Name of species: bougainvillea

English name: bougainvillea

Scientific name: bougainvillea

Nicknames: bougainvillea, clover, Maobaojin, azalea, triangle flower, bamboo leaf, lophatherum gracile, paper flower, mirabilis jalapa, etc.

Families and genera:

Door: angiosperm magnolia door

Class: Subclass Dicotyledonous Magnolia

Objective: Dianthus.

Family: cordate telosma.

Genus: bougainvillea

Symbol of bougainvillea: the national flower of Zambia

At the same time, it is Sanya and Haikou in Hainan; Beihai City and Wuzhou City, Guangxi; Xiamen, Fujian; Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Huizhou and Jiangmen in Guangdong; Kaixian County, Chongqing; Guizhou Flower in Southwest Guizhou, Pingtung in Taiwan Province Province, Naha in Japan, and other city flowers in more than ten cities at home and abroad.

Origin: Brazil, cultivated all over China.

[Edit this paragraph] Morphological characteristics

It is an evergreen climbing shrub. The branches are spiny and arched. Simple leaves alternate, ovate-entire or ovate-lanceolate, thick tomentose, rounded at the top. Flowers are terminal, thin and small. The bougainvillea in Huangguoshu Park is yellow-green, which is not surprising and unobtrusive. Usually, three flowers are clustered on three big bracts, and the pedicel is combined with the midvein of the pill. The bracts are oval and are the main ornamental parts. Bracts are bright red, orange yellow, purple red, milky white and so on. From the leaves, it can be divided into two types: mosaic type and ordinary type; Bracts are divided into single petals and double petals; There are about 40 different kinds of towels. Bracts are shaped like gorgeous petals, so they are called bougainvillea and bougainvillea. In winter and spring, colorful bracts are displayed, giving people a feeling of unrestrained enthusiasm, hence the name He Chunhong.

"The eagle flies high, the rabbit runs fast", and every animal has its specialty or delicate side in its survival. In fact, so do plants! This is the national flower bougainvillea in Zambia. Bougainvillea bougainvillea is a vine shrub of Mirabilis, also known as bougainvillea, bougainvillea and rhododendron mosaic. Its flowers are small and odorless, so it is difficult to attract bees or butterflies to pollinate it. But in order to carry on the family line and reproduce, it has its own special trick: enlarge the bracts near the petals and "dye" them with red and yellow. In this way, bees or butterflies become its frequent visitors, thus solving the problem of carrying on the family line.

[Edit this paragraph] Huayu

The flower language of bougainvillea: enthusiasm, perseverance and perseverance. Another flower language: "No true love is a kind of sorrow." In fact, regarding the different versions of Huayu, I personally think it is enough to take the one I like or use. Because every flower language has its own meaning [1].

Bougainvillea is full of flowers and luxuriant leaves, and its bracts are purple-blue, vermilion, peach-red, crimson-purple and orange-yellow. In addition, the petal-hanging treasure towel, also called Mao Bao towel, is full of flowers and red as fire, which is particularly beautiful. It is very suitable for planting on both sides of the park gate, flower beds and scaffolding, climbing as the doorway, or planting around walls, watersides, flower beds and rockeries as protective fences, which has become a major landscape in South China. It can also be coiled or trimmed into various patterns, or cultivated into shrubs with upright trunks for potted flower cultivation. Old Kun Can was cultivated into a pile of scenes, vigorous and gorgeous, with particularly high ornamental value. Widely used in landscaping and artistic flowers.

Colorful bougainvillea can be seen everywhere, with bright and warm leaves and branches. At the most gorgeous time, there are almost no shadows of green leaves among the red and purple flowers. However, such a passionate flower, the flower language is "no true love is a kind of sorrow."

[Edit this paragraph] Growth habit

Like warm and humid climate, not cold-resistant, can safely overwinter above 3℃, and bloom above 15℃. I like plenty of light. It is not strict with soil, grows well in clay loam with good drainage and rich minerals, and is resistant to barren, alkali, drought, water accumulation and pruning. Bougainvillea originated in Brazil, South America, and was introduced to Europe for cultivation in 1930s. Now bougainvillea is cultivated all over China. It likes warm and humid, sunny environment and is not cold-resistant. In China, potted plants and greenhouse cultivation are needed in other areas except the south where it can be cultivated in the open field for winter. Sandy loam with good drainage is the most suitable soil. Bougainvillea is often propagated by cutting, which is convenient for seedling raising. In May and June, cut mature lignified branches, 20 cm long, put them in a sand basin, cover them with glass and keep them moist. They can take root in about one month and bloom in two years. The flowering period of the whole plant is very long, which can reach three or four months. There are many fallen flowers and leaves during flowering, which need to be removed in time to keep them fresh and beautiful. Clover is a vine with simple reproduction. Just cut the stem into the soil in early spring or late autumn, and it will take root and sprout and grow branches and leaves in one month. It will blossom in the second year. Its flowering period is very long, usually around January. Bougainvillea has a long flowering period and many beautiful flowers. In the south, the flowering period is usually from 10 of the current year to the beginning of June of the following year.

[Edit this paragraph] Garden use

Triangle flower has large bracts, bright colors and long flowering period, which is suitable for garden planting or potted viewing. It can also be used for bonsai, hedges and pruning. Bougainvillea is of high ornamental value and is cultivated as a climbing flower in southern China. During the Spring Festival, green leaves set off bright red color films, just like proud peacocks, especially bright red bougainvillea. Potted plants in the north, placed in the entrance of the porch, courtyard and hall, are very eye-catching. Yezihua is in Brazil, where women often wear it on their heads for decoration, which has a unique style. Europe and America use triangular flowers as cut flowers. Flowers can bloom twice a year. In South China, it can be covered with flower stands, gates or high walls to form three-dimensional flowers. In the north, it is mainly used as potted flowers to enjoy flowers in winter.

The stems of bougainvillea are grotesque and varied, or rotate left and right, bend repeatedly, or wrap themselves and tie them into rings; Branches and vines are long, with sharp thorns, strong flexibility, good plasticity, strong germination and extremely resistant to pruning. People often use them to decorate flower stands, styles, green corridors, arches and walls, or trim them into various shapes for viewing; Old plants can also be used to make stump bonsai; Strong vitality, cutting propagation, artificial grafting. "Naturally, it is not as clever as artificial grafting." If many varieties are grafted into one by artificial grafting, a colorful phenomenon of one tree with many flowers can be formed, which is very ornamental.

The flowers are colorful, and the bracts are purple blue, vermilion, pink, crimson, orange and so on, all of which are gorgeous. In addition, the petal-hanging treasure towel, also called Mao Bao towel, is full of flowers and red as fire, which is particularly beautiful. Very suitable for planting in front of parks, flower beds, scaffolding, etc., climbing as a doorway, or planting around walls, waterfront, flower beds, rockeries, etc. As a protective fence, it has become a major landscape in southern China. It can also be coiled or trimmed into various patterns, or cultivated into shrubs with upright trunks for potted flower cultivation. Old Kun Can was cultivated into a pile of scenes, vigorous and gorgeous, with particularly high ornamental value. Widely used in landscaping and artistic flowers.

[Edit this paragraph] Medicinal value

In China, it is found that wild purple flower is still a traditional Chinese medicine, and its leaves can be used as medicine, mashed and applied to the affected area, which has the effect of dispelling blood stasis and reducing swelling.

[Edit this paragraph] Breeding

Cutting, high pressure and grafting are often used for propagation. The suitable cutting time is from March to June. High-pressure propagation takes about a month to take root. Spring is the best time for transplanting. Pick your heart during the growth period, promote flower bud differentiation and sprout lateral branches. The optimum temperature for potted plants in temperate zone is 15 ~ 30℃. Like warm and humid climate, not cold-tolerant, belonging to short-day plants, can not differentiate flower buds under long-day conditions, like light, not tolerant of shade. Southern China can overwinter in the open air, while northern China can be used as a greenhouse for potted flower cultivation. The requirements for soil are not strict, but the soft and fertile soil is suitable for potted plants, and it likes big water and fertilizer and is extremely drought-tolerant. Insufficient water supply during the growing period is easy to fall leaves!

[Edit this paragraph] Practice point

"Selection of culture soil"

Yezihua has low requirements for soil, but it is afraid of water accumulation and is not tolerant of waterlogging. Therefore, we should choose loose and well-drained culture soil. Generally, 4 parts of humus soil, 4 parts of garden soil and 2 parts of sand can be used as culture soil, or dry pond mud mixed with some coal cake residue can be used as basin soil.

"Rational fertilization"

In order to make the leafy bloom grow more, we must ensure sufficient nutrients, and at the same time, we must apply fertilizer in a timely and appropriate manner and use it reasonably. Generally, in the vigorous growth period from April to July, liquid fertilizer is applied every 7 days ~ 10 days to promote the healthy growth of plants. The fertilizer can be 10% ~ 20% decomposed bean cake, rapeseed cake water or human manure water. In August, in order to promote flower bud germination, phosphate fertilizer was applied once every 10 day, and 20% liquid fertilizers such as decomposed chicken, duck and pigeon manure and fish offal could be used. The flowering period starts from June 5438+ 10, and from this period to mid-June 5438+065438+ 10, phosphate fertilizer is applied every half month, and the concentration of fertilizer and water is 30% ~ 40%. In the future, topdressing should be done once after each flowering, so that leafy flowers can continuously supplement nutrients during flowering.

"controlling water before flowering"

When watering leafy flowers at ordinary times, we should master the principle of "don't water them, but water them thoroughly". However, in order to keep Yuzryha bloom tidy and lush, it is necessary to control the water before flowering. The watering of bougainvillea has been controlled since September, and each watering should wait until the basin soil is dry and the branches and leaves are soft and drooping. This is repeated for half a month, and normal watering is resumed after half a month. Do not apply fertilizer during water control, so as not to burn the roots with fertilizer. In this way, in a month or so, leafy flowers can germinate and bloom, and the flowers are open and tidy, thriving.

Loosening soil, weeding and changing pots

Because of long-term watering, fertilization and rain erosion, the pot soil is easy to harden, so it is necessary to loosen the soil regularly and remove weeds in the pot soil to facilitate the growth of flowers. Otherwise, the basin soil will harden and accumulate water, which will easily lead to root rot or poor growth of Phyllanthus urinaria. In addition, bougainvillea grows rapidly, with developed roots and many fibrous roots, so it is necessary to change pots once a year.

"Correct pruning"

Half lotus grows rapidly, so attention should be paid to shaping and pruning during the growth period to promote the growth of lateral branches and bloom more. Pruning times are generally 1 to 3 times, which should not be too much, otherwise it will affect the flowering times. After each flowering, the residual flowers should be removed in time to reduce nutrient consumption. After the flowering period, the over-dense branches, inner branches, long branches and weak branches are thinned, and other branches are not pruned or only slightly pruned, so as to shorten the next growth period and promote their early flowering and more flowering.

Bougainvillea "Pay attention to light and ventilation"

Bougainvillea is a positive plant. In order to make the branches and leaves grow normally and increase the number of flowers, bougainvillea must be placed in a well-lit and well-ventilated place, and let it shine for 8 hours to 12 hours every day. If places are often shaded, plants will grow in vain and the number of flowers will be reduced. If the place is not ventilated or placed too closely between pots, the leaves will fall off, especially in hot summer, when it rains and the temperature is high, it is easy to cause the leaves to fall off in a large area, thus affecting the growth and flowering of plants.

"Strengthening pest control"

The common pests of bougainvillea mainly include leaf beetle and aphid, and the common diseases mainly include shoot blight. At ordinary times, we should strengthen loosening soil and weeding, remove dead branches and diseased leaves in time, pay attention to ventilation, and reduce the spread of disease sources. Strengthen the examination of the disease, and if it is found and treated in time, it can be prevented and treated with dimethoate, Tobuzin and other solutions.

[Edit this paragraph] Note:

Cutting:

Cut the 2-year-old branches into cuttings with a length of 10 cm, insert them into the culture soil (add one third of humus or sawdust to the plain sand soil, add a proper amount of water and stir them evenly), and seal them with plastic film after insertion. When the temperature is 20℃ to 25℃, it can take root in 25 days and divide the pots in 2 to 3 months.

High insertion:

If you want to get ideal new seedlings, you should use high-altitude cuttings for propagation. This method does not affect the growth of the original plants, but also can obtain complete new seedlings, so it is often adopted by family flower farmers. The method is simple, the survival rate is high, and the later transplantation is convenient and easy to manage.

Soil and fertilizer:

Add 1/2 humus to ordinary soil, then add a small amount of base fertilizer, and mix well to eat in a pot.

Watering:

Let the tap water dry for more than 24 hours, and the water temperature should adapt to the external environment temperature. Pot soil is dry and wet, so don't water it too much to prevent root rot.

Heat preservation and moisturizing:

Bougainvillea is suitable for normal growth and flowering at the temperature of 15℃ to 25℃, and needs light for 4 to 6 hours every day. Indoor heating rooms in northern winter should be dry and humid, and often sprayed with water or covered with plastic bags to keep warm.

Topdressing:

Self-made liquid fertilizer is made from fish scales, internal organs or bones of pigs, chickens and sheep. After fermentation, apply thin fertilizer (one fertilizer, one liquid and three waters) every 10 day, and never apply thick fertilizer.

Add acid:

Bougainvillea is a kind of southern flower, which is suitable for growing in soil environment with pH value of 6.0 to 7.0. The soil and water in the north are alkaline, and ferrous sulfate solution can be applied once a month.

Toxicity:

The stems of bougainvillea are poisonous. Eating 12-20 tablets will cause diarrhea and bloody stool.

[Edit this paragraph] management points

1. temperature

The optimum growth temperature is 15-30℃, in which it is 19-30℃ in May-September, 13- 16℃ in April of the following year, and it can tolerate high temperature of 35℃ in summer. When the temperature of bougainvillea in Huangguoshu Park exceeds 35 degrees Celsius,

The temperature of bougainvillea needs to be above 15 degrees Celsius. In order to prolong the flowering period, it should be moved indoors in time before the arrival of the cold current in early winter, and placed in a sunny place to maintain a high ambient temperature (flowering can continue during New Year's Day to Spring Festival).

lamplight

Triangle flower likes light, and it is a positive flower. Insufficient light in the growing season will lead to weak plant growth and affect bud pregnancy and flowering. Therefore, all the year round, except the newly planted seedlings, they should be placed in the semi-shade. It should be placed in front of the south window in winter, and the illumination time should not be less than 8 hours, otherwise a large number of leaves will easily appear. Short-day flowers can sprout and bloom in one and a half months if the daily illumination time is controlled at about 9 hours.

Step 3: Moisture

Water once a day in spring and autumn, and once in the morning and evening in summer. In winter, when the temperature is low and the plants are dormant, it is necessary to control watering and keep the basin soil moist. Proper water control during the growing season of potted plants can promote flower bud differentiation; From June to July, bougainvillea is in a vigorous growth stage. According to different varieties, watering can be properly controlled at 2-3 times (the degree depends on the wilting of tender shoots and new leaves), watering 1-2 times a day, and then watering for 2-3 days (depending on the water flowing from the bottom of the basin). This can effectively promote the differentiation of flower buds and water them every morning and evening after the flower buds appear.

4. Land

Triangle flowers like loose and fertile slightly acidic soil and avoid waterlogging. When potted, it can be made of humus soil, peat soil, sandy soil and garden soil, and a small amount of decomposed cake residue is added as base fertilizer to make culture soil. Flowering plants should be turned over once a year, preferably before germination in early spring. When changing pots, use scissors to cut off dense and aging branches.

5. Fertilizer

In addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer in the basin soil, topdressing should also be carried out in the growing season. When changing pots, according to the plant size, 10- 15 cake fertilizer can be applied to each pot, and then 1 times pancake fertilizer water is applied every half month, and 0. 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate is added, which can not only accelerate its vegetative growth, but also promote its flower bud differentiation. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are mainly applied after germination. At the same time, spraying 0. 1%-0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaves, spraying 1 times alum fertilizer water every week in full bloom, and spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the leaves.

note:

1. In summer and winter, due to slow growth or dormancy of plants, fertilization should be stopped to avoid fertilizer damage.

2. Do not apply concentrated fertilizer or raw fertilizer (organic fertilizer that is not fully decomposed) to prevent roots from being damaged, leaves from falling off and even the whole plant from dying.

Pest control:

1. Leaf spot: The spot is yellow-brown at first, with yellow-green halo around it, and then it expands into a nearly round or irregular spot with a dark brown edge. Small black spots appeared on the spot in the later period.

Prevention and treatment: If a small amount of diseased spots are found, apply Dakening cream ointment on it and cut off the branches with more diseases. At the initial stage of the disease, 50% carbendazim wettable powder with 500 times solution can be used for prevention and treatment, every 7- 10 day 1 time. If it is serious, you can spray it again on the fourth day and once every seven days. For 3-4 times in a row, the control effect is good.

2. Brown spot disease: It harms leaves and produces yellowish brown to light brown spots with a diameter of 0.1-0.5cm..

Prevention and treatment: remove a small amount of diseased leaves in time and burn them. At the initial stage of the disease, 70% mancozeb wettable powder was sprayed once every 10 day for 3 ~ 4 times continuously.

3. Scale insects: In the environment with poor light, poor ventilation, high temperature and high humidity, many scale insects are prone to harm.

Control method: 45% malathion EC 1000 times solution can be used for spraying.

[Edit this paragraph] Questions and answers on flower cultivation

Q: Why do bougainvillea have many fallen leaves?

A. Pot soil is dry and wet, insufficient watering in midsummer and excessive watering in winter are easy to cause a lot of fallen leaves. B. If the light is insufficient, the plant will be in the dark corner of bougainvillea for a long time, which will easily cause defoliation. C. The temperature is high and low, and it changes too much in a short time, which is easy to cause defoliation. D. If the fertilizer concentration is too high, the leaves will die and fall off overnight.

Q: How does the triangle flower bloom in a short time?

When the leaves of the newly extracted branches turn dark green and the branches become full, 2-3 kilograms of liquid medicine should be poured into each pot with 750 times of paclobutrazol aqueous solution or 1000 times of chlormequat chloride aqueous solution, and it is better to move to a cool place after 3-5 days. After 10- 15 days of cultivation, the plants will bloom one after another.

Q: How to trim the triangle flower?

When the newly planted seedlings grow to 5-6 leaves, the terminal buds should be picked in time and the lower 3-4 leaves should be reserved; When the new branch grows 5-6 leaves, it can be cored for the second time (that is, picking the terminal buds), and this can be repeated several times to form a full crown. Large plants that have blossomed can be pruned twice a year. The first time, combined with changing pots in early spring, the dense branches, slender branches and pest branches were cut off from the base, and the long branches contracted and the remaining branches were cut short. The second time, after the flowers wither, the dead branches, weak branches and internal branches are thinned and cut off as appropriate. The top of the remaining branches should be cut off by 30 cm, and all the lateral branches should be shortened at the same time to promote more new branches to form more flower buds. Old plants with weak growth can be pruned again, that is, only 2-3 buds at the base of each big branch are reserved, and the rest are pruned to promote plant regeneration and rejuvenation.