The aristocratic system is unique and has the historical phenomenon of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which is manifested as an admirable first-class aristocrat with different political, economic and cultural status. Historically, this system has a long process of aristocratic germination, full development (also known as peak), decline and extinction; We should adopt the viewpoints of historical materialism and aristocratic system science, analyze them into two sums, and evaluate them in real time under specific historical conditions.
Generation, using this angle to develop the understanding of the development of aristocratic system, and produced the inevitable decline of the imperial examination system.
Concept:
Aristocracy-based on the family, first as a standard door, formed a privileged class in the social landlord class (rich Han people enjoy high political and economic privileges). Known as the powerful family in Turkey, it is in a superior position.
Of the common landlord class-refers to the nobility, also known as poor families other than ordinary small landlords.
Characteristics (special status)
(1) Politically: * * * enjoys authority as a very important office environment through generations.
The first stage of the door; (The Zheng Zhi system in Grade 9 is a political security system aristocrat; ) (2) to the economy:
Nobles occupy a lot of land and labor, and establish self-sufficient manor economic strength; (Customize the aristocratic system in the field of shady accounting for financial security product officials; )
(3) Social life:
Do not intermarry with civilians, or even sit in different seats;
(4) culture:
Advocate empty talk and occupy senior civilian positions.
(1) Beilei (Korea)
Politics: Han Chongru, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, began to form the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty with poor life or conditions after more government officials participated in the operation. Wei realized the "Nine Grades" system, which enabled the aristocratic landlords to participate in the family history regime.
Economy: In the late Western Han Dynasty, land annexation was very serious, gradually forming a trinity of bureaucrats, businessmen and landlords. The regime of the Han Dynasty was established by supporting local tyrants and evil gentry, so in the Eastern Han Dynasty, landlords enjoyed political and economic privileges. They controlled the land of the central and local governments, commercial real estate, became political and economic annexation, and became the door Han. Noble landlords (also known as clan and patriarch owners) began to form at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and later it was determined that they provided a first-class economic foundation for the aristocratic system in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
(2) forming
Aristocracy (Wei and Jin Dynasties) means that the ruling class promulgated laws, and the squire landlord system still exists in all aspects of political, economic, cultural and social life, such as authority. It is an important symbol of the formation of aristocratic system that Cao Wei implemented the nine-product system.
(2) Merger (Western Jin Dynasty)
After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Sima family asked students to support the earth, and won because they continued to implement the policy of indulgence, thus forming a typical party politics.
(3) Peak (East)
Dong Jinshi's clan system has fully developed and entered its heyday. The reason is that the Eastern Jin Dynasty depended on the support of the gentry in the north and south. The political structure of the Eastern Jin Dynasty lasted for a century, and Wang Yu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty also punished the non-mainstream status represented by the gentry in the north and the aristocrats in the southern Wu State. The aristocratic patriarch fought side by side with the imperial army for a long time, even exceeding the imperial power. The emperor had to rely on the support of nobles, and party politics reached its peak. During this period, the gentry monopolized the political power, sealed off the mountain economy, occupied a lot of land and labor, and advocated a culture of speaking freely. In order to maintain this system, the aristocrats in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties attached great importance to genealogy compilation, and paid attention to the pedigree of aristocrats as their privileged credentials, so that the flourishing genealogy and genealogy monographs became the tools for the officials to choose officials, maintain their privileged position and become aristocrats. Be coated with
The political privilege and honest official position in this period were the monopoly of nobles; There is a farm economy, the population occupies a lot of land, and often competes with the official labor force; The cultural background of family studies occupies a monopoly position, but it also promotes the genealogy school, advocates the art of metaphysics, and is good at painting and calligraphy; Socializing, etc. Do not intermarry with civilians. People who are ruled by nobles but don't want to stay and practice are extravagant and decadent.
(4) Decline gradually (South District)
The nobles of the southern Eastern Jin regime gradually declined in the later period. The fundamental reason is that the gentry themselves are decadent, and the aristocratic system under the elders and nobles, especially the heads of senior officials, can control senior officials on their behalf. The special social environment makes many aristocrats procrastinate, indulge in idle and dissolute life, and despise government military affairs. The aristocratic cousins were in poor health, so after the Battle of Eastern Jin and Qin, some civilian generals stood out, showing high political and military strength, and their prestige and power rose rapidly. The emperors of the Southern Song Dynasty, Qi Liang and Chen Dou were civilian generals. Although senior officials can't change this situation, but when it comes to civilians, the entrusted duties are not the privilege that senior officials think is real power and actually rule the nobility. During this period, the aristocratic system was impacted by the peasant uprising for two reasons; The third reason is that the nobility weakened the contradictions within the ruling class. These three reasons greatly weakened the interaction between the aristocratic class system and the economic base.
In the southern dynasties, because of the decline of the powerful family itself. Lost political and military dominance; With the intensification of social contradictions and class contradictions, peasant uprisings have sprung up everywhere, and the opportunities of Han landlords have risen to medals. However, suppressing peasant uprisings, thus a typical place with control by hand, commanding troops, and martial arts emperors, such as Emperor Wu of Song and Xiao Daocheng, broke the rule of landlords. At this time, although the landlord clan has no real power, it will inevitably perish. After the chaos of the king's climate, the demise of the Sui Dynasty and other changes, the dying patriarch class and civilian landlords jumped to the leading position in politics. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Jiupin imperial examination system was abolished, and the Wei and Jin Dynasties finally implemented "don't ask, don't think about marrying your family", and the political and legal system prevailing in Wei and Jin Dynasties finally died out.
(5) (Late Tang Dynasty)
The gentry system perished in the Sui Dynasty. One of the reasons is that the imperial examination system was implemented in Sui and Tang Dynasties, which enabled the landlord, the first civilian, to pass the examination of the political power, and the political power destroyed the political foundation of the aristocratic "nine-grade system"; The implementation of the land equalization system and the rent adjustment system has reduced the land of landless farmers and ensured the production time of farmers, thus prohibiting unrestricted free trade regulations and land accounting fields. How much land has been merged has played a protective role for farmers and weakened the aristocratic economic foundation system to some extent. Secondly, in the struggle for power and interests of the ruling class in the Tang Dynasty. Third, it further destroyed the decadent aristocratic system of the peasant war. Since then, the aristocratic system that existed for 67 years has finally disappeared from the historical stage.
(1) Historical roots: the development of powerful landlords since the Eastern Han Dynasty. (2) Political reasons: Wei-Jin regime based on rule was aristocratic, relying on the support of emperors and nobles;
(3) Political guarantee: Nine-grade Zheng Zhi system is the political guarantee of aristocratic system. Aristocratic families have become tools to foster private forces and safeguard political privileges. )
5. The reason is fading.
(1) Self-decay: decadent life is luxurious, and the privilege of birth leads to the lack of aristocratic ability and even viability;
(2) In the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, the fierce infighting decided that the civilians took the opportunity to gradually hold the code;
(3) The Hou Jing Rebellion affected the rulers' nobles to cross south, and they were "a little sleepy".
(4) The implementation of the imperial examination system in Sui and Tang Dynasties shook the political foundation of the nobility;
& gt(5) The strike of peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. (totally opposed to the end of nobility)
Step 6 influence
The whole aristocratic system highlights the political characteristics of the whole Northern and Southern Dynasties, and it is also a manifestation of dark political corruption in the Western Jin Dynasty, which determines the bureaucratic patriarch and has a far-reaching influence on politics, economy and culture.
Negative effects:
Political and Economic Characteristics Class conflicts, ethnic conflicts and the contradiction between the South and the ruling class in the Northern Dynasties are often particularly serious, leading to a long-term political situation of separation and separatism between the North and the South. The aristocratic grange economy strengthened the closed natural economy and hindered the development of commodity economy. Nobles are a group of decadent owners, who become more and more decadent in the later period, and a group of social parasites. positive results
Target: 1 Economically, the aristocratic grange economy is feudal land ownership, and the nobles occupy a large number of labor, which strengthens the feudal appendage. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the establishment of farmers depended on the turbulent political situation of aristocratic families, and they had safer production conditions, which was obviously beneficial to the development of feudal economy. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, the southern part was relatively stable, which was the core of entrepreneurs for landlords who moved from the north to the south. The objective situation makes them the organizers of developing the southern economy. They established grange, Nanzhuang and Shanzhuang, which played a certain role in the development of Qiushanze in the case of resource shortage in southern China. 2. As a scholar of ethnic relations, gentry played an important role in promoting the development of feudal minority areas in the north. 3. The aristocrats in ideology, technology and culture were well-off and qualified to engage in cultural undertakings. Some aristocrats in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties despised etiquette and advocated personal freedom, unrestrained and romantic thoughts, so they made many achievements and originality in philosophy, literature, calligraphy, painting and science.
The opposition of civilians and nobles is:
Southern aristocratic families are even superior to their political and economic status. Noble family, poor family, two different identities compete, "serving the crown family, people and goods, according to the second cold, moving lightly like a servant, easy as dirt, whether in the company" (first frost, vol. 7.6 10 cited "Cold Element Theory"). Therefore, there is no connection between the two classes. Although it is a little cold, through the remarkable rise of mankind, the nobles are elegant, not including not measuring themselves, meeting the clan, the clan not accepting gifts, or even insulting. Song Xiaowu's mother abandoned Sun Daoqiong, the brother of Queen's Road, the neighbor of the king's monk, the chariot servant of the monk's righteousness and holiness, hunting the "taste" of the monk Qiong, sitting without changing clothes with the monk. Joan said, "Who is a pro-military person who wastes his health by smoking?" (Biography of Wang Hong Dai Zi monk Nan Shi). So he asked Joan, who was sitting around the road bed, to burn the embarrassed Joan and make way. Wu Song Zhang Jun is an active member of Shu Lang. In autumn, Shu Sheren, Zhou Enlai and Zhang Fang are discussing whether we should visit him. Kyushu said: "If he doesn't entertain us, we will be embarrassed. We might as well go. " Dang Qiu said: "We also have two colleagues who are quite in place. You can sit down at any time. " So, which of them decided to go to Zhang Cun? Zhang said, "I'm going crazy" (Biography), meaning that people don't want to sit down and catch cold. In autumn, Beowulf felt embarrassed for half a month and had to resign. Wuqi Ozawa once asked, "Robinson was born in this department and is a senior official of Wu Rong. His son married an ancient family and found a big daughter as his wife. I don't know if there are other requirements now. I only allow ministers to ask to be included in the British aristocracy. " Wu Qi said, "I can't measure this influence, but I am sincere and wise. "The official position and the identity of the position are to distinguish and exclude the cold aristocratic families, that is, the social status of strict aristocratic families within the Democratic Party, which has reached a kind of universality.
Noble families, in order to express their family background, appear to have special advantages. In order not to confuse the so-called boundaries, teachers and uncles should not marry poor civilians. Therefore, the marriage of aristocratic families, with special emphasis on the choice of family status, some high mayors and mayors want to marry Gao, Wu, Lu, Zhu and Zhang, and they must also choose their own or have four surnames. On the one hand, they won the southern royal family without even marrying the former prime minister; On the other hand, they are also "officially married in the camp" and are not ashamed of the traffic. Because "the class lacking in the form of marriage" will be excluded, the social class will be condemned, they will become the disgraceful flagship of the family, and their future political future will be eclipsed.
However, General Nan, who was born in a poor family, also had many administrative problems. They all have such great influence in politics that there are several aristocratic families. This group of nouveau riche who made their fortune from their parents ended up like this (to the seven sons). The female wife abolished Shen Wenji, and Xie Chaoji (played by Xie Sun) was regarded as a "woman marrying an adopted daughter" ("Biography of Heather Xie Lingyun and Attached Biography of Sun Chaozong"), and Wang Xie Tiao's wife was married as a woman, such as "Donghai Roy (Wang Lang's seven sons) and married woman Zhang Fuyang. Even in marriage, what the real hacker hears is "national shame, which is nothing more than this. Therefore, Wang is invited to be a court official, bound by nobles, and" life imprisonment "("Sandu Fu "Shen Sishi" Play Roy "). It can be seen that the boundaries between families and clans of the poor are extremely strict.
The differences between countries of scholars have become a practice to commemorate them. From the aristocratic family in the Western Jin Dynasty to the retreat across the river, a aristocratic family knows that everyone is in their own place of origin and does not need their own appearance, otherwise they will. Evil king, the king is noble in Taiyuan, but not in other places; Chen is a family man, Yangjiang's economy is noble, Tokyo Stock Exchange is not a place for Jiang to rest, and a new man named Jing or Xie has moved in. Who knows where he is or where he is from? Therefore, we must solemnly declare that I am not Langya Wang or other Taiyuan, but the Xie family in Chenjun and Yangjiang economy, not other Xie and Jiang bars. Therefore, we should pay attention to the visible counties, which is the inevitable result of the pressure suzerain system. ......
The ancestors should pay attention to it, so genealogy has become a special knowledge. Pingyang Jiayuan, Zubi, father of bandits, genealogy of three generations of artists. Bi, a native of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, established a family tree in 18. The papers of Liu Zige Zhanqi, Wang Jian, Liang Wang and Monk Confucianism were explained by the staff of "A Hundred Schools of Thought Contend" respectively, and the information department will be the purpose of narration. "If you have a secretary to choose, you must record the genealogy and test its authenticity" (Liu Fang's Chinese). Song and Qi are not familiar with genealogy and don't think about it.
HR Department Rank: Wang: History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, published by Shanghai People's Publishing House 1979.