According to folklore and historical records, Du Kang, also known as Shao Kang, was the fifth king of Xia Dynasty, the first slave country in China history. According to historical documents such as Historical Records of Xia Benji, when the fourth king of Xia Dynasty was in power, a coup took place and the emperor was killed. At that time, the emperor's wife was pregnant and fled to her family. Du Kang, a teenager, lives by grazing. He hangs his meal on the tree and often forgets to eat it. After a while, Shao Kang found that the leftovers hanging on the tree had changed their taste, and the juice produced was unexpectedly sweet and abnormal, which aroused his interest. After repeated research and thinking, he finally discovered the principle of natural fermentation. He consciously followed suit and constantly improved, and finally formed a complete set of brewing technology, thus laying the foundation stone of China's brewing industry-Du Kang, and the wine he brewed was named "Dukang Wine" ("Shuo Wen Jie Zi")
Records of Baishui County in Ming and Qing Dynasties recorded that "Du Kang, whose real name was Zhongyu, was a Kangjiawei native of our county and was good at making wine". The spring water in Du Kang Gully "still gushed weakly until winter, and flowed for four miles into Baishui River. The villagers said that the water still smells of wine. "
According to legend, Du Kang took some water to make wine, and there are words to prove it: "He is a city wine, full of wine; Liquor alone cures diseases. Therefore, drinking all day long, not indulging; Take it for life and get the sum of qi and blood. A hundred miles away, sell more white wine. Xianze's heritage is unique to the local area. It is also obvious that the remains have been preserved along the trough so far. "
Du died in Baishui, which is the pride of Baishui people. Du Kang's wine has produced simple customs and ancient white water culture. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China, there were thousands of boiled pots and four wineries. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao sang the eternal swan song "Bold and unforgettable, how to solve the worries, only Du Kang": Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote beautiful poems "Late at night, the moonlight shines on Baishui Mountain" and "Du Jiu often remonstrates"; Pi Rixiu, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, also sang the quatrains louder, and the Du Kang language is empty, so the fragrant Du Kang wine spread all over the Loess Plateau.
Some people say that he is a minister under the Yellow Emperor. After the Yellow Emperor established the tribal alliance, Shennong began to cultivate land and grow grain after tasting a hundred herbs and distinguishing grains. The Yellow Emperor ordered Du Kang to manage grain production, and Du Kang was very responsible. Due to the fertile land and pleasant climate, there is a bumper harvest every year, and the grain output is increasing. At that time, because there was no warehouse and no scientific storage method, Du Kang piled the harvested grain in the cave. After a long time, due to the humidity in the cave, the food is moldy. The Yellow Emperor was very angry when he learned about it. He ordered Du Kang to be removed from his post and only let him keep the food. He also said that if the grain was moldy in the future, Du Kang would be executed.
Du Kang, the minister in charge of grain production, was suddenly reduced to storing grain, and he was very sad. But he also believes that Lei Zu, Hou Feng, Cang Xie and other officials have made great contributions to inventions, but they have made no contribution and committed crimes. At this thought, all his anger disappeared, and he secretly made up his mind to keep the food well. One day, Du Kang found an open field in the forest, and several surrounding trees died, leaving only the thick trunk. The suitcase is empty. Du Kang had a brainwave. He thinks that if the grain is put in a hole in the tree, it may not go bad. So he hollowed out all the dead trees in the forest. A few days later, all the grain was put into the tree hole.
Who knows, two years later, the grain in the tree hole was slowly fermented by the wind, the sun and the rain. One day, when Du Kang went up the mountain to check the grain, he suddenly found some goats, wild boar and rabbits lying around a dead tree with grain on it. At first, he thought that all these wild animals were dead. When he approached, he found that they were still alive, and they all seemed to be sleeping. Du Kang couldn't figure out what the reason was and wondered when the wild boar woke up. As soon as it saw someone coming, it ran into the Woods. Then a goat and a rabbit woke up and ran away. Du Kang didn't bring a bow and arrow when he went up the mountain, so he didn't catch up. He was about to go back when he suddenly found two goats licking something in front of a tree hole full of food. Du Kang hurriedly hid behind a big tree to observe, only to see two goats licking for a while, and then staggered up and lying on the ground after a while. Du Kang quickly ran to tie up two goats, and then carefully checked with his tongue what the goats had just licked in the tree hole. You can take a look without looking, but Du Kang got a fright. The hole in the tree used to hold grain cracked a crack, and the water inside kept oozing out. Goats, wild boar and rabbits fell to the ground after licking the water. Du Kang sniffed it with his nose, and the seeping water was very fragrant, so he couldn't help tasting it. Although it tastes a little spicy, it is particularly mellow. The more he tasted it, the more he wanted to taste it, and finally he took a few sips. This glass of wine doesn't matter. For a moment, I just felt very dizzy. Just two steps forward, I fell to the ground and fell asleep. I don't know how long it took. When he woke up, he saw that one of the two goats had run away and the other was struggling. He turned over, feeling full of energy and energy, and accidentally trampled the struggling goat to death. He conveniently took off the pointed jar at his waist and filled half the jar with this perfume seeping from the tree hole.
When he came back, Du Kang told other food keepers what he had seen, and let everyone taste the perfume he brought back. Everyone thinks it's strange. Some people suggested that the matter should be reported to the Yellow Emperor as soon as possible, but others disagreed, on the grounds that Du Kang was demoted for spoiling food in the past, and now he has put food into a tree hole and turned it into water. If the Yellow Emperor knew about it and didn't kill his head, he would kill Du Kang. Hearing this, Du Kang said to everyone unhurriedly: "Now, no matter whether it is good or bad, it can't hide from the Yellow Emperor." With that, he lifted the pointed bottom jar and went to the Yellow Emperor.
After listening to Du Kang's report, the Yellow Emperor carefully tasted the perfume he brought, and immediately discussed the matter with his ministers. Ministers agreed that this is a living food, not poisonous water. The Yellow Emperor did not blame Du Kang, but ordered him to continue to observe carefully and ponder the truth. He also ordered Cang Xie to give this perfume a name. Cang Xie said casually: "This water is fragrant and mellow, and it will make you drunk." After that, he made a word "wine". Both the Yellow Emperor and the ministers thought it was a good name.
Since then, China ancient wine industry began to appear. In memory of Du Kang, later generations regarded him as the ancestor of brewing.
Brewing, Du Kang, a member of Baishui Kangjiawei, was first created in Xia Dynasty and is called Dukang wine. From generation to generation, the folk brewing industry flourished. In ancient times, Du Kang's wine-making address was in Du Kang ditch, 7 kilometers northwest of the county seat. Take grass as seasoning and draw spring water. Du Kang was buried near the original brewing site after his death, and the tomb is still there. Adukang Temple was built behind the tomb, and a stone tablet was erected to worship, commemorate and celebrate Du Kang, the father of Du Kang brewing.
Du Kang's brewing water is Du Kang spring in Du Kang ditch. "liangzhi" contains: The spring sprays slightly until winter, and flows four miles into Baishui River. The villagers said that the water smelled of wine. "Du Kangquan's water has been tested and identified by Shaanxi Provincial Light Industry Bureau and county epidemic prevention station; Water solubility, low hardness, less calcium, easy precipitation, suitable for brewing. Water quality determines the quality of wine, and Du Kang spring water is a prerequisite for Dukang wine to become a fine wine. Dukang wine has a good reputation in ancient times and has been passed down from generation to generation. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao's poem "Short Songs" said: Du Kang alone can solve the worries. Later poets also used Du Kang to praise wine.
Wensheng: Ouyang Xiu
Politicians, writers, essayists and poets in the Northern Song Dynasty. One of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the word Yongshu, a famous drunkard, was named Liu Yiju in the evening. (The guest asks, "What is June 1st?" The layman said, "My family has a collection of 10,000 books, including 1,000 copies of epigraphy of three generations, a piano and a chess game, and always a pot of wine." The guest said, "It's for Wuyi Er. What can I do? " The layman said, "I am not an old man in these five things?" ) posthumous title "Wen Zhong". Author of Ouyang Wenzhong's Collection of Official Documents. People from Yongfeng, Jizhou (now Jiangxi). Ouyang Xiu claimed to be a native of Luling, because Jizhou originally belonged to Luling County.
Most of his essays are rich in content and magnificent, with a simple, natural, fluent and witty artistic style. The narrative is euphemistic and concise; The discussion is thoughtful, but full of internal logical power. Composite structures can be tortuous and very compact. The theory of cronies, the history of the New Five Dynasties, the biography of Lingguan, the admonition with Gauss, the preface to the drunken pavilion, the record of Fengle Pavilion, and the thousand watches of Longgang are all masterpieces that have been told through the ages.
Ouyang Xiu was also a pioneer in the creation of notes in Song Dynasty. His notes include Return to the Field, Pen and Pen. Articles are eclectic, lively and interesting, and often describe details and people. Among them, The Record of Returning to the Field describes the imperial legacy, official system, social customs and anecdotes of literati, and introduces his own writing experience, which is very valuable.
Ouyang Xiu's Fu is also very distinctive. The famous Ode to Autumn Sound uses various metaphors to describe the invisible autumn sound very vividly, making people seem to be audible. This paper changes the "metrical style" from the Tang Dynasty to "prose style", which is of pioneering significance to the development of Fu.
Ouyang Xiu's poetry is not as successful as prose, but it is also very distinctive. Some of his poems reflect people's sufferings and expose the darkness of society, such as eating bad people and answering Yang Zijing's long sentence to pray for rain. He also talks about current affairs in his poems, attacking corrupt politics, such as "Answering the son of a national scholar to comfort the south of the Yangtze River". Others, such as Qu Yu Wang and Qu Yu Re He, show the poet's sympathy for the fate of women and condemn the ignorant rulers for wronged the country. But what he wrote more and more successfully was poems expressing his personal feelings and scenery.
His poems are mainly influenced by Han Yu in art, and his works such as Stone in Lingxi, Shi Zhuan and Zishiping Song imitate Han Yu's fantastic poetic style. However, most of his works mainly study the characteristics of Han Yu's "writing as poetry", that is, argumentative and prose culture. Although he avoided the dangers of Han Yu with his natural and fluent poetic language, some poems are still too logical and lack vivid images.
Shi Sheng: Sima Qian
Historians and writers in the Western Han Dynasty. Word length, Zuo Fengyi xia yang (now southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi, near Longmen. So Sima Qian called himself "moving to Longmen" and "Preface to Taishi Gong", Longmen Mountain, which is very famous. Legend has it that Dayu once opened a mountain in Longmen to control water. To the south of Longmen Mountain is the Yellow River. Sima Qian's home is between the Yellow River and Longmen. There are many local places of interest. Sima Qian liked scenic spots since childhood, but he also had the opportunity to hear many historical legends and stories. ) people. Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (145 BC), born in the sixth year of Emperor Jian Yuan of Han Dynasty (135 BC), died in 87 BC at the age of 48. Now Sima Qian's Tomb Temple is located at the east foot of Liangshan Mountain on the west bank of the Yellow River, south of Hancheng 10 km away from the south gate of Zhichuan Town, and it is a national key cultural relic protection unit.
Sima Qian 10 years old began to study ancient literature biographies. At the age of 20, he roamed south from Chang 'an, the capital, and traveled all over the Jianghuai Valley and the Central Plains, where he visited local customs and collected legends. In the third year of Yuan Dynasty (108), Sima Tan, the stepfather of Sima Qian, became the official of Taishi, and Sima Qian began to write history books. Later, he was convicted, imprisoned and rotted for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu. After he was released from prison, he served as secretary of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, continued to write angrily, and finally completed the writing of Historical Records in 9 1 BC. People call his book Taishi Gongshu. It is the first biography of China, which has a far-reaching influence on later historiography.
Sima Qian also wrote a book, Bao Ren 'an, describing his imprisonment and his ambition to write a book, which was praised by all previous dynasties.
Cao Sheng: Zhang Xu.
(Date of birth and death unknown), the word Gao Bo, a native of Suzhou, used to be the deputy commander of Changshu County. Great calligrapher of Tang Dynasty. It is famous for cursive writing. Tang Wenzong once issued a rare imperial edict to the whole country: Li Bai's poems and songs, Zhang Xu's cursive script and Fei Min's sword dance can become the "three wonders" in the world.
As soon as the imperial edict arrived in Luoyang, it immediately caused a sensation among those knowledgeable people. They congratulated Zhang Xu on winning the highest prize for his outstanding efforts. Zhang Xu bowed and thanked them one by one, and hosted a banquet for Luoyang celebrities. At the banquet, someone suggested that Zhang Xu talk about the secret of cursive script, but Zhang Xu politely declined. He said modestly, "You laughed. I know I am humble. The emperor gave me something, and I feel guilty about it. When it comes to secrets, it is nothing more than the word' intention'. "
Zhang Xu thought for a moment. He remembered Du Shaoling's poem "Watching Gong Sundaniang's Disciples Dance Sword" and said: "Shaoling once wrote a poem about Gong Sundaniang's sword dance, four of which were as fierce as shooting for nine days, and the wings of a flying dragon were as swift as angels; She started like a thunderbolt, venting its anger, and ended like a shiny and calm river and sea, you must know. In Yexian, I was lucky enough to see Gong Sundaniang's dance. Every time I look at it, it reminds me: she waved her left hand and I immediately felt what this gesture looked like; He jumped up and spun. I think the gallop of the' turn' pen in cursive script should be like this! His whole dance and voice inspired me with a comprehensive cursive structure. "
"Zhang Xu has three cups of grass saints, and before he took off his hat, he was like a cloud." -Du Fu's Zhang Xu is vividly displayed before our eyes, and his expression has always been dumped by the world.
Zhang Xu, born in Wu Jun (Suzhou, Jiangsu), was born in Gaobo and Ji Ming. At first, he was a commander in Changshu. Later, he became the commander of Jin Wu, known as "Zhang Changshi". His mother Lu is the niece of the calligrapher in the early Tang Dynasty, that is, the granddaughter of Yu Shinan. Lu's books have been handed down from generation to generation, which is famous in history. Zhang Xu is free and easy, generous, outstanding, brilliant and knowledgeable. Du Fu befriended Li Bai and He Hao, and was listed as the "Eight Immortals of Drinking". He is a master of cursive script with great personality. Because he is often drunk, clamoring for madness, then writing books, and even writing with his hair dipped in ink, he has the nickname "Zhang Dian". After Huai Su inherited and developed his brushwork, he also got his name from cursive script and called it "drunk". Tang Wenzong once wrote a letter, regarding Li Bai's poems, Pei Min's sword dance and Zhang Xu's cursive script as "three unique skills". He also wrote poems, and was called "Four Gentlemen of Wuzhong" with He, Zhang and Bao Rong.
Zhang Xu's calligraphy began with Zhangzhi and Erwang, with cursive script as the highest achievement. He himself is proud of inheriting the tradition of "two kings" and writes very well. On the other hand, he imitated Zhang Zhi's cursive art and created an unpredictable wild grass, which shocked the world. According to legend, he saw the princess arguing with her husband, and he heard the advocacy and got the meaning of brushwork; When I was in Yexian County, Henan Province, I loved watching Gong Sundaniang dance the sword of Xihe River, so I got the grass god. Yan Zhenqing resigned twice and asked him for his brushwork. Zhang Xu is a pure artist. He pours his emotions into stippling, and no one looks at it, and he is as intoxicated as a madman. Tang Hanyu praised in "Preface to Send a Noble Sage to a Master": "Emotion, embarrassment, sadness, happiness, resentment, longing, drunkenness, boredom and injustice, if moving in the heart, must be expressed in cursive script. Looking at things, we can see mountains and rivers, cliffs and canyons, birds, animals, insects, fish and flowers, the sun, the moon and stars, storms and fires, lightning and thunder, singing and dancing battles, and changes in heaven and earth. Congratulations, one is in one book, so the book of Xu is still as unpredictable as ghosts and gods, and it will eventually be praised by later generations. " This is a true portrayal of a real artist's obsession with art. No wonder later generations talked about calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty, and praised Europe, Yu, Chu, Yan, Liu and Su, but they all praised Zhang Xu, which is unique in the history of art.
There are "Stomach Pain Sticks" and "Four-character Poems" handed down from ancient times.