Chestnut is one of the earliest economic tree species cultivated in China, and it likes light. It can be cultivated in soil with pH of PH4.5-7.5, with an annual average temperature of over l0 degrees, an average growth temperature of 16-20 degrees, and a minimum temperature of minus 25 degrees in winter. Chestnut has strong adaptability, wide distribution, easy cultivation and high yield, and can be cultivated economically in mountainous areas and beaches.
2. Cultivated varieties include Maobanhong, Jiujiazhong, Shallow Chestnut and Chu Shuhong.
Third, cultivate strong seedlings.
Seed treatment: Chestnut seeds are afraid of dryness, heat and freezing. After seed selection, it is fumigated with aluminum phosphide to kill insects, disinfected with 100 times methyl thiophanate solution, and stored in a clean and humid river sand layer after seed treatment.
Sowing: from early March to early April, sow at a spacing of one foot and five or six inches. It is required that the stem of the seedling in that year is more than 0.8 cm thick, the height of the seedling is more than 1 m, the root system is developed, and the seedling per mu is 1 10,000 plants.
Timely grafting: chestnut branches contain a lot of tannins, so grafting is not easy to survive. It is necessary to choose a good time and pay attention to grafting methods to improve the survival rate. Autumn August-10, suitable for bud grafting. Splitting and cutting can be carried out 20 days before germination and before the juice is fully circulated in spring. However, subcutaneous grafting should be carried out about 20 days after the newly grown leaves and juices flow fully. Scions should be picked as early as possible before germination, stored in the sand in the shade at low temperature, and stored in the refrigerator if possible.
Fourth, planting density and time.
Panxi area is mainly planted in autumn, and areas with water irrigation conditions can be planted in spring. The gentle slope can be fully prepared, the slope should be turned into a horizontal terrace, and the slope with large slope should be prepared with fish scale pit. The planting density is generally 22-33 plants per mu, and the spacing between plants is 5x6m-4x5m. Before planting, base fertilizer should be applied, and 2-3-year-old seedlings with complete roots should be selected. When planting, the roots and neck should be exposed to the ground to avoid planting too deep. Irrigation after planting, and then cover the soil to seal the nest.
Five, chestnut management
Chestnut forest management mainly focuses on soil and water conservation, water and fertilizer management and pruning and shaping. Dig a ditch one meter deep in the chestnut tray and apply organic fertilizer deeply. During the growth period of chestnut, intertillage weeding should be carried out in February-March, June-July and August-September to promote growth and fruiting, so that trees can grow in spring, flowers can grow in summer and chestnuts can grow in autumn. Apply effective nitrogen fertilizer 2-3 times in combination with intertillage. The empty shell of chestnut is caused by boron deficiency. 0.5 kg borax can be applied in autumn and winter, or 0.2% urea and 0.2% boric acid can be sprayed as topdressing outside the roots at flowering stage.
1, chestnut shaping
The pruning period is generally in winter, and the tree forms mainly include natural joy, drying and dewatering. Generally, the tree trunk evacuation layered shape can make the tree crown evacuate, with good ventilation and light transmission, which is beneficial to the growth and fruiting of trees. During plastic surgery, the height of the stem is about 0.8 meters, and the main branch continues to extend into the central leading branch. Choose three strong branches with an angle of 60 degrees as the main branches of the first layer, and keep the interlayer distance of 30 cm. With the growth of the central main branch, two branches staggered from the first layer were selected as the second layer main branch 1 m away from the first layer main branch, and 1-2 branches were selected as the third layer main branch about 0.6 m away from the second layer main branch. At the same time, select and leave side branches on the main branches, with 3 branches on the first floor, 2-3 branches on the second floor and 1-2 branches on the third floor. The lateral branches should be staggered up and down to avoid overlapping.
2, chestnut pruning
Trigeminal, quadrigeminal or verticillate branches are easily produced during pruning because the terminal buds of chestnut branches are well developed and the internodes are short, which has the advantage of top growth. In plastic surgery, these branches should be sprouted and thinned as soon as possible to prevent the occurrence of competitive branches. For the branches that grow too vigorously, the tips should be picked in time in summer or cut short below the full bud in winter to weaken their growth potential and promote the branches to accelerate crown formation. For ordinary branches, it is not necessary to cut them short, and the crown can be enlarged by extending the terminal buds outward. The first three years after colonization were mainly plastic surgery. Prune lightly, and choose main branches and auxiliary branches. At the same time, under the condition of not affecting the growth of main branches, other non-main branches are reserved, and more auxiliary branches are reserved appropriately. Disturbing the tree shape and affecting the growth of backbone branches should be thinned out. Young tree pruning combines dormancy pruning and growth pruning. In summer, when the new branches grow to 30 cm, leave 20 ~ 25 cm for coring, and then when the new branches grow to 30 cm, repeat coring to promote branching and make the crown compact. During the winter dormancy period, the extension branches of the main branch and the extension branches of the main branch should be appropriately shortened to promote branching and select and cultivate auxiliary main branches. For dense verticillate branches, trident branches and quadruped branches, select and leave medium-intensity branches, and sparse the rest branches. For young trees bearing fruit for more than 2 years, the tree vigor is gradually relaxed and robust, and the proportion of bearing branches begins to decline. At this time, pruning should be mainly from growing period to winter pruning. When pruning in winter, the redundant fruiting branches should be retracted in time, and the weak branches, cross branches, pest branches and some strong top branches should be thinned out to improve indoor lighting and ventilation conditions.
3. Pruning of fruit trees
Results If 60 plants are planted per mu, the yield is 400 kg, each plant is 6.7 kg, each 100 nuts 1 kg, and each chestnut tree needs to bear 6.7× 100 = 670 chestnuts, then each plant needs to bear 165438+. In actual production, the reserve of fruiting mother branches should be adjusted according to the local fruit setting rate. Chestnut not only has enough fruiting units, but also has good ventilation and light transmission conditions. The robust annual branches around the crown are mostly excellent fruiting mother branches and should be retained. If they are too dense, the weaker branches should be thinned. As a result of overgrowth, 1 ~ 2 branches should be left under the mother branch. Cultivating fruiting mother branches can not only increase yield, but also disperse nutrients and alleviate growth potential. If the mother branch tends to be weak due to successive years of fruiting, it should be retracted and pruned, and a new bearing mother branch should be cultivated in the lower part to replace it. All the thin and weak branches close to the fruiting mother branches should be thinned as soon as possible, so as to supply nutrients to the mother branches in a centralized way and make them turn from weak to strong. Branches with sparse pests and diseases and overlapping branches. For general weak branches or male flowering branches, they can be shortened or retracted to promote the transformation of branches below bud cutting or cutting mouth into new fruiting branches.
6. Soil management of chestnut orchard
Chestnut is a deep-rooted fruit tree. Deep ploughing and soil improvement are beneficial to root growth, which can make trees grow sturdily and bear good fruits. The newly-built chestnut orchard on sloping land should be deepened and expanded year by year, and strive to complete the hole expansion of the whole garden within three to five years after planting trees and promote the root system expansion. It is advisable to dig deep in autumn, when the roots peak. After root cutting, the wound heals quickly and there are many hair roots. The basic method of hole enlargement is: dig a belt ditch (big hole) with a width of about 30 ~ 50 cm and a depth of about 1 m around the crown, and use organic fertilizer.