Bougainvillea is distributed in China, Brazil, Peru and Argentina. [ 1]
Morphological feature editing
Rattan shrub. Stems stout, branches drooping, glabrous or sparsely pilose; Axillary spine,
Bougainvillea Picture Appreciation (2 1 photo)
5- 15mm long. Leaf blade is papery, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-65438 03cm long and 3-6cm wide, with a sharp or tapering tip, a round or wide wedge-shaped base, hairless upper part and puberulent lower part; Petiole length 1 cm. Among the three bracts of the top branch of the flower, the pedicel is attached to the bract midvein, and a flower is born on each bract; Bracts leaflike, purple or magenta, oblong or oval, 2.5-3.5 cm long and 2 cm wide, papery; Perianth tube is about 2 cm long, light green, sparsely pilose, angular and 5-lobed at the top; Stamens 6-8; Style lateral, linear, margin spread into thin slices, stigma pointed; The base of the disc is unified into a ring, and the upper part is torn. The flowering period is between winter and spring (Guangzhou, Hainan and Kunming), and it blooms in greenhouse cultivation in the north from March to July. [2]
plant morphology
China Plant Image Library (Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences) provides and participates in editing.
Whole bougainvillea (19 pieces)
Flowers and fruits of bougainvillea (4 pieces)
2 growth habit editor
temperature
The optimum growth temperature is 15-30℃, in which 19-30℃ is in May-September.
Bougainvillea Album (10 photos)
10-April of the following year is13-16 degrees Celsius. It can withstand the high temperature of 35 degrees Celsius in summer, and the ambient temperature should be kept at not less than 5 degrees Celsius in winter, otherwise it will be easy to freeze and fall leaves below 5 degrees Celsius for a long time. Like warm and humid climate, not cold-resistant, can safely overwinter above 3℃, and bloom above 15℃.
illuminate
Triangle flower likes light, and it is a positive flower. Insufficient light in the growing season will lead to weak plant growth and affect bud pregnancy and flowering. Therefore, all the year round, except the newly planted seedlings, they should be placed in the semi-shade. It should be placed in front of the south window in winter, and the illumination time should not be less than 8 hours, otherwise a large number of leaves will easily appear. Short-day flowers can sprout and bloom in one and a half months if the daily illumination time is controlled at about 9 hours.
land
I like loose and fertile slightly acidic soil to avoid waterlogging. When potted, I can use humus soil, peat soil, sandy soil and garden soil, add a small amount of decomposed cake residue as base fertilizer, and mix them together to make culture soil. Flowering plants should be turned over once a year, preferably before germination in early spring. When changing pots, use scissors to cut off dense and aging branches.
moisture
Water once a day in spring and autumn, and once in the morning and evening in summer. In winter, when the temperature is low and the plants are dormant, it is necessary to control watering and keep the basin soil moist. [3]
3 Distribution scope editing
Originally from Brazil. China is a beautiful ornamental plant planted in courtyards and parks in the south and greenhouses in the north. [ 1]
Phyllanthus
4 breeding method editing
The common propagation methods of bougainvillea are cutting and high pressure propagation, but cutting is often used in large-scale cultivation, and bougainvillea is easy to cut, and the cutting season is generally from March to June. If all-light spray cutting method is adopted, the branches will heal in about one week and take root in ten days, and healthy bougainvillea seedlings can be cultivated in 15-20 days. Some varieties can survive as long as they master the season and insert soil at will; However, some varieties are a little difficult to transplant, so it takes some thought.
1. Selection of cutting branches: bougainvillea cutting branches as thick as arms and as thin as incense can be used for cutting; The thicker branches take root slowly, but form quickly; It is best to choose annual lignified green branches, which are easy to grow new roots and have high survival rate. On a large scale, you can choose 1-2-year-old external branches, but remember not to over-branch, immature branches, clustered branches and shady branches. After cutting bougainvillea, cut it into 3-4 sections (about 8- 10 cm in length) with a sharp knife, and cut the lower section obliquely. Remove the lower leaves at the position of 5- 10 mm below the cross section, and keep the upper two half (full) leaves as cuttings.
2. Cutting substrate: vermiculite, perlite+vermiculite, clean sand and sandy loam (plain soil) should be adopted. Before use, put it in a basin and brew it with boiling water for several times to sterilize, and then use it after cooling. You can also insert it with water.
3. Master the cutting season of bougainvillea: Generally, March-June is the cutting season, and it is best to carry out cutting in late May-early June in Hangzhou. At this time, the temperature is suitable (20-30 degrees), the humidity is high, and the management is convenient. First, use a small wooden stick slightly thicker than the cuttings to make holes in the substrate obliquely. The insertion depth of cuttings is about 4-6cm. After watering, the cuttings are moved to a slightly shady place for curing.
4. Maintenance and management after cutting: the light should be suitable: 15 days, the light should be sparse (not too cloudy, shading about 50% in sunny days), and then gradually strengthen the light, new roots will grow in 20-30 days, and sufficient sunshine will be obtained in about 25 days; Only by fully accepting the sunshine can the new roots thrive. The rooting time can generally be advanced by about 3-7 days by using the full light spray cutting method of bougainvillea. Moisturizing: If the weather is dry within 20 days, cover it with plastic wrap to moisturize and leave ventilation holes. Turn on the ventilation at night, spray water and then cover it. Fertilization outside the root: spray one thousandth of potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus urea every ten days. Watering: keep the substrate moist (air humidity is about 70%) for 40 days, and then gradually "dry and wet alternately".
5. Transplanting bougainvillea cuttings into a pot after survival: after 40 days of cuttings, the surviving seedlings are tempered in strong light for a week, and thin fertilizer is poured. After 50-60 days, the seedlings are planted in a pot, the cuttings are placed in the pot, and the substrate is floated away from the roots; Or directly pour out the roots and separate them, and then plant a part of the matrix into the culture soil.
6. Methods to improve the survival rate of bougainvillea cutting:
1. About ten days before cutting, the cutting technique is to circumcise the foreskin below the basal node 1cm;
2. Cut some willow leaves into 10cm sections, soak them in cold boiled water for 5 days, and use this leaching solution to treat cutting techniques to induce new roots;
3, choose a black pot, so that the temperature of the substrate in the pot is higher than the external temperature, and the hair roots are faster.
7. Cutting of bougainvillea bougainvillea: the cutting length is 50- 100cm, and the upper incision should be sealed with wax to evaporate the waterproof part and keep moisture. 40-60 days after transplanting, the leaves with a bud length of 20cm grow stably and then go to the pot. At this time, the root system is not perfect, so it should be trimmed and shaded moderately to facilitate the second survival. Surviving plants should be fully illuminated.
Cutting bougainvillea is to sprout long branches first and regenerate roots. Therefore, when the branches grow leaves, they must not be transplanted or loosened, so as not to affect the rooting of the branches. Bougainvillea likes high temperature and plenty of sunshine. As long as the soil is wet, you are not afraid of exposure. That autumn, you should deliberately squat for a month, that is, after its branches and leaves are lush, water less, keep it semi-dry and semi-wet, let its green leaves fall and flower buds grow sturdily. "Picking leaves can germinate, and controlling water can blossom." This is the uniqueness of bougainvillea. [4]
5 cultivation technology editor
Selected culture soil
Combined Atlas (2 sheets)
Bougainvillea is not strict with the soil, but it is afraid of water accumulation and cannot tolerate waterlogging. Therefore, we should choose loose and well-drained culture soil. Generally, it can be prepared with 4 parts humus soil, 4 parts garden soil and 2 parts sand, or dry pond mud mixed with some coal cake residue as basin soil. [5]
Because of long-term watering, fertilization and rain erosion, basin soil is easy to harden. Therefore, it is necessary to loosen the soil regularly and remove weeds in the basin soil to facilitate the growth of bougainvillea. Otherwise, the basin soil will harden and accumulate water, which will easily cause root rot or poor growth of bougainvillea. In addition, bougainvillea grows faster, with developed roots and many fibrous roots, which need to be changed once a year. [5]
Bougainvillea likes warm sunshine, is not cold-resistant and avoids waterlogging. It is suitable to grow in fertile, loose and well-drained sandy soil, and it will not only grow poorly in sticky, alkaline, low-humidity and waterlogging-prone soil, but also rot and die easily. 4 parts of humus soil, 2 parts of garden soil, decomposed manure 1 part, sawdust 1 part, and 2 parts of river sand were selected as the culture soil, and 30g of decomposed dumpling fertilizer was added as the base fertilizer when it was put into the basin. [5]
rational application of fertilizer
Bougainvillea needs certain nutrients, and should be properly fertilized during the growth period to meet its growth needs. Fertilizer should be decomposed and applied in small quantities for many times, and the concentration should be light, otherwise it will easily damage the root system and affect the growth. From May, apply 1 times 10% ~ 15% cake fertilizer solution every half month to promote the growth of spring shoots; In the high temperature season from July to August, in order to meet its growth needs, apply 1 times 18% cake fertilizer solution and a small amount of calcium superphosphate or a small amount of compound fertilizer solution every 15 ~ 20 days; After September, less nitrogen fertilizer should be applied, and burnt marl and a small amount of calcium superphosphate can be used to promote the bright red and beautiful leaves of bougainvillea. [5]
In order to make bougainvillea bloom more, it is necessary to ensure adequate nutrients, and at the same time, timely and appropriate fertilization should be used reasonably. Generally, in the vigorous growth period from April to July, liquid fertilizer is applied every 7 ~ 10 days to promote plant growth. The fertilize can be 10% ~ 20% of decomposed bean cake, rapeseed cake wat or human excrement water. In August, in order to promote flower bud germination, phosphate fertilizer was applied once every 10 day, and 20% liquid fertilizers such as decomposed chicken, duck and pigeon manure and fish offal could be used. The flowering period starts from June 5438+ 10, and from this period to mid-June 5438+065438+ 10, phosphate fertilizer is applied every half month, and the concentration of fertilizer and water is 30% ~ 40%. In the future, topdressing should be done once every time after flowering, so that bougainvillea can continuously supplement nutrients during flowering. [5]
Cultivation management
Bougainvillea grows rapidly, so attention should be paid to shaping and pruning during the growing period to promote the growth of lateral branches and blossom more. Pruning times are generally 1 ~ 3 times, which should not be too much, otherwise it will affect the flowering times. After each flowering, the residual flowers should be removed in time to reduce nutrient consumption. After the flowering period, the over-dense branches, inner branches, long branches and weak branches are thinned, and other branches are not pruned or only slightly pruned, so as to shorten the next growth period and promote their early flowering and more flowering. [5]
Matters needing attention
In summer and winter, because plants grow slowly or hibernate, fertilization should be stopped to avoid fertilizer damage.
Do not apply concentrated fertilizer or raw fertilizer (organic fertilizer that is not fully decomposed) to prevent roots from being damaged, leaves from falling off and even the whole plant from dying.
You need to move indoors in winter, otherwise you will get frostbite.
control of insect
Common pests of bougainvillea mainly include leaf beetle and aphid, and common diseases mainly include
Bougainvillea leaf spot
There should be shoot blight. At ordinary times, we should strengthen loosening soil and weeding, remove dead branches and diseased leaves in time, pay attention to ventilation, and reduce the spread of disease sources. Strengthen the examination of the disease, and if it is found and treated in time, it can be prevented and treated with dimethoate, Tobuzin and other solutions. [6]
leaf spot
At first, the lesion was yellowish brown with yellow-green halo around it, and then it expanded into a nearly round or irregular lesion with a dark brown edge. Small black spots appeared on the late lesions.
Prevention and treatment: If a small amount of diseased spots are found, apply Dakening cream ointment on it and cut off the branches with more diseases. At the initial stage of the disease, it can be prevented and treated with 500 times of 50% carbendazim wet powder, and sprayed every 7 ~ 10 day/time. If it is serious, you can spray it again on the fourth day, and then spray it every 7 days according to actual experience. continuously
Phyllanthus
3 ~ 4 times, the control effect is good.
brown spot
Injured leaves produce yellowish brown to light brown lesions with a diameter of 0. 1 ~ 0.5 cm.
Prevention and control methods:
1, so that the plants are ventilated and transparent;
2. Pay attention to increase or maintain the humidity of the blade;
3. If there is infection, cut off the diseased branches and leaves in time and destroy them;
4. At the initial stage of infection, spraying 50% 1000 times solution or other fungicides can inhibit the development of the disease course. [7]
scale insect
In the environment of poor light, poor ventilation, high temperature and high humidity, many kinds of scale insects are prone to harm.
Control method: 45% malathion EC 1000 times solution can be used for spraying.
6 main value editor
Medicinal value
China discovered that bougainvillea is still a traditional Chinese medicine, and the leaves can be used as medicine, and it can be pounded and applied to the affected area, which has the effect of removing silt and reducing swelling.
Promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, eliminating dampness and stopping leukorrhagia. Treat blood stasis amenorrhea, irregular menstruation and leucorrhea.
The stems of bougainvillea are poisonous. Eating 12-20 tablets will cause diarrhea and bloody stool.
Ornamental value
Triangle flower has large bracts, bright colors and long flowering period, which is suitable for garden planting or potted viewing. Can also be used as a bonsai,
Phyllanthus
Hedging and pruning modeling. Bougainvillea has high ornamental value and is used as a climbing flower cultivation fence in southern China. During the Spring Festival, the green leaves set off the bright red film, just like gloating, especially dazzling. Potted plants in the north, placed in the entrance of the porch, courtyard and hall, are very eye-catching. Bougainvillea is a unique bougainvillea in Brazil, and women often wear it on their heads as decoration. Europe and America use triangular flowers as cut flowers. Flowers can bloom twice a year. In South China, it can be covered with flower stands, gates or high walls to form three-dimensional flowers. In the north, it is mainly used as potted flowers to enjoy flowers in winter. [8]
7 plant culture editor
Arima
The flower language of bougainvillea: enthusiasm, perseverance and perseverance. Another flower language: "No true love is a kind of sorrow."
Symbol: enthusiasm, perseverance and indomitable spirit.
National flowers: Zambia * * * and national flowers.
Provincial Flowers: Flowers in Hainan Province
City Flower: Xichang City, Sichuan Province; Flowers in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Huizhou, Jiangmen and luoding city;
State Flower of Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Southwest Guizhou; The State Flower and Kaiyuan City Flower in Yunnan Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture;
Flowers in Kaixian County of Chongqing and Yunyang County of Chongqing; Flowers in Xiamen and Sanming City, Fujian Province, and flowers in Hui 'an County;
Flowers in Haikou City and Sanya City, Hainan Province; Flowers in Liuzhou, Beihai and Wuzhou of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;
City Flower of Pingtung City, Taiwan Province Province; The city flower of domestic and foreign cities such as Naha, Japan.