1 Hawthorn varieties suitable for cultivation in alpine regions Choosing varieties suitable for local natural conditions is the key to the success of cultivating hawthorn in alpine regions. When selecting varieties, the ones with strong cold resistance and adaptability should be placed at 1 position, and at the same time, attention should be paid to good quality. In a hawthorn orchard, two or three varieties with the same or similar flowering period should be planted on the branches, and cross-pollination can significantly improve the fruit setting rate. At present, the main hawthorn varieties suitable for cultivation in alpine regions (≥ 10℃, annual effective accumulated temperature of 2600 ~ 2700℃) are Dawang, Shuanghong and Fushan.

2 Propagation method of hawthorn seedlings The hawthorn trees planted must choose grafted seedlings. After sowing wild hawthorn seeds, when the seedling growth diameter reaches more than 0.5 cm (5 cm from the ground), the tender buds of excellent varieties are grafted from July 20 to August 20. It can also be split with hard branches or grafted with hard buds around Qingming in the next spring. In order to save economic expenses, wild hawthorn seedlings can also be dug up by row spacing in spring and autumn and planted directly in the production garden. Survival seedlings planted in spring can be grafted in July. For wild hawthorn seedlings planted before freezing in autumn, before freezing, they must be cultivated with soil more than 30cm high, or they must crawl on the ground and be completely buried with soil. Before the next year's Qingming Festival, take them out of the soil, select excellent edible varieties, and carry out hard branch grafting or tender bud grafting in July. Hardwood grafted seedlings can bear fruit more than 1 year earlier than tender bud grafted seedlings, and can also save the cost of buying seedlings.

3 Cultivation techniques On fertile plains, the spacing between rows and plants is mostly 4mx4m or 5m×4m. In hilly and hillside areas, the row spacing is mostly 4mx4m or 4m×3m. Whether the hillside is sunny, the eastern slope or the southeast slope, it is necessary to cross the north and south, which is conducive to ventilation and light transmission among hawthorn trees.

Dig a hole before raising seedlings. The length, width and depth of the holes in fertile soil plots are 50cm×50cm×50cm, and the holes in poor soil plots can be increased to 70cm×70cm with a depth of 50 ~ 60 cm. Before planting, it is necessary to backfill rotten, fertile and high-quality soil and farmyard manure to ensure sufficient nutrition for the early growth of seedlings. For 1 ~ 2-year-old trees, we must strengthen field management and do everything possible to ensure the survival of seedlings. Weed and loosen the soil in summer, and replenish water in time when drought conditions permit. Before freezing, the trees should be painted white or tied with straw or ridged to protect the young trees so as to survive the winter safely. Generally, hawthorn trees rarely carry out flower thinning and fruit thinning, and the load per plant is large. If the technical measures such as fertilizer and water management are not strict, it will affect the normal development and growth of fruit trees. The management of growth period mainly includes: plowing the open space between rows every year, plowing the tree tray every 1 ~ 2 years, and it is best to sprinkle farmyard manure before each plowing. The best farmyard manure is poultry manure, pig manure, deer manure, plant ash, hair and poultry feathers. Apply nitrogen fertilizer reasonably and increase the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the later stage. For trees over 65,438+00 years old, 250 grams of urea should be applied to each tree at the beginning of May to supplement the nutrients needed for tree growth, flowering and fruiting. In mid-July, 400 ~ 500 g N, P and K fertilizer was applied to each plant according to the ratio of 2: 4: 4 to promote fruit expansion and improve fruit quality. Fertilization should be divided into ten holes (pits) with a depth of not less than 15cm. The distance between the fertilization hole (pit) and the tree is 80 ~ 100 cm. After fertilization, cover the soil and water it immediately, so as to accelerate the dissolution of fertilizer and promote the root system to absorb fertilizer as soon as possible. In summer, useless flourishing branches and dead branches should be cut off at any time. For some side branches with insufficient angle, they must be pulled by rope or supported by wooden sticks to make them reach the required angle.

4 Pest control The main pests of hawthorn trees are Tetranychus urticae and peach fruit borer. Tetranychus urticae mainly harms buds, leaves and buds. Choose targeted pesticides in the occurrence period and use them according to the instructions. The peach fruit borer will make the fruit lose its edible value, resulting in a significant decline in yield. The occurrence of fruit eaters is related to the temperature and humidity at that time. The occurrence and elimination time can refer to the occurrence law of fruit borers on apple trees and pear trees, and pesticides such as Taoxiaoling, phoxim and dichlorvos can be used for control.

5. Shaping and pruning The shaping and pruning techniques of pear, apple, plum and peach trees are basically used comprehensively. When the evacuation layered shape is adopted, the pruning method is roughly the same as that of apple trees and pear trees; When using natural round head shape or natural happy shape with many main branches, the pruning method is basically similar to that of plum and peach trees. Hawthorn tree is weak in dryness, and the central trunk is prone to tilt, dry or crown. 10-year-old trees, once the central trunk is weak or dry, are often adjusted by replacing the branches extending from the central trunk. When the central trunk is seriously skewed and inclined, it should grow naturally, remove the central trunk and change it into a natural and happy shape. The whole tree has 3 ~ 4 main lateral branches, and the tree shape at this time is exactly the same as that of peach trees and plum trees. Improper pruning of hawthorn trees is easy to cause the fruit parts to move up. In order to stabilize the yield and maintain a good tree shape, when pruning, the bearing branches should be retracted in turn. When rejuvenating those drooping branches for many years, the branches should be shrunk on the branches of 3 ~ 5 years old. In the new year, it is necessary to thin more mother branches, so as to keep the ratio of bearing mother branches to developing branches at the lowest point 1: 1 (or 2: 1), and at the same time, prune again in bud stage to thin out some flower buds on weaker branches. When the canopy is seriously closed, some big branches should be thinned or retracted, and some developing branches should be cut off to make the whole tree ventilated and transparent.