Keywords: sweet cherry; Standardized demonstration park; General situation; experience
China library classification number: S662.5 document identification number: A document number:1002-2910 (2008) 03-0043-02.
Dalian Jinzhou District Agricultural Improved Variety Demonstration Farm is located in Lianfeng Village, Dawei Town, Jinzhou District, Dalian, covering an area of 100hm2. The standardized management of sweet cherries in this farm has achieved good results and promoted the standardized production of local sweet cherries to some extent. In June 2004, the park passed the ISO900 1 quality system certification, and in 2006, it was designated as a national-level standardized demonstration park for sweet cherries. In the same year, the sweet cherry produced in the park was rated as a famous brand agricultural product in China.
1 park overview
In 1995, sweet cherry was planted in the open field for 20hm2. At present, the output value of 666.7m2 is about 1 ten thousand yuan. 13.3hm2 sweet cherry greenhouse was built in 1997, with 50 greenhouses, each with an area of 1333m2 and a fruit yield of 1000kg. 1nursery base built in 999 13.3hm2. There are early-maturing orchards with "Hongguang" as the main variety, middle-maturing orchards with "Meizao" as the main variety, and late-maturing orchards with "honey beans" as the main variety. There are also new varieties and new technologies exhibition areas and popular science sightseeing areas. It is a high-tech industrial park with standardized production, modern management, water-saving micro-spraying and pipe network spraying. The park is far away from factories and mines, with no pollution of three wastes, fresh air, abundant groundwater for irrigation, and more than 50 insecticidal lamps, realizing pollution-free production. The products produced in the park were recognized as "A" grade green food, and the registered "Jinzhou Red" sweet cherry was rated as a famous brand product in Liaoning Province and a famous brand agricultural product in China. The park has advanced fruit tree seedling breeding laboratory, plant physiology and biochemistry laboratory, and 360m3 fruit modified atmosphere storage. Modified atmosphere storage and the use of greenhouse ensure the market supply of sweet cherry fresh fruit from March to June.
2 Main experience
2. 1 Variety diversification and large-scale production.
In order to collect high-quality cherry varieties from all over the world, the demonstration farm has introduced nearly 40 famous varieties from Japan, Canada and the United States, such as Satsuma Mandarin, Nanyang, Red Handball, Wenzhou Honey Bean, Meizao and Meideng, and screened out more than 20 varieties with strong stress resistance and wide adaptability, which are divided into red series and yellow series as the main varieties in this area. Only sweet cherries are planted in the park, which is the largest and most comprehensive leading enterprise specializing in the production of sweet cherries in Dalian. The yield of high-quality sweet cherries produced in the demonstration area is as high as 90%. The park uses tissue culture technology to cultivate non-toxic rootstocks and graft high-quality virus-free sweet cherry peach seedlings, providing 6,543,800 sweet cherry seedlings to the region and other places every year. At present, the sweet cherry planting area in Jinzhou District, where seedlings and cultivation techniques are provided by the demonstration area, has begun to take shape, with a total cultivation area of 6666.7hm2.
2.2 Scientific management
At the beginning of the establishment of the park, based on the principle of high starting point, high technology content and high efficiency, experts from the Netherlands and Japan were hired to impart experience, and 24 people were sent to Canada, Australia, Japan, Russia and other countries rich in sweet cherries to study. Combined with the conditions of the park, the cultivation techniques suitable for early harvest, high quality, high yield and high efficiency of sweet cherry in this area were summarized.
2.2. 1 soil, fertilizer and water management 1 times water permeability in early April, reducing ground temperature, delaying flowering and avoiding late frost. At the end of April (flowering period), the formula fertilizer was applied with top dressing in radial furrow to produce 100 ks fruit, and 2kg pure nitrogen, 2kg pure phosphorus 1kg and 2 kg pure potassium were applied. Pouring hard core water in mid-May can increase production by 30%, which also plays an important role in ensuring the next annual output. At the end of August and autumn, basal fertilizer is mainly composed of decomposed chicken manure and soybean meal, each plant is 40 ~ 50 kg, accounting for 70% ~ 80% of the annual fertilization.
2.2.2 Plastic trimming and winter shearing shall be carried out in the middle and late March. Young trees of 2 ~ 3 years old should pay attention to promoting branches and become crowns as soon as possible. For trees over 4 years old, multi-axis tree structure is adopted to promote early fruiting and high yield. The annual pruning is mainly in summer, supplemented by winter pruning. The common methods of pruning in summer are pinching, pulling and thinning. Picking is divided into short picking and long picking. Short coring refers to leveling the branches, about 15 days after flowering, leaving 8 ~ 10 cm for the new shoots on the back, which can form flower buds in the same year and bear fruit in the next year. Long coring is mainly used for young trees and first fruiting branches. When the new branches are more than 50cm long, leave 35 ~ 40 cm for re-coring, and 2 ~ 3 branches can be issued in the same year to speed up the plastic surgery. Before the end of June, topping should be strictly controlled to prevent topping from being too late and the low lignification of secondary branches leading to topping in winter. The extended branches of the central trunk are not core.
Branch in mid-August. When pulling branches, it is better to take them first and then pull them out. Pull the upright and vigorous varieties above 90, and the varieties with moderate growth and large branching angle to 70 ~ 80.
Fruit thinning is carried out after the fruit is harvested. After pruning in winter, the strong branches and pests and diseases that have great influence on tree potential are thinned out. Due to the vigorous growth of trees in July, the trimmed wounds healed quickly.
Timely? Sweet cherry fruit has no after-ripening phenomenon, so it should be harvested and sold in time. Early harvest will affect fruit quality and yield, and late harvest will easily lead to reduced production. Generally, the fruit can be harvested when the soluble solid content reaches 14% ~ 15%, that is, 1989 is ripe. The best harvesting time is before 9 am or after 3 pm, which can prolong the storage time and facilitate transportation.