Minnan dialect (Man Lamngy vernacular words: b? n-l？ M-gú), also known as H! -ló-se (Taiwanese, Taiwanese, Heluo, etc. ) In Taiwan Province Province, it is also called Min Dialect (Southeast Asia, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, overseas), which belongs to a kind of Chinese Min Dialect and has the greatest influence. Linguistically, China linguists believe that Minnan dialect is a Chinese dialect, while western scholars believe that it is a language belonging to the Chinese language family. The word Minnan has broad and narrow meanings. In a broad sense, it refers to the academic collection of pan-Minnan languages, and in a narrow sense, it only refers to local Minnan languages.

All branches of Minnan dialect originated from the original Quanzhou and Zhangzhou phonology. However, due to the time of differentiation, regional barriers, the evolution of Zhang Quan phonology and other factors, there have been unequal differences and changes. Basically, according to different regions, it can be roughly divided into the following sub-dialects: Quanzhou dialect, Zhangzhou dialect, Taiwan dialect, Xiamen dialect, Chaozhou dialect, Southeast Asian Chaozhou dialect, Hailufeng dialect, Hainan dialect, Southeast Asian Hainan dialect, Zhejiang Minnan dialect, Southeast Asian Fujian dialect, Leizhou dialect and Minnan dialect. The reason why they spread so widely is mainly due to the migration of Minnan people. With the support of Fujian political envoys, tens of thousands of victims along Fujian coast will be recruited and transported to Taiwan Province for settlement. In the 18th year of Qing Shunzhi (166 1), Zheng Chenggong, king of Yanping County, expelled the Dutch and recovered Taiwan Province Province. More than 30,000 soldiers, including their families, stayed in Taiwan Province Province to farm. Most of these soldiers are from southern Fujian. At the same time, he also went to Zhang Quan and other places to recruit young people to reclaim Taiwan Province land. During this period, the number of tourists from Zhangzhou and Quanzhou to Taiwan reached 6.5438+0.5 million. After Emperor Kangxi (1683) and Zheng Keshuang, the grandson of Zheng Chenggong, surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, hundreds of thousands of people went to Taiwan along the coast of Zhang Quan. In the mid-Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, the Qing government relaxed the sea ban, and a large number of Guangdong immigrants moved into Taiwan Province Province. 1862, Shen Baozhen, an imperial envoy, came to Taiwan to deal with defense and attract wilderness, thus lifting the ban on crossing Taiwan for nearly 200 years again. Most of Hai Lufeng are Minnan immigrants, and some of them are descendants of Minnan people in Southeast Asia. The social circles and families of Fujian people also use Minnan language. Minnan dialect is popular in some places in northeast Fujian, Shangrao, Wenzhou Pingyang and Yuhuan in Jiangxi, Taizhou, Zhoushan Islands and Ningbo in southern Zhejiang, Shangrao, Qianshan, Guangfeng and Yushan in Shangrao in northeast Jiangxi, near Chengdu in Sichuan, Guiping, Beiliu and Liuzhou in southeast Guangxi, Yixing in Jiangsu and Luzhou in Sichuan. The Minnan dialect in Guangxi is influenced by the surrounding dialects, so the Minnan dialect in these areas is very different from that in Fujian.

Do you know that you can speak Minnan? Very good! If you are safe, you can know that there are always some friends who speak Minnan all over the world. Where do you speak Minnan? Look! You are knowledgeable. Our Minnan dialect is mainly distributed in southern Fujian (Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Longyan (xinluo district, Zhangping), Taiwan Province Province and southern Zhejiang. Most importantly, our Minnan language will become an international language, and we will hear our voice in Southeast Asia, the United States, Canada and Europe ... According to statistics, there are more than 40 million people who can speak Minnan language in the world, and Minnan language ranks 22nd among the many languages used in the world. Where there is culture, there is history, where there is language, there is culture, and where there is writing, there is eternal language. How beautiful our voices are!

First, the basic vowels are: a i u e o Note: 1)a i u is similar to Mandarin; 2) The pronunciation of e is like the vowel of the word "ge", which is the same as the pronunciation of /e/ in English; 3) The O sound is similar to the vowel O in Mandarin, and there are many similar pronunciations, such as the vowel of the word "shelve" and the vowel of the word "fall". 4) these vowels can be combined into most vowels, such as iu, in, ing and ang, and the rules are similar to those of Chinese pinyin; 5) Intermediary: The difference is that in Chinese Pinyin, /ao/ should be written as /au/ Putonghua, and /u/ should be used as intermediary (except ui), such as wow/ua/,/ u/ should be changed to /o/, that is, /oa/. In other words, the usage of O and U is opposite to that of Mandarin: for example, I. 6) Nasal sound: The characteristic of our language is that some words are nasal, such as "Tian /tiN/" and the English letter T, which is different. Where there is a nasal sound, add the letter n at the end of the syllable; 7) The sound of the word "black" is a bit like the first syllable of the English order, which is not in this Mandarin. We write it as /ou/ 8) Rusheng vowel: Rusheng in Minnan dialect can be said to be the most completely preserved in the national dialect. It is also the most difficult part for foreigners to learn Minnan dialect; 9) About /i/, /it/, /ik/, /ip/, /ih/ Isophony: /i/ It is similar to the clothes in Mandarin (there must be a difference, but I don't know the specific difference) /it/ is the "one" in Minnan dialect "1234", with the pronunciation of/ik. /ak/ water the flowers, water the flowers, read /ak/. (The word "forced" in Quanzhou dialect is /lat/) /ip/ is the last i /ih/, which is a shortened I with a short pronunciation. (The word "duck" in Quanzhou dialect) Second, the initial consonant part: It is very different from the initial consonant of Chinese Pinyin, but it conforms to international habits and is easy for foreigners to understand. Basically, a P is equivalent to a B in Chinese Pinyin. If it's P in Chinese Pinyin, it means that H is added, and it becomes/pH/B. No, foreigners think it's M. For example, the wife /bou/ of "Mou" (the word is "Sun") in Minnan dialect has a different pronunciation from that in Mandarin. T is equivalent to D in Mandarin. If it's an aspirated sound, add H and it becomes /th/. Reading chinese Pinyin T. Ch is equivalent to Z in Mandarin (sometimes equivalent to J, such as ji and jiu, we write Chi and chiu). Breathing sound plus h s is the same as that of Putonghua, in which "si", "Xiu" and "siu L. M" are the same as that of Putonghua, and "N" is the same as that of Putonghua. Ng is the initials of "misunderstanding" and "error". G There is no vowel "i"/goa/in Chinese Pinyin. About /t'/ and /t/ Our Mandarin is not voiced (actually, so is Minnan dialect in Xia Quan). In other words, (t) and' t' in Mandarin are unvoiced. The /d/ in English is not in our words. The difference between /t'/ and /t/ is whether there is breath in the mouth. Just put your hand on your mouth and feel it when you say these two words. The difference between t/ and d/ is whether the throat vibrates, /d/ does vibrate, /t/ does not vibrate.

Minnan language church Roman characters

(colloquial word peh-OE-ji) < I > letter aabb cc ee gg hh ii jjk kllmm nn oo PP sst uu consonant (initial consonant) p-ph-b-m-t-th-l-n-[p']-[m]-[t]-[t']-[l] -[ts']-[s]-[dz] Base-deceit-doubt-difficulty-hope-ambition-poem -Er(6544 consonant J is only found in various counties and cities of Zhangshu (except Zhangpu County) and Taiwan Province Province, and it is found in Hui 'an, the whole tree. At present, most of Xiamen and Quanzhou are merged into the consonant L, while Zhangpu is merged into G. (2). H, p, t and k are also the ending symbols of entering tone. When making the tone ending symbol, there is only resistance action and no sound. (3) International phonetic symbols are in brackets. < third > vowel (vowel) 1. Basic vowel a e o o? /ou i u ee ir er [a] [e] [o] [？ ] [I] [u] [ε] [ш] [γ] A dumb pig pot thanking me for being filthy (1). The first six are the basic vowels of Xiamen sound, and Zhangzhou sound increases ee; Quanzhou sound increases ш and γ 2. Intermediate phonology ai au ia ao ao ao ai [ai] [au] [ia] [ua] [iau] [uai] love European leaf frog demon crooked OE UI IO IUOU [UE] [UI] [IO] [IU] [I? ] Talking about Wei Yao, you (hmm) 3. What is the rhyme of the nasal ending m ng an in an ian un oan am im [m]? [an] [in] [ian] [un] [uan] [am] [im] An An's voice is warm because of the smoke. iam eng ang ONG iang ONG(oang)(om)[iam][I？ 】【a？ ][? 】【ia？ 】【ua？ ] [? M] Yan Hongying (Wind) (Sen) (1) "Wind" is Tongan sound, and "Sen" is Zhangzhou sound. 4. Nasal rhyme an in en on un ian oan (oen) [a ~] [i ~] [e ~] [? ~] [u~] [ia~] [ua~] [ue~] Fill the round baby saddle (mi) iunion aunain OAINIAN [iu ~] [i? ~][ui~][au~][ai~][uai~][iau~] Yang Aoxian Miao (1). aN=a？ ; iN=i？ ; eN=e？ ; ..., the rest are the same; (2) "Mi", "Yang" and "Huang" are Zhangzhou sounds; "Idle" is a Tongan sound; (3) "AI", "Ao" and "Meow" are onomatopoeic words. 5. enter the rhyme ah-eh-oh-ouh-ih-uh-iah-ioh [a? 】【e？ 】【o？ ][? 】 【 me? 】【u？ 】【ia？ 】【io？ ] Duck-buttock-learn-(membrane)-(turtle) -(Eh)- Page-Medical IUH-OAH-OEH-UIH-AIH-AUH-IAUH-OAIH [iu? 】【ua？ 】【ue？ 】【ui？ 】【ai？ 】【au？ 】【iau？ 】【uai？ ] Fei-Huo-Narrow-(Blood)-Duck-(Hail)-Fei-Ahn-Auhn-IHN-Ouhn-Aihn-Ehn-OAIHN-MH [a ~? ]【au ~？ 】 【 I ~? ][? ~? ]【ai ~？ ][e~？ 】【uai~？ 】【m？ ] (灪)-(Xing) 灪-灪-(Silent) ngh-ap-ak-at-ek-ip-it-ut [? ] [AP] [AK] [AT] [IK] [IP] [IT] [UT] (rub)-pressure-wo-curb-benefit-yi-b-Uighur IAP-IAK-IAT-OK-IOK-OAT-OP-[IAP] [K P] Ye-(Xuan)-Ye-Wu-Yue-Ai -( 1). "AIH Duck" is a Tongan sound; "op" is Zhangzhou sound; (2) "AI" stands for all onomatopoeic words, with sounds but no words. The tone name of Minnan dialect is: Yin Pingyin goes up to Yin, Yang Pingyang goes into Yang Pingyang, and the tone value is: 44 53 2 1 32 24 22 4 Tone symbol: nonstandard ˊˋ nonstandard-'code 1 2 3 4 5 7 8. Mk ρ m ki 'p Kim Kim Kim Kim 2 Kim 3 kip Kiam5 Kim 7 kip 8 Jin Jin Banji and Example 2 Kun Kun kún Kut k? Nk ū n Kutkun Kun 2 Kun 3 Kutkun 5 Kun 7 Kut 8 Jun Gungun Skirt County Slip Example 3 tong tóng tóng Tok t? Ng T not ng to' k Tong Tong 2 Tong 3 Tong Tong 5 Tong 7 to K8 Dongdong Dongdong Dongdong Dongdong Tong Tong Tong Tong Tong Tong Tong Tong Tong Tong Tongtong Tongtong Tongtong Tongtong Tongtong Tongtong Tongtong Tongtong Tongtong Tongtong Tongtong Tongtong Tongtong Tongtong Nchā n chat' chan Chan 2 Chan 3 Chan 5 Chan 7 Chat 8 Zeng Zhanzan Festival Note: (/kloc-0 1 tone (horizontal tone) and the fourth tone (yin in) are not marked; (2) This form of design does not contain the content of "light tone". (3) The design of this table does not include the "tone sandhi" part. (4) The sixth tone is formally "Yang Shang", but in fact there is no "Yang Shang" tone in Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwan Province ("Yang Shang" is merged into "Yangqu"), so there is no sixth tone.

Tone changes of Minnan dialect

First, the sound is 1. Single word pronunciation: Zhang (Jiang), Zhou (Qiu); Zhang (Chun) and Pu (Buddha II); Gold (gold), door (mng5); Taiwan Province (tai5) and the East (tang). 2. The last word of this sentence is: Zhang (chiang7) Zhou (chiu); Zhang (Chun 7) Pu (Phou2); Kim7 gate (MnG5); Taiwan Province (tai7) East (tang). 3. Read a word softly: Mr. Liu (lau5), Kang (khng), Hang (kiaN5), Qi (khi3) and Mai (be2). Second, general tone sandhi (1), non-entering tone sandhi (1). The fifth tone sandhi, the seventh tone sandhi, pass 5)→ pass 7 → Maoxue (Mang5) → He Miaomiao (Mang5) pipe (2). The seventh tone sandhi, the third tone hole (tong7)→ hole. The third tone change is the second tone building (tong3)→ building (tong2) → beam crossing (koe3)→ crossing (koe2) (4). The second tone change is 1 bitter tone (khou2)→ bitter (khou) → soft (nng2)→ soft (nng) foot (5) initial consonant acid (sng)→ acid (sng7) → sweet tone sandhi (2). The ending of entering tone is "-p/-t/-k", and the eight tones change into four tones; The fourth tone changes to the eighth tone (siok)→ Shu (siok8) female, Fa (hoat)→ Fa (hoat8) country, I (it)→ I (it8) mixed (hap8)→ combined (hap) work, fined (hoat8)→ fined (hoat8) money. At the same time, the final rhyme "-h" is released, which becomes "Shu" snow (seh)→ snow (se2) water, borrowing (chioh)→ borrowing (chio2) money, and taking (hioh)→ taking (hio2-siu7) (7). The entering rhyme ends with "-h"

Initial list:

Pinyin pronunciation in Minnan dialect has voiced sound and aspirated sound (1 means aspirated sound). Stop: p (glass) b clear 0 p' (slope) p clear 1 b (hat) turbid t (knife) d clear 0 t' (drag) t clear 1 k (brother) g clear 0 k' (subject). K Qing 1 g (goose) voiced fricative sound: ts (suffering) z Qing 0 ts' (fuck) c Qing 1 dz (Japan) voiced nasal sound: m (meters) m voiced fricative sound: l (Luo) l voiced fricative sound: s (shuttle) s h (river 2,/*/pronunciation is English pronunciation; When the initials 3, b, g and l are connected with the nasal vowels, they are pronounced as m, n and ng. Tone table: Tone category: Tone on a flat tone, Tone value: 55 213 5313 321 Four words: Qin Zhen Zhenjin Exhaustion International Phonetic Alphabet: Tsin Tsin Tsin Tsin Tsin Tsit Tsit Tsit Tsit Tsit Tsit Tsit Tsit Tsit Tsit Summarize several corresponding relationships: Confused initials: Minnan: p-ph-k-kh-t-th-l-n- b-m Putonghua: B-P-G-K-D-T-L-N. (Minnan initials on the left and Mandarin initials on the right, the same below) s = x；; B is not equal to B in Mandarin, nor B in Mandarin, nor M, such as' Mom 'bu.

[Edit this paragraph] How close are dialects?

Fujian and Taiwan tablets

Subject: the whole chapter of Taiwan film, that is, the local Minnan language, the narrow sense of Minnan language. Fujian-Taiwan movies refer to the Minnan dialect popular in Taiwan Province and Fujian. In fact, it is not only Fujian and Taiwan Province that pass through. All kinds of accents in Fujian and Taiwan films originate from Quanzhou dialect and Zhangzhou dialect. The phonology of Zhang and Quan is different, but there is a strict correspondence. Grammar and words are basically the same. Quanzhou dialect can be basically divided into Fucheng dialect and Haikou dialect. Zhangzhou dialect and Dongshan dialect are slightly different from other districts. Longyan dialect retains the oldest early Minnan dialect. Xiamen dialect, which appeared since Ming and Qing Dynasties, is similar to Taiwan dialect. The former is louder and can speak. ) are all "indiscriminate springs." Zhang Yin and Quan Yin also appear in a person's spoken language in different proportions. They can talk. Although the Minnan dialect in southern Zhejiang is geographically unconnected, it is generally classified as Quanzhou-Zhangzhou dialect because of its linguistic proximity. See below for details. The Minnan language in Fujian and Taiwan films is unified internally, and the communication is basically unimpeded. Fujian dialect in Southeast Asia refers to Minnan dialect which is dominated by Fujian-Taiwan dialect and mixed with some Chaoshan dialects.

Zhen 'an tablets

Main Items: During the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, a large number of Minnan people (mainly Longxi, Haicheng, Zhangpu, Longyan, Anxi, Hui 'an, Tong 'an and other places) migrated to Cangnan County, Pingyang County, Yuhuan, Dongtou and Fuding and Xiapu in the northeast of Fujian. Southern Zhejiang and eastern Fujian are geographically connected, with similar accents. This area is collectively called "southern Zhejiang". After being introduced into southern Zhejiang and eastern Fujian, Minnan dialect is different from Minnan dialect because of its own evolution and the influence of surrounding dialects (Ou dialect in southern Zhejiang and Fuzhou dialect in eastern Fujian). Cangnan people used to call this dialect "Min Dialect in South Zhejiang". Compared with the Minnan dialect in Fujian and Taiwan, the modern Minnan dialect in southern Zhejiang is mainly the merger, degradation, disappearance and the differences between the lines. Minnan dialect in southern Zhejiang is a typical Fucheng dialect in Quanzhou, which is highly similar to Quanzhou dialect and can communicate without barriers.

Chaoshan tablets

Subject: Chaozhou dialect, Chaoshan dialect and Minnan dialect in Fujian and Taiwan have many similarities, but the differences between them are still obvious. Its grammar is the same as that of Fujian and Taiwan films, with a high degree of vocabulary correspondence, but its pronunciation and intonation are obviously different. Even so, although they can communicate with each other, basically Chaozhou and Fujian can quickly integrate into each other's language families. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, hundreds of thousands of Putian people from southern Fujian migrated to Shantou, Chaozhou, and settled here after the death of the Song Dynasty. This time, the scale is the largest. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Japanese invasion in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and the harsh coastal border movement in the Qing Dynasty, Minnan people migrated to Shantou, Chaozhou. The reason for the migration was that Putian was overpopulated and fled the war. The areas where Chaoshan dialect and Fujian-Taiwan films blend have the pronunciation characteristics of Minnan, Zhaoan and Singapore. Chaoshan dialect is not only distributed in Chaoshan area, but also widely distributed in many influx settlements in Southeast Asia. Chaoshan dialect has seriously deviated from Quanzhou dialect, but experts have defined it as Minnan dialect. Chaoshan dialect mainly comes from Putian dialect in Minnan dialect, which is different from Quanzhou dialect and Zhangzhou dialect, so Chaoshan dialect is very different from Quanzhou dialect from the beginning, and Chaoshan dialect has seriously deviated from Quanzhou dialect. Because Chaozhou is adjacent to Zhangzhou, it is influenced by Zhangzhou dialect. Although a large number of Putian people immigrated to Hainan, Guangdong Province, a large number of Putian people still stayed in Putian, and the Putian dialect of Putian people who stayed in Putian continued to be influenced by Fuzhou dialect, which was somewhat different from Chaozhou dialect. Chaoshan has long been far away from Putian, the ancestral home of southern Fujian, not adjacent to Fuzhou, but adjacent to Zhangzhou, which is easily influenced by Zhangzhou dialect and other dialects. However, Chaoshan dialect is a Fujian dialect based on Putian dialect in southern Fujian and influenced by Zhangzhou dialect. At present, Chaozhou dialect is mainly used in Chaoshan area and places where overseas hipsters live together. Chaozhou dialect is used by most Chinese in Bangkok, Thailand and Chinatown in other cities, and some Chinese in Cambodia and Vietnam. There are about 30 million people who speak Chaozhou dialect as their mother tongue in the world. It is a sub-dialect of Minnan dialect in eight dialect areas of China. The famous drama Li Jing Ji (the love story between Chen San and Wu Niang) originated in Chaozhou, and also widely spread in southern Fujian, Taiwan Province Province and other places, taking Chaozhou Fucheng dialect as the standard. Shantou dialect is the standard after 1949.

Zhongshan tablets

Main events: During the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of Minnan people migrated to Longdu, Nanzhang, Sanxiang and Zhangjiabian in Guangdong. This area is collectively called "Zhongshan Film". After being introduced into Zhongshan City, Minnan dialect is different from Minnan dialect because of its own evolution and the influence of surrounding dialects, and is called "Zhongshan Min dialect" by local people.

Wen Qiong films (have been divided into regions independently)

Item: Leizhou dialect Item: Hainan dialect Leizhou dialect, also known as Li dialect (not Li dialect of Li nationality) and Shanghai dialect, is mainly popular in Dianbai and Zhanjiang. Hainan dialect is a language mainly formed by the migration of Minnan immigrants and mixing with the local language. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, hundreds of thousands of Putian people from southern Fujian migrated to the present Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula, and settled here after the death of the Song Dynasty, with the largest scale. In the late Tang Dynasty, the late Northern Song Dynasty, the late Southern Song Dynasty, the late Yuan Dynasty, the Japanese invasion in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and the harsh maritime movement in the Qing Dynasty, Putian people migrated to Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula one after another. The reason for the migration was that Putian was overpopulated and fled the war, which was the largest in the last years of the Southern Song Dynasty. Some Putian people immigrated to Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula hundreds of years after they immigrated to Shantou, Chaozhou, so these Putian people have some features of Chaozhou dialect or Shantou dialect.

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The formation of Minnan dialect is mainly due to three waves of immigration, and the reason of immigration is to recruit foreigners to avoid chaos: the first time: the Jin Dynasty people moved to Fujian in the fourth century → the formation of Quanzhou dialect; During the Wuwu Rebellion (304-439), foreigners invaded the Central Plains, and in the second year of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty (308), the Central Plains was "Yi Ba clan" (Zhanqiu and Hu in Chen Zheng, Huang Lin). Therefore, "Quanzhou dialect" means Wu Chu dialect (such as phio5, ng2 and Hoya), the original phonetic symbols in the third and fourth centuries, and the local "Cantonese dialect" (. The second time: In the 7th century, the fathers of Zheng Chen and Chen Yuanguang settled in Zhangzhou → the formation of Zhangzhou dialect. In the second year of Tongzhang Tang Gaozong (669), a "barbaric rebellion" took place in Quanzhou, Fujian and Chaozhou, Guangdong. The court sent Zheng Chen and Chen Yuanguang, sons of Gushi, Gwangju, Henan Province (now Gushi County, Xinyang City, Henan Province, near Anhui Province), south to quell the chaos. After the chaos was quelled, the troops immediately entered. The third time: In the ninth century, Wang Chao, Wang Shenluan and Wang (also from Gushi, Gwangju, Henan Province) ruled Zhangzhou → the formation of Zhangzhou dialect. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the "Huang Chao Rebellion" occurred in China (878), and the court sent Wang Chao, Wang Shenluan and Wang San, brothers from Gushi County, Henan Province, south to put down the rebellion. After the rebellion, Wang Chao was appointed as the special envoy of our Fujian army. That is, Pi Renge brought Chinese people from the Central Plains in the ninth century. Most of these two groups of immigrants came from Gushi, Gwangju, Henan. They taught Fujian people to read the Four Books and Five Classics in Gushi dialect, which later became "Zhangzhou dialect" and was the main source of "pronunciation". Yi preserved the voice of people reading in Tang Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, scholars systematically sorted out the Minnan dialect at that time, and wrote "A Treasure Mirror of Yin Hui", which gave birth to fifteen tones.

[Edit this paragraph] Preserve the ancient elements of China.

consistent

The consonants (initials) of Minnan dialect directly inherit the initial system of ancient Chinese. In this respect, Minnan dialect has not been influenced by the phonetic evolution of the Middle Chinese. It is generally believed that ancient Chinese has the initial 19. According to the traditional fifteen-tone analysis of Minnan dialect, Minnan dialect has the initial of 15, that is to say, Minnan dialect retains the initial of 15 in ancient Chinese. There are some characteristics of ancient Chinese: Minnan dialect has well preserved some phonetic phenomena of ancient Chinese, such as no light lip sound, no tongue sound and many upper tongue sounds, which embodies the above characteristics of ancient Chinese. Let's analyze them one by one: the initials of "Fei Tuan" and "Bang Tuan" in Minnan dialect are the same, such as "Fei" ([pue44]/[pe44]/[p? 44]), "Peng" ([p? Answer? 24]), "bark" ([pui22]), "micro" ([bi24]). The initials of "Zhizu" and "Duanzu" are similar, such as "pig" ([ti44]/[tu44]/[t? 44]), "ugly" ([t? Iu53]), "Cheng" ([t? Me? 24])。 Many initials of "Zhangzu" have the same pronunciation as "Duanzu", such as "Lip" ([tun24]), "Vibration" ([tin53]), "Huu" ([tian u22]) and "Note" ([tu2 1]).

Vowels and tones

Traditionally, Minnan dialect has eight tones (actually seven tones). For example, the word Tone Lion 55 Tiger 52 High Tone Leopard 3 1 Low Tone Yin vs Tortoise 3' Low Tone Yin vs Monkey 35 Rebound Tone Yang Ping Dog 52 High Tone Elephant 33 Low Tone Yang vs Deer 4' High Tone Yang vs Senior Minnan expert Professor Lin believes that the tones of Minnan dialect have been merged and simplified into six tones. That is, the comparison of tone types and tone categories of example words: Lion 55, Gao Pingtiao, Yin Ping, the same tone; King Monkey 35, with two tones of rising tone, 3 1, with three tones of falling tone and falling tone; Sea (tone sandhi) Tiger 52 has four tones: rising tone and falling tone. Lang Bie 3' has five tones and one tone (this word is different from "ge"). Speak Mandarin with one voice: Wang's Minnan dialect today is a dialect gradually formed by the exchange and combination of Bamin ancient sounds and foreign languages on the basis that Yidi people (the indigenous people of ancient Fujian and Vietnam) and northern Han people moved to Fujian many times in the past, especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The main pronunciation characteristics of Minnan dialect are: 1, most of the ancient voiced words can be flat, but today they don't exhale; 2, reading knowledge, boarding, etc. , sometimes keep a broken sound, as [t], [? ]; 3. No light lip sounds [v] and [F]; 4. It rhymes with [-m], [-p], [-t] and [-k]; 5. There are seven tones, most of which are different from the ancient tone system. In addition, in Minnan language, there are great differences between written language and white language. White pronunciation represents the long-standing source of local dialects. According to textual research, it is a unique phonetic system formed by the combination of Chinese brought by the migration of Han people from the Central Plains to the south in Qin and Han Dynasties and the local languages of Fujian and Vietnam. On the other hand, the phonology is the expression that the local dialect is close to the authoritative dialect (ancient elegance and vulgarity, common language, modern Putonghua, modern Chinese, vocabulary, grammar, etc.). Minnan dialect retains a considerable number of phonetics and vocabulary in ancient China, especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and is called the living fossil of ancient Chinese in China by linguists at home and abroad. Therefore, studying and exploring the development of Minnan dialect will play a positive role in protecting and carrying forward China's ancient language heritage, studying other languages in China and the social, economic and cultural fields of ancient Fujian and Vietnam. The vowels and tones of Minnan dialect reflect the characteristics of the Middle Ages. In terms of vowels, both Minnan and Cantonese have completely preserved six medieval vowels, of which [-p], [-t] and [-k] are stops, [-m], [-n] and [-? ] It's nasal. In terms of tone, the characteristics of the middle ancient sound "horizontal, into the yin and yang" are reflected in Minnan dialect. Zhangzhou accent, Xiamen accent, Tongan accent and Taiwan Province accent have seven tones: Yin Ping, Yin Shang, Yin Qu, Yin Ru, Yang Ping, Yang Qu and Yang Ru. Quanzhou Tone (only expressed by "Fucheng Tone" in Quanzhou City) has seven tones: Yin Ping, Yinshang, Desheng (the combination of Yinqu and Yangqu), Yinru, Yangping, Yangyang and Yangru. Longyan Tone (represented by Longyan Tone) has eight tones (four tones are divided into yin and yang). Generally speaking, there are eight tones in ancient Chinese, which embodies "going up and down, each entering Yin and Yang". Most of today's Chinese dialects can completely or incompletely retain some medieval features. Taking Minnan dialect as an example, Zhangzhou dialect lacks the tone of "Yang Shang" (Zhang Qiang Yang Shang merged into Yangqu); Quanzhou tone, however, does not distinguish between yin and yang, except for the elimination of tone (that is, the elimination of tone by yin and the elimination of tone by yang are combined, but they can still be distinguished after tone sandhi). The so-called seven tones and eight tones in Minnan dialect refers to the integrity of these tonality. Raise the tone.

Yin Pingyang, Pingyin, Shangyang, Yinde and Yang Deyin Chengyang.

Code 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8

Adjust Xiamen 44 24 53-2 1 22 32 4

East ta? Copper ta? Dong ta? -Frozen ta? Move ta? Touch and pursue virtue

Taipei 44 24 53- 1 1 33 32 4

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Tainan 44 23 4 1-2 1 33 32 44

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Zhangzhou 341353-212232121

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Quanzhou 33 24 55 22 4 1 5 24

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Words and phrases

There are many elements belonging to ancient Chinese in Minnan vocabulary, the oldest of which can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and even to ancient times. For example, the word "left" in the sentence "the sun is gone, throw it away and light it in the dark" is the language of that era. (The Book of Songs? Xiaoya? "New Nanshan" has: "Hold its Luan knife to open its hair and take its blood." )

human