Infection is one of the most serious complications of surgery. /kloc-before the 0/9th century, the development of surgery was slow, which was largely related to the lack of effective methods to prevent surgical wound infection except for the lack of effective anesthesia methods.

Humans have long known the seriousness of wound suppuration. The threat of staphylococcal infection is less than that of hemolytic streptococcus infection, and there is a preliminary understanding that the high-viscosity suppuration caused by the former is "commendable pus", but the understanding of the nature of suppuration and infection has gradually formed since the fifteenth century.

1546, Fracas Storrow (G g.) first published an article that surgical infection was caused by an invisible "microorganism". A.von saw the microbes-bacteria on dental calculus from 1676 to 1683 with a self-made microscope, but he didn't realize that they were pathogenic.

Putuo (C.) (Germany) in 1774, Delpease (Delpech, J.M. 1777 ~ 1832) (Germany) in 18 15.

The ancient Egyptians knew that "frankincense", "myrrh" and "wine" had antiseptic effects, but the word "antiseptic" first appeared in the book Some Thoughts on Plague written by British scientist Price (172 1). 1752, British military doctor Pringle (J J.) reported the results of his 48 experiments in three years, and thought that mineral acid could prevent the tissues of freshly slaughtered animals from corrupting, but did not consider applying this idea to clinic. 1767, France Dijon College of Science and Art awarded two anti-corrosion papers, among which Bordevave (T T.) wrote an article about preservatives, pointing out that the receiver was the disseminator of puerperal fever. During the period of 1826 ~ 1832, Irish doctor Colliou (R.) used the maternity ward alternately. Before use, he fumigated the ward with chlorine, disinfected the wood and floor with bleach paste for 48 hours, disinfected the walls and ceiling with lime water, and used120 ~130 F dry heat. If the patient died of puerperal fever, the disinfection was more stringent. With the above method, the four-year mortality rate is only 0.54%.

Hungarian obstetrician Semmelweis (I.P.1818 ~1865) made clear the infectious characteristics of puerperal fever through pathological anatomy, and began to take the following preventive measures in 1847: wash your hands with hot water soap before receiving, and then brush your hands with bleach until smooth. All instruments used for delivery, as long as they may come into contact with patients, are disinfected in this way. After adopting this method, the obstetric mortality rate decreased from 65438 07.3% to 65438 0.27%. Written and published in 1860.

However, people really realize that suppurative infection is the result of bacterial invasion, which is proved by Pasteur and Koch's experiments. Koch also revealed the relationship between bacterial invasion and infection through dyeing and animal inoculation. In order to prevent infection, Pasteur suggested using thermal disinfection as much as possible, including the surgeon's arm. Koch Company emphasized the use of disinfectants and screened the existing disinfectants.

Under the influence of Pasteur, the British doctor Liszt began to disinfect surgical instruments, air, skin and wounds with carbolic acid solution in 1865, and it was quickly accepted by people all over the world, so he was known as the "father of antiseptic surgery".

From a modern point of view, Semmelweis adopted anti-corrosion as early as five years ago, emphasizing prevention, which is more in line with the requirements of surgical principles.

German doctor Neuber (G.A.1850 ~1932) was inspired by Pasteur's work. In 1880, he used high-pressure steam disinfection to sterilize the instruments used in the operating room, and established the concept of aseptic surgery. His method is German doctor Bargmann (E.von 1932).

Sterility was initiated by Hungarian doctor Puky, A. in 1879.

In 1563, German doctor Würtz (F F.) emphasized the danger of infection caused by droplets contaminating surgical wounds. He stressed that the operator should not face the wound and breathe.

German doctor Fluegge (Flügge, C.1847 ~1923)1897 proved that talking to a wound can cause wound infection.

Austrian doctor Mikuliczradecki (J.) (1897) was inspired by Fluegge and advocated that the operator should cover his nose and mouth with a mask to reduce the infection during the operation.

British doctor Watson (T. 1792 ~ 1882) suggested wearing waterproof gloves during operation to protect patients from bacterial contamination brought by doctors.

American doctor halsted (W.S.1852 ~1922)1889 made special rubber gloves to protect the hands of hand-washing nurses, which were later adopted by all surgeons.