Chrysanthemum has strong adaptability, likes cold and is relatively cold-resistant. The optimum growth temperature is 18-2 1℃, the highest is 32℃, and the lowest is 10℃. The low temperature tolerance limit of underground rhizomes is generally-10℃.
The lowest night temperature at flowering stage is 17℃, and it can be reduced to 15- 13℃ at flowering stage (middle and late stage). I like plenty of sunshine, but I also tolerate shade a little. More resistant to children, the most taboo waterlogging. I like sandy loam, which is located in Gao Qian, with deep soil layer, rich humus, loose fertility and good drainage. It can grow in slightly acidic to neutral soil, and the pH value is 6.2-6.7. Avoid continuous cropping.
Autumn chrysanthemum is a short-lived plant with a long night, and its stems and leaves grow nutritionally under the long sunshine of 14.5 hours every day. Darkness above 12 hours per day and night temperature of 10℃ are suitable for flower bud development. But different varieties have different reactions to sunlight. There are two methods: asexual reproduction and seed reproduction.
Chrysanthemum seeds germinate slowly above 65438 00℃, and the optimum temperature is 25℃. Sow thinly in February-April, and it will bloom in the same year under normal circumstances. Asexual propagation includes cutting, plant division, grafting, layering and tissue culture. Cutting propagation is usually the main method, including bud insertion, branch removal and leaf bud insertion.
Bud cutting: cut the outer foot buds of planting socks in autumn and winter. The criterion for selecting buds is to stay away from plants and have full buds. After selecting buds, peel off the lower leaves, insert them into the coarse sand inserted in flowerpots or beds in greenhouses or greenhouses according to the plant spacing of 3-4 cm and the row spacing of 4-5 cm, keep the room temperature at 7-8℃, and plant them outdoors after spring warming.
Shooting: This method is the most widely used. Cut more in April-May. Take the twig 8- 10 cm as cutting, and manage it well after cutting. At the temperature of 18-2 1℃, most varieties take root in about 3 weeks and can be transplanted into pots in about 4 weeks. Insert the bed in the open space, and the culture medium can be garden soil plus 1/3 huifu ash. Put a reed curtain on the high bed for shade. All-light slotting machine, if equipped with automatic spraying equipment, does not need shading. Leaf bud insertion: cut off from branches 1 insert leaves with axillary buds. This method is only used to cultivate rare varieties.
Dividing plants: Generally, around Qingming, Huan plants are dug out, separated by roots according to their natural forms, and planted in other pots. Grafting: In order to make chrysanthemums grow strong and make them into "ten kinds of brocade" or big chrysanthemums, you can use yellow or green poles as rootstocks for grafting. Collect seeds in late autumn, sow in greenhouse in winter, or raise seedlings in hotbed in March, move pots or fields when seedlings are 3-4 cm high in late April, and split seedlings in sunny days in May-June. Layering: This method is only used when bud mutation is partially propagated.
Tissue culture: Using tissue culture technology to propagate chrysanthemum has the advantages of less materials, large seedlings, detoxification and disease removal, and excellent variety characteristics. The medium is MS+6BA =(6- node base) l mg/L (napHthylacetic acid) 0.2mg/L, and the ph is 5.80. Cut the stem tip (0.3-0.5mm), tender stem or bud (9 9- 10/0mm in diameter) of chrysanthemum into small pieces of 0.5cm for inoculation. Room temperature is 26℃, and the light is added for 8 hours every day (1000- 1500 lux). 1-2 months later, callus could be induced. In L-February, the green shoots will differentiate. Then the differentiated green buds were transferred to white NAA l-2 mg/L medium, and strong roots could be induced after about 1 month. In 1 month, it can be planted outdoors. Irrigation with half of the original culture solution is the key to the success of test-tube seedlings. 1. Cultivation and management of potted chrysanthemum
In China, potted chrysanthemum is the most common cultivation method. There are many cultivation methods, which can be roughly summarized into the following three ways.
(1) Root system cultivation method:
This method is often used in the Yangtze River, Pearl River Basin and Southwest China. In these areas, the whole process of artistic chrysanthemum takes about half a year, that is, cutting in May, planting pots in June, stopping the head and fixing the shoots in early August, strengthening fertilizer and water in September, and blooming in LO- 165438+ 10. Due to the different conditions and techniques in different places, the cultivation methods of potted chrysanthemums are also different, mainly in the following five ways:
1. potted method after cutting: this method is the most widely used, with the advantages of less root damage, positive color and long flowering period. However, it is physically exhausting, and planting and painting are not strong enough.
2. Potting method: the cuttings are cultivated in a pot surrounded by three tiles, and the pot is dug up when the buds are colored. This method is more labor-saving than the former, but it is easy to damage the roots when digging seedlings, and the quality of flowering period and flowers is not as good as the former.
3. Potting method: plant the cuttings on the high ridge, put a big hole pot in early July to make the seedlings protrude from the pot hole, add soil in stages, and cut off the roots when developing color. The disadvantages of this method are similar to those of the previous method.
4. Pot grafting method: Seeding seedlings in March, grafting chrysanthemums on the seedlings in May, and then managing the seedlings according to the method of pot cutting. In this way, the roots are stronger, the plants are stronger, the flowers are bigger and bloom earlier, but it takes more labor.
5. In-situ grafting and pot-fixing method: the cultivated seedlings are planted in the border in March and grafted in May. When the buds are colored, shovel the roots. Its advantages are convenient management, strong plants and large flowers. The disadvantages are the same as those of the basin setting method.
(2) Two-stage root system cultivation method: This method is widely used in Northeast China such as Shenyang, and also applied in Jiangxi, Hunan and other places. Cutting in May-June, after the seedlings survive, put them into a pot and add soil to the depth of L/3-L/2. From the end of July to the beginning of August, stop and focus. After the headmaster leaves the edge of the basin, fix the branches with bamboo hooks to make them evenly distributed, adjust the height of the plants with the method of disk branches, and cover them with soil before the branches take root again. When the branches grow to a certain height, they can be adjusted again and then fertile soil can be added. By this method, the chrysanthemum has neat and beautiful appearance, short plants, full leaves, thick branches, large flowers and long flowering period. Because it takes root on the branches, it is called secondary root cultivation.
Author: National Flower Tianxiang 2009- 1-5 00: 15 Reply to this statement.
-
3 Reply: Chrysanthemum cultivation techniques
(5) Desk chrysanthemum: short plants and large flowers can be used to decorate halls and several cases. It has the advantages of small floor space, short growth period and long viewing time. There are three main points in chrysanthemum cultivation: variety selection, timely seedling raising and hormone treatment. To cultivate table chrysanthemum, it is advisable to choose short varieties with big flowers, plump patterns and fat and stretched leaves, such as Lu Yun, Lu Dan, postal flags and dancers under the lamp. The suitable time for cutting seedling is August-September. When the root system is strong, it is moved into a basin with sandy culture soil with a diameter of 10 cm. 1 week, apply complete fertilizer and apply it frequently. Then gradually increase the fertilizer concentration, and stop applying fertilizer when the flower buds are transparent. Don't pour too much water every time. After the cuttings survived, they were sprayed with 2% chlormequat B9(N-2 methylaminobutyric acid) aqueous solution. Spraying the whole plant for the second time in the last basin 1 week; In the future, every 10 day, 1 time, until the color appears, the total number is ***4-5 times, and the dwarfing can be realized.
Third, the cultivation and management of cut flowers Chrysanthemum cut flowers are the largest and best-selling cut flowers in the world market, ranking first among the "four cut flowers" in the world, accounting for about 30% of the total.
(1) Annual supply of cut chrysanthemum flowers: The production of fresh cut chrysanthemum flowers must be balanced every year. There are spring chrysanthemum, summer chrysanthemum, autumn chrysanthemum and winter chrysanthemum, as well as June chrysanthemum, July chrysanthemum and September chrysanthemum. There are many varieties with different growth and flowering characteristics. In other months when chrysanthemums do not bloom, the supply problem is solved by artificially destroying the flowering period from July to August.
(2) Flowering characteristics of chrysanthemum: Flower bud differentiation and flowering of chrysanthemum are related to the number of leaves, plant height, sunshine and temperature. Flower bud differentiation needs to grow to about 10 leaves, the plant height is more than 25 cm, and it takes 45-60 days to bloom. Generally speaking, under the condition of short sunshine, the flower buds of autumn chrysanthemum and winter chrysanthemum differentiate quickly (10- 15 days). Under the condition of long sunshine, flower buds do not differentiate. However, the flower buds of Xia Ju varieties that bloom in July and August can differentiate under the condition of long sunshine. Chrysanthemum, autumn chrysanthemum and winter chrysanthemum will bloom in September, but they will not bloom under the condition of long sunshine time.
(3) Artificial delayed flowering: Under conventional cultivation conditions, Xia Ju's latest flowering varieties in Guangzhou are' June Yellow',' June White' and' Gui Ji Hong', and the flowering period can last until the middle and late June. But in summer, when the temperature is high and the sunshine is strong, these varieties should also be placed under the shade shed when they bloom. The earliest flowers of autumn chrysanthemum are' Zaohuang',' Zaobai',' White Crab Claw' and' Huangnijin', which usually bloom in late June or early October of1/. In this way, 65438+ 10, July, August, September and 4 months did not see chrysanthemums in the flower bed. By artificially adding light or shading, adjusting temperature, humidity and ventilation, autumn chrysanthemum blooms ahead of time, and Xia Ju delays flowering, so that cut flower production can be put on the market in batches throughout the year. For artificial lighting, generally, 65438 000-watt or 60-watt bulbs are hung at 65438 0 meters above plants, and the lighting area of each lamp is 4 square meters. There are three ways to add light between dark and light: one is intermittent or short-term adding light, that is, adding light for 0.5- 1 hour in the dark; The second is to give a few hours of dark treatment during the day (shading during the day); Third, add light in advance in the morning and evening to increase the sunshine hours, or shade to extend the dark time. Shading cultivation in black plastic greenhouse can not only adjust the temperature and sunshine, but also blossom in advance.
(4) Market specification: According to the requirements of Hong Kong and Macao markets, the single flower branch of China flowers is required to have fresh and healthy leaves, no damage, no defects and no pests. The flower branches are 70-80 cm long, the stems are straight, the flowers are half open, and the diameter is about 5-6 cm. The vase can be opened to the flower diameter 10 cm, 12. /kloc-does not fade for 0/5 days.
(5) Variety of cut flowers: Most of the varieties suitable for fresh cut flowers are China Chrysanthemum and a few large chrysanthemums, and flying flowers and adhesive tape types are not needed, but the popular varieties in the market change from time to time. At present, most varieties introduced in recent years sell well in Hong Kong and Macao markets, such as' Lijin' Chrysanthemum',' Cinnabar',' GuiJi Hong',' Pink',' Clay Gold',' June Yellow',' June White',' Roland',' Yanju',' Sangyazi',' Red Anne' and' White Spider'.
(6) Cut flower cultivation: Similar to general cultivation methods, the most important thing is to choose fertile sandy loam nursery with good drainage. Cut the garden and plant about 00 plants per mu, that is, 8 or 9 plants per square meter. Leave 5 skills for each plant, remove the top 20 days after planting, often remove the lateral buds, and poke (poke) the lateral buds frequently at the budding stage. In this way, about 30 thousand cut flowers can be harvested per mu.
Four, pest control common diseases are: brown spot, black spot, powdery mildew and root rot. The pathogenic bacteria of the above diseases are fungi, which are caused by high soil humidity and poor drainage and ventilation. Therefore, it is appropriate to choose a place with good ecological conditions for cultivation, pay attention to drainage, remove diseased plants and leaves, and burn residual roots. Potted soil should be disinfected with 1: 80 formalin solution, and Bordeaux solution, 80% zineb wettable powder or 50% Tobuzine wettable powder should be sprayed during the growth period. There are also several viruses that must be removed and burned, and aphids, cypresses and other media must be completely eliminated. Pests include aphids, red spiders, red rings, chrysanthemum tigers, umbilical strokes, lobular larvae, manganese, snails, etc., which can be controlled by strengthening cultivation management, artificial killing and spraying.
Cultivation techniques of chrysanthemum
(3) Three-stage root cultivation method: it is an advanced cultivation method in northern China. It takes 1 year from cutting in winter to flowering in June of the following year. The famous artists of Beijing Yiju summarized the following four stages.
1. Winter storage: When planting the female parent in late autumn and early winter, choose strong foot bud cutting to raise seedlings.
2. Spring sowing: in mid-April, the seedlings are divided into pots, and the pot soil is ordinary humus soil, and no chemical fertilizer is applied.
3. Ding Xia: To promote the growth of foot buds by removing the core and peeling the lateral buds. By mid-July, when the unearthed new buds are about 10 cm high, select the seedlings with sound development and full buds to change pots for planting.
4. Autumn culture: in early and middle July, the selected strong seedlings are moved into pots with a diameter of 20-24 cm, and the pot soil is common culture soil, and 0.5% calcium superphosphate and appropriate pesticides and fungicides are added. Before putting the pot, put some firewood on the hole at the bottom of the pot, and add 1 cm thick coarse slag on it to facilitate drainage. Add a little soil to the coarse slag and base fertilizer around it. Then pour out the chrysanthemum seedlings in the small pot with a soil snake, plant them with the new buds as the center, cut off the extra vegetable buds, add soil to the depth of the original seedlings, and compact them. After changing pots, new plants and mother plants grow at the same time. After the new plants have flourished, the old plants will be cut off on the soil surface. After cutting off the female parent, loosen the soil, fill in 30% common culture soil, and add 20-30% decomposed compost. At this time, the basin has been 80% full of fertile soil. After l weeks, the new roots of the third section were born, and the roots and chrysanthemum seedlings of the new and old sections grew rapidly, forming a plant with strong roots. During the whole cultivation process, the pots were changed 1 time, the soil was filled twice, and the female parent and new plant took root three times. In the meantime, attention should be paid to pulling out lateral buds, controlling pests and diseases, and irrigating topdressing until flowering.
Looking at the above three cultivation methods, each has its own advantages. But from the quality point of view, the three-level root system method is the best, followed by the two-level root system method and the first-level root system method.
Second, the cultivation and management of modeling chrysanthemum is to process chrysanthemum artistically to form a specific type. It is very interesting, technical and scientific, and is very popular with people. (1) Cliff Chrysanthemum: Xiao Ju varieties were selected for cutting and changing pots. A bent bamboo piece is inserted into one end of the plant base, and the other end is fixed on the frame, so that the plant grows along the bamboo piece and forms a 45-degree angle with the ground. Play every 2-3 quarters. The main technology made it grow, and the sub-technology repeatedly picked the core until the end of September. After sprouting, peel the buds several times and move them into a big pot for maintenance. Cliff chrysanthemum is about 1.5 meters long, and it is placed next to a rockery with many flowers hanging on its branches, which is quite picturesque. If chrysanthemum is made, it must be cut in July-August in advance, and the artificial light should be increased to 14 hour every day to prevent flower buds from appearing in that year. Because cliff chrysanthemum plants grow up, they need more water and fertilizer, and they should be fully supplied.
(2) Chrysanthemum: Choose a big-flowered variety with strong branching and soft branches, and carefully cultivate it for 1-2 years. Each plant can produce dozens to dozens of dried flowers, which is suitable for exhibitions and halls. It can be cultivated by cutting. Extra-large chrysanthemums are usually grafted seedlings and cultivated for 2 years in long sunshine. The key points of cuttage cultivation are as follows: in September, dig strong foot buds with a length of 5- 10cm and insert them in shallow pots. After rooting for 2-3 weeks, it was transplanted into a pot with a diameter of 12 cm and wintered indoors. June 5438+the following year 10 moved to great basin. When the seedling has 7-9 leaves, leave 6-7 leaves for coring. Only 3-4 lateral branches are left in the upper part, and the lower side branches are removed. Leave 4-5 leaves on the back branch, pick the heart repeatedly, and plant it after the spring is warm. Then coring every 20 days 1 time, and stopped in early August. Insert L thin bamboo in the middle of the plant, fix the trunk, insert 4-5 bamboo poles around it, and tie the side branches. Moved into the big basin in early September. After beginning of autumn, we strengthened the management of water and fertilizer, and often peeled and peeled. When the diameter of the flower bud reaches L- 1.5 cm, put a flat-topped or hemispherical bamboo ring made of bamboo chips on the chrysanthemum plant, connect it with each branch, tie it tightly, and then tie the flower bud evenly on the bamboo ring with lead wire, and keep it continuously for the display and arrangement of flowering period. The chrysanthemum cultivated in this way can produce hundreds of flowers at a touch. Extra large chrysanthemums can even bloom more than 2,000-3,000.
(3) Chrysanthemum ("Ten-sample Brocade"): Chrysanthemums with different patterns and colors are grafted on a yellow flower stem with a height of 3-5 meters, and the main branches of the rootstock are not cut off to make them grow, and the lateral branches are grafted layer by layer to form a tower shape. All kinds of flowers bloom at the same time, and the colorful seashore is spectacular. When cultivating "Ten Brocade" chrysanthemum, we should pay attention to the coordination of flower type, color and flower size and the similarity of flowering period when selecting scion varieties, so as to make the whole plant present a harmonious and unified aesthetic feeling. For cultivation methods, please refer to Chrysanthemum morifolium.
(4) Chrysanthemum bonsai: Select suitable varieties from Chrysanthemum morifolium, and take strong seedlings from the mother plant from late June 65438+1October to early October 165438 for cutting. After surviving, she went to the pot in June+10 in 5438, changed the pot in March, and changed the pot for the second time in May. When changing pots, choose healthy plants with well-developed roots, choose 4- 6 thick lateral roots for each plant, then fix the lateral roots on the prepared rocks or dead trees, trim them clean, and tie them with copper wires. In summer, when chrysanthemum seedlings have grown 5-7 buds, leave 3 buds at the required position, pick the core after a little longer, and continue to pick off the side buds. When the branches grow to 20 cm, the prototype of bonsai has been completed by modeling according to stakes or rocks. The final coring will be carried out in early September. 65438+1After camping in late October, moss was laid in the basin, and copper wires were removed to form a natural landscape. Chrysanthemum bonsai has shapes such as towering old trees and cliffs near the water. If properly managed, it can survive for 4-8 years.