I. Garden Selection and Planning
Grape is a fruit tree that likes light and temperature, and has good adaptability to planting soil. The most suitable soil for growing grapes is sandy loam, which is rich in organic matter, good in air permeability and good in water and fertilizer conservation.
Before planting grapes, the orchard should be planned first, especially the selection of planting density and planting mode, which has great influence on the yield and economic benefits of the orchard. Rational utilization of land resources and effective utilization of light energy are the basis of reasonable close planting. At present, grape planting adopts two planting methods: trellis planting and hedge planting.
Scaffolding planting: vine row spacing 1m×5m, planting about 150 plants per mu; Hedgehog planting: vine row spacing 1 m times 2 m, planting 240~333 vines per mu.
Second, the cultivation of grape seedlings.
1, apply base fertilizer
In order to make the vines have good growth conditions, we can apply sufficient fertilizer about one month before planting. Generally, 3500~5000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 50~ 100 kg of calcium superphosphate are applied per mu. Fertilization can be carried out by ditching, and the depth and length of the ditch should be about 60 cm. When applying fertilizer, first sprinkle some chopped organic matter such as wheat straw and weeds in the ditch, then mix the decomposed organic fertilizer with the middle soil evenly and apply it into the ditch. Finally, the calcium superphosphate is concentrated on the soil layer 10~ 15 cm above the ground, and then covered and leveled.
Step 2 plant
Sowing can be done one month after fertilization. Planting time includes spring planting and autumn planting, and all localities can flexibly choose planting time according to local climate conditions.
It is best to choose strong grafted seedlings for planting seedlings, and the thickness of the upper part of the incision is above 0.7 cm. Before planting, cut off rotten roots and residual roots, and cut off a small part of main roots, which can prevent the roots from carrying germs and stimulate the germination of new roots. In the pre-prepared planting rows, dig a 30cm planting pit every 1.2m, put the central seedlings in the into the pit, so that the roots naturally extend around, then bury them with fine soil, gently lift the seedlings under the frame along the direction to promote the full contact between the roots of the seedlings and the soil, and finally water them to create moisture.
Third, the management of young grape trees
After the vines are planted, they enter the field management stage. We call the period from planting to flowering and fruiting the young tree stage. The key point of young tree management is to strengthen fertilizer and water management, cultivate scientific and reasonable tree shape, promote root knot, and achieve the goal of deep roots and lush foliage.
1, lead binding of pulling rattan
For newly planted seedlings in the first year, 1~2 main vines are reserved for each plant according to the planting conditions. The basic principle of keeping the main vines is that the disease is strong and the weakness is strong, but it is best not to exceed 2. After the main vine grows out, it should be tied tightly in time to guide the upward growth. The method of binding is to insert a bamboo pole vertically next to the main vine of the seedling. The main vine should be bound once every 15 cm long, and the binding should be loose, leaving room for the thick length of the main vine.
2. Water and fertilizer management of young trees
About 40 days after seedling planting, topdressing with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer can promote seedling growth, and 25~30 kg urea can be applied per mu. The principle of topdressing at seedling stage is that if the growth is weak in the early stage, some nitrogen fertilizer can be topdressing, and light foliar fertilizer or organic fertilizer should be used as the main fertilizer in the later stage. Grapes like water and are afraid of drought. Always check the survival of seedlings and soil moisture, pay attention to frequent watering and keep the soil moist. Water should be watered once after each fertilization, and the amount of water should not be too much, so as to avoid excessive humidity in the orchard and increase the incidence.
Step 3 weed
In the growth process of young grape trees, in order to keep the soil loose and transparent, it is necessary to loosen the soil and weed frequently to promote the development of young grape root system.
4, plastic pruning
Pruning young trees can ensure the balanced growth of tree potential. The following is an example of hedgerow plastic planting:
Grape trees planted with hedges should be cultivated in the young tree period. According to the selected main vine, the bud eyes on the main vine should be selected in the same year of planting, and all the side branches below 30 cm from the ground should be removed to prevent diseases. The first coring is that when the seedlings grow to 80 cm, the strong secondary branches at the top of the branches are selected to continue to grow, and the remaining secondary branches are repeatedly cored. When the length of the main vine reaches 1.2~ 1.5 m, coring will be carried out to promote the growth and fruiting of the secondary branches of the main vine and cultivate the bearing mother branches in the coming year. By removing the core, the main vine can be strengthened and a good foundation can be laid for the early fruit of grapes. When pruning in winter, 4~6 strong branches are selected from the main vine as side vines, and 4~6 full buds are left for short pruning to form a fan-shaped tree body combining the main vine and the side vines.
5, seedling pest control
Grape seedling diseases mainly include grape downy mildew and black bean disease. The rainy season is the high incidence of these two diseases. Generally, mancozeb 400~500 times solution can be used for control, and it is sprayed once every 10~ 15 days, twice in total. If the rainy season comes, it can be prevented and treated with 1: 0.7: 200 times bordeaux mixture after rain, and it is generally sprayed every 12~ 15 days/time.
Fourthly, the management of the result tree
Grape cultivation methods include hedges and sheds. Here, I mainly take hedgerow as an example to introduce the management methods of grape fruit trees to the majority of fruit farmers.
1, budding management
In order to prevent the infection of overwintering bacteria before germination in early spring, 3~5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture can be sprayed for control. The first watering and fertilization after grape germination in spring is to apply nitrogen fertilizer to accelerate the germination when the bud eye is 5 cm long, and apply urea 15 kg per mu. When the new shoots grow to about 40 cm, it is necessary to carry out branch fixing operation to remove redundant branches and weak branches so that the branches have a width of about 30 cm.
2. Branch and vine management
In the process of grape growth, vine management should be carried out in time according to the plant growth to promote the rapid growth of plants.
Tie vines: New shoots can be fixed on the trellis by tying vines. When tying vines on the scaffolding, the vines should be evenly distributed on the surface of the scaffolding to avoid cross branches and overlapping branches. In this way, the binding of mother branches should not only be evenly distributed, but also avoid vertical binding, and can be tied at a 45 angle. Strong branches should be tied horizontally or in an arc shape, and the range of weak branches can be smaller, so that new shoots can grow evenly. Picking: leave 10~ 12 leaves above the ear of the bearing branch and pick the stone. Kerning can reduce the nutrient consumption of new shoots, so as to supply flowers and fruits in a centralized way. Remove secondary branches: in order not to make the branches close together, concentrate nutrition on flowering and fruit setting in the ear, and the secondary branches below the inflorescence should be thinned out; You can leave a leaf on the secondary branch of the ear for coring; The top is pointed at the second level, and finally 2~3 leaves are left for repeated coring. Remove tendrils: During the whole growth period, when new shoots grow tendrils, they need to be removed in time. Tendrils are harmful under artificial cultivation, which not only hinders the growth of plants, but also consumes nutrients and brings many diseases.
3. Flowering management
As the saying goes, "the grapes bloom well, all depends on fertilizer", and the water and fertilizer and pests and diseases at flowering stage are the key points of management.
Fertilization at flowering stage: Generally, fertilizer for flowering and fruit setting is applied before flowering 10 day, and urea per mu 15 kg is enough. Before and after flowering, besides applying organic fertilizer, 0.2%~0.3% borax or boric acid should be sprayed, which has obvious effect on improving fruit setting rate. Water control in flowering period: water 1~2 times before flowering, without watering after flowering, because watering in flowering period will make the branches and leaves flourish, consume a lot of nutrients, and lead to falling flowers and fruits. Prevention and treatment of post-flowering diseases: pay attention to disease prevention after flowering. The main diseases in this period were grape downy mildew and grape black bean disease. 400~500 times mancozeb solution can be used for foliar spraying, generally once every 7~ 10 days, 2~3 times in total.
4, fruit expansion period management
(1) Sparse panicles
In order to make the grape ear beautiful, bright in color and uniform in particle size, it is necessary to strengthen the management of the ear and refine the ear. After the inflorescence appears, it should be thinned as soon as possible according to the plant coverage. The main work of ear reduction is to remove the shoulder ear, the first ear and the cutting tip, so that the ear length can be kept at about 15 cm, preferably not more than 20 cm, which can ensure that the ear is tight without squeezing.
Grape has a high fruit setting rate, so it is necessary to thin the fruit to obtain high quality fruit. Grain refinement is a meticulous and important work. In order to save nutrient consumption, it is suggested that the sooner the grains are thinned, the better. When thinning seeds, first shake the ear of the fruit to make the poorly fertilized fruit fall off, and then thinning the diseased fruit, deformed fruit and damaged fruit, leaving the fruit with uniform size.
(2) ear bagging
Bagging should be done in time after ear thinning. Bagging can not only improve the appearance and quality of grapes, but also ensure the integrity of fruits, without pests and diseases, and reduce pesticide residues. Before bagging, 1 times bactericide can be sprayed to remove germs attached to ears, and the liquid medicine can reach fashion bags after drying.
(3) Topdressing at the swelling stage
The expansion period is the time when grapes need nutrients and water most. In order to promote fruit expansion, about 40 kilograms of compound fertilizer and 20 kilograms of potassium sulfate can be applied per mu of expanding fertilizer. 20~30 kg of compound fertilizer and 20 kg of potassium sulfate can be applied to each mu of color fertilizer, and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be sprayed on the leaves and watered immediately after topdressing.
(4) bag removal
Remove the paper bag about 20 days after harvesting, in order to increase the light to promote the fruit to increase sugar and color, and at the same time, in order to color evenly, we should strengthen the color by turning the fruit and other measures.
5, fruit harvesting
Harvest is an important link in grape management, and harvest time is the key to determine berry quality. According to the planted grape varieties, timely harvest in stages. Grasping the ear by hand, cutting it off from the joint between the ear stalk and the new tip, and keeping the ear stalk as long as possible can effectively improve the storage time of grape fruits. After cutting the ear of the fruit, handle it carefully, protect the fruit powder attached to the surface of the fruit, remove the damaged fruit, diseased fruit and small fruit, and package it for sale.
6. Harvest and fertilization
After the fruit is harvested, trees can be restored by applying available nitrogen fertilizer or spraying urea solution. If it is root application, apply urea about15 kg per mu; If it is foliar spraying, 0.3% urea solution can be sprayed 2~3 times. Of course, fertilization should also be based on tree potential. If the tree is vigorous, you can reduce fertilization or not.
The base fertilizer should be applied again before the leaves of the grapes fall, so as to promote the development of roots and the storage of nutrients in the trees and lay a good foundation for the fruits in the coming year. When applying fertilizer, apply decomposed organic fertilizer 15 kg and sulfur-based compound fertilizer 0.4 kg to each hole, and then cover it with fine soil.
7. Qingyuan
If you want the grapes to grow well in the future, you should clear the garden in time after harvest, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of diseases. When clearing the garden, all diseased ears, diseased fruits, diseased branches and diseased leaves in the garden should be removed to prevent pests and diseases from overwintering underground with the residual branches and leaves, and wintering protection should be carried out in colder fruit areas.
There are many management measures for grape planting, and they are also relatively detailed. Fruit farmers should keep up with all management measures according to the growth law of grapes when they actually plant them. Only in this way can they grow high-quality grapes.