Aviation technology will use microelectronics technology, computers, new materials, new processes and new energy to develop products with better performance and expand the scope of application. Aircraft will further develop in the direction of integration, integration and informationization. The application of new power, new aerodynamic layout, new materials and new technologies will greatly improve the performance of aircraft. There will be new breakthroughs in the load capacity, maneuverability, adaptability and economy of the aircraft. Even if it is a complex aircraft with low noise, less pollution and good economic performance, it is entirely possible from a scientific and technological point of view. The key lies in the urgency of this demand and whether it is worth spending huge manpower and material resources. This kind of plane will shorten the intercontinental travel time to a few hours. Air transport will be more popular, safe and economical, bringing more convenience to human work, tourism and life. Aircraft will be more widely used in agriculture, animal husbandry, fishery, prospecting, meteorology, sports and environmental protection.
Space technology will enter a new stage of large-scale development and utilization of near-earth space. Various application satellites that directly serve the national economy and people's lives are developing in the direction of high performance and multi-purpose, so as to obtain greater economic and social benefits and further realize the commercialization of space activities. With the use of new space transportation systems such as the space shuttle and the maturity of space assembly and maintenance technology, it will be possible for human beings to build various large-scale space systems in space. A permanent space station, a solar power station and a space factory will be established in near-earth space, and even a space city and space tourism may be established. Space will become a new place for frequent human communication. Using the permanent space station for long-term scientific research and experiments can promote new breakthroughs in astronomy, earth science, biology, physics and chemistry. Obtaining information, materials and energy from space directly benefits mankind. Space activities will open up many new ways to solve the energy, ecology, environment and population problems facing mankind. Various space probes may fly all over the "ends of the earth" of the solar system, providing information for uncovering the mystery of the formation of the solar system and the origin of life. When human beings set up bases on the moon and reach Mars and other planets, they still face huge expenses and many difficulties to overcome. However, interstellar travel can only be realized after the success of photon rockets and the greater development of many related sciences and technologies.
On the other hand, the military application of space will be further strengthened in the future, and space weapons may enter the practical stage. However, human history is always moving forward, and peace, progress and happiness are the wishes of the vast majority of people on earth. The development of science and technology will eventually achieve the goal of benefiting mankind. The aerospace industry will also follow this path. In this great undertaking of unprecedented human scale, the people of China, who account for about14 of the total human population, will surely make due contributions.
Application of Space Science and Technology in Modern Communication
Satellite communication is an outstanding example of space technology serving human daily life. /kloc-0 successfully launched the world's first communication experimental satellite at the end of 958. Its application in communication immediately attracted wide attention. However, communication satellites really developed in the 1960s, and were further improved and improved in the following years. The development of communication satellites began with exploring the possibility of using satellites to spread radio signals, and went through the technical exploration of passive communication satellites that only reflect radio waves, active communication satellites with amplification function, low-orbit, medium-orbit, high-orbit, circular orbit and large elliptical orbit satellites, until the successful launch of geosynchronous orbit communication satellites hanging 36,000 kilometers above the equator of the earth, which made satellite communication reach a mature and practical stage.
Satellite communication is a modern means of communication that uses communication satellites as relay stations to communicate between points on the earth, and it is a combination of space technology and communication technology. It consists of space and ground. Communication satellite is a special system composed of communication antenna and communication repeater, which is used to forward radio signals. Combined equipment for transmitting radio signals to communication satellites and receiving communication satellite signals can be installed on land, sea ships and aircraft flying in the atmosphere, which are called fixed earth stations and mobile earth stations respectively. Tracking, telemetry, remote control and monitoring of on-orbit communication satellites to ensure their normal work. These devices are often located in the same place as a standard satellite communication earth station, which constitutes a satellite communication control center for manipulating satellites and dispatching services of other earth stations.
Satellite communication amplifies and forwards radio signals through communication satellites to realize signal transmission. It is not limited by the upper atmosphere, climate, season, distance and other conditions, and the transmission quality is high, stable and reliable. Each ground station can only work with one antenna system and one set of transceiver equipment. Because the cost of satellite communication has nothing to do with the communication distance, it is the most economical for long-distance communication.
Satellite communication system usually works in microwave frequency band, with high working efficiency and large communication capacity. For example, the international communication satellite currently in orbit is the fifth-generation communication satellite launched to meet international telephone, television, telegraph and high-speed data communication. Satellite weight 1? 9 tons, including solar panels, maximum span 15? 7 meters, 7 meters along the longitudinal axis? 3 meters. The satellite has more than 12000 two-way channels.
In recent years, satellite communication has been promoted to millimeter wave frequency band, and remarkable progress has been made. The size of communication satellites has become smaller and the communication capacity has become larger. Because the millimeter wave antenna reflector can get the specified gain and pointing, the ground terminal can also be made small and light. At present, portable ground satellite communication equipment has appeared in the world, weighing only 20 kilograms. Using millimeter-wave satellite communication has advantages in reliability, service life and cost.
The development of space technology has promoted the continuous expansion of communication services and the development of communication satellites in the direction of specialization. In addition to international public communication satellites, there are also regional and domestic public communication satellites, maritime satellites, data relay satellites, broadcasting satellites and other special communication satellites, which have increased and improved various special communication networks. Nowadays, public satellite communication networks and private satellite communication networks are spread all over the world, which has brought people closer on the earth. People's work and life are inseparable from telephone, telegraph, fax, data transmission and television. Its fast and convenient information transmission not only brings great convenience to people, but also has become the pillar of modern information society. For example, Indonesia is a maritime country consisting of thousands of islands, and communication was once the biggest headache for this developing country. However, after the completion of the domestic public satellite communication network, the communication of thousands of islands was connected at once, making the communication industry step into the advanced ranks in the world. The development of communication has greatly promoted the economic vitality of this developing country.
For another example, China successfully launched its own communication satellite, and completed the TV, radio, telephone, fax and other communication services scheduled by the Ministry of Radio, Film and Television, the Ministry of Water and Electricity, Xinhua News Agency and the Communications Department of the General Staff Department. Now the days when remote cities such as Urumqi and Lhasa can't receive CCTV programs on that day have become history. In addition, China also connected the telephone lines from Beijing to Urumqi, Lhasa and Kunming, and the communication lines from Chengdu to Lhasa, Kunming and Lanzhou to Urumqi with its own communication satellites, and opened long-distance automatic dialing from Lhasa to 520 large and medium-sized cities across the country, thus strengthening the links between remote areas and the capital and the mainland. This plays an extremely important role in prospering the political, economic and cultural life in the border areas.
On average, there is only one modern communication satellite the size of a station wagon, and there can be 24 communication repeaters. It is a real space exchange station flying in the earth orbit, and it constantly receives and forwards endless information from all over the world. It can transmit 12000 long-distance calls and relay multiple TV programs at the same time; You can also send the news and newspaper templates from the central city to the printing houses in various towns, so that local readers can see the newspapers and magazines in the metropolis that day.
Satellite communication has also developed rapidly in the fields of integrated data transmission (voice, data, text and image) network, video conference, TV education, data acquisition, template transmission of news and newspapers, aviation and navigation communication, remote diagnosis and medical treatment, government administration, e-mail and emergency rescue. Therefore, it can be said that space technology has not only changed the communication system, but also affected the lifestyle of human society.
Application of space science and technology in industry and daily life
In fact, some important achievements in space science and technology have been popularized and applied in all sectors of the national economy, which has effectively promoted economic development. For example, dozens of new materials are used in machinery manufacturing; Some test stands have been used to improve the life of civil machinery; The structural test method and device of the space shuttle have been extended to the development of various aircraft, new cars and agricultural machinery. The automatic landing system of the space shuttle is also used for all-weather landing control of civil aviation and cargo aircraft; Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing technologies developed for the development of space shuttles and other spacecraft have been applied to other industries. The popularization and application of aerospace technology in the field of civil industrial technology has greatly promoted the technological upgrading of various sectors of the national economy.
Space technology has also brought good news to medical and health undertakings, and it is not uncommon to use the achievements of space technology to check and treat diseases. For example, space technology can be used to treat heart disease. Now we can transplant microcircuits and nickel-cadmium batteries from satellites to make rechargeable implantable pacemakers to help patients' hearts work. This kind of pacemaker is small in size and light in weight, and can be charged from outside the patient's body, thus reducing the pain caused by replacing the pacemaker. Another example is the blood pressure detector used to monitor the physical condition of manned spacecraft astronauts. At present, it is placed in various public places in the United States for patients with hypertension to check their blood pressure, which is very convenient to use. The instrument can analyze the blood condition of human body according to the sound of blood flow, measure systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, and automatically record the blood pressure data measured every time for doctors' reference. Using infrared photography interpretation technology in aerospace technology, we can determine the burn degree of burn patients and the range of necrotic tissue in deep subcutaneous tissue, thus providing reliable basis for early escharectomy and skin grafting, and avoiding the self-healing tissue from being cut by mistake. Using the sensitive radiometer used on the spacecraft, 0? Temperature change of 65438 0 degrees Celsius. Because the temperature of cancer tissue is higher than that of normal tissue, it can be used to detect where there is cancer. It can also measure the temperature difference deeper in the human body. The achievements of aerospace technology can also be used to manufacture new medical and health care instruments. For example, the automatic microbial detector used on spacecraft can measure the microbial content in liquid within 15 minutes on the ground; Using space technology, a folding walker can be made for patients with lower limb paralysis who can go up and down stairs. The automatic optical microscope developed in space exploration can enhance the unclear images taken in space into high-resolution display images. Using it in medicine can improve the effect of X-ray images and make other pathological images clearer.
Tele-electronic medical system developed by ground monitoring and control center to monitor the physical condition of astronauts on spacecraft can also be used in medical and health undertakings, which is telemedicine. It can connect medical staff in remote areas and senior doctors in big city hospitals to solve the treatment problems of difficult and sudden diseases in remote areas. For example, in March of 1989, the United States provided a compatible satellite earth station in Armenia and began medical consultation between countries. Medical facilities in the United States are connected to hospitals and rehabilitation centers in Armenia through satellites of commercial satellite companies and international satellite companies. One-way TV and two-way communication are provided for several hours every day, two days a week, and medical consultation is provided to help people injured in the Armenian earthquake in February. 1988+65438 mainly includes plastic surgery, physical therapy and psychological consultation, and supports rehabilitation work.