed in Northeast China, South China and Southwest China. Sichuan is mainly distributed in Maoxian, Heishui, Marcand, Wenchuan, Luding, Kangding, Xichang, Huili and Miyi.
Chinese name of Taxodiaceae: Taxodiaceae
Name: Taxaceae
Chinese name: Taxus
Chinese name: Taxus yunnanensis
Latin scientific name: Taxus yunnanensis
Other common names: Taxus chinensis and Shenmu.
National Key Protected Wild Plants (Approved by the State Council 1999)
Taxus yunnanensis is one of the four largest yews in China. It is a tall evergreen tree with lush foliage and strong vitality. The age of a single tree can reach more than a thousand years, and it is praised as "Shenmu" by local ethnic minorities. A yew tree in Luobu Township, Weixin County, Yunnan Province, with a height of 72m and a DBH of 202cm, is 800 years old. Generally, it can reach up to 30 meters, dioecious, and the fruit period is 10~ 1 1 month. The fruit is pea-shaped, with aril and red.
Taxus yunnanensis is endemic to Yunnan, mainly distributed in Baoshan and Tengchong counties in western Yunnan, Dali, Zhongdian, Lijiang and Weixi in northwest Yunnan. Often born in subtropical mountainous areas with an altitude of 2000~3500 meters. Habitat in the shady slopes of Zhongshan, semi-shady slopes, subalpine gentle slopes, gullies, dark coniferous forests on both sides of streams, mixed coniferous forests in Zhongshan and evergreen broad-leaved forests, often become lower trees.
Taxus yunnanensis is a precious tree species at the provincial level in Yunnan, and it is also a first-class key protected tree species in Yunnan Province. Bark contains taxol, harringtonine and other components. In recent years, scientists have found that the related components of Taxus chinensis are effective drugs for treating various cancers; Taxus chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicine, and its seeds are used as medicine. Seeds contain starch and sugar, and arils are edible.
Taxus yunnanensis is the main tree species to produce taxol drugs in China. According to the measured data of taxol and semi-synthetic raw materials (including 10- deacetylbaccatin ⅲ and baccatin ⅲ) in the forest samples of Taxus yunnanensis for many years, and compared with other Taxus species, it is shown that Taxus yunnanensis is a tree species with higher contents of the above three effective components. Taxol content in the bark of Taxus yunnanensis natural forest is about 0.02%, and the highest is 0.0304%. The average content of taxol in small branches and leaves is 0.0 102%, the highest is 0.02 17%, and the total content of gibberellin in berries can reach 0.0808% (bark) and 0.0845% (branches and leaves), all of which have excellent industrial utilization value. The content of drug components in the artificially planted red bean fir forest in Yunnan did not decrease significantly. There are high-content samples in the roots of artificial trees, the content of taxol is 0.042 1% ~ 0.0460%, and the content of baccatin is 0. 103%, which has reached the high content level of taxol and baccatin in the world-famous Taxus media Taxus media and Taxus China. europaea。 There are great differences among the three effective components, which can reach several times to 17 times. There may be three reasons: (1) Genetic differences of trees; (2) Affected by the ecological environment; (3) Differences in sample preparation, storage and analysis. The research and improvement from these three aspects is expected to improve the content of medicinal effective components of Taxus yunnanensis.
Taxus yunnanensis is an excellent material, which can be used in buildings, furniture and household appliances. The extract paclitaxel has anticancer effect. It is a precious tree species that integrates timber, medicine and greening. In particular, its taxol content is much higher than that of other Taxus plants. Taxus chinensis has strong adaptability to the environment and is an excellent economic tree species to improve the ecological environment and build beautiful mountains and rivers in the new century. At the same time, it has a very broad development prospect in landscaping and indoor bonsai, and its plates can be exported. Experts predict that this kind of tree will sell well for a long time, with high benefits, suitable for planting in places where conditions permit, and its development prospects are very broad.