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Chestnut (scientific name: chestnut BL. ), also known as chestnut (common name), chestnut (physical combination), chestnut (Hebei and other provinces), chestnut (Henan) and chestnut (Guangdong), is known as the "king of dried fruits" and is also known as "ginseng fruit" abroad. The taxonomic status of Chinese chestnut is angiosperm, dicotyledonous, Dianthus, Beech, Fagaceae and Castanea. Chestnut, first seen in the ancient book The Book of Songs, shows that the cultivation history of chestnut has at least 2500 years in China. According to scientific experiments, chestnuts are rich in nutrition, and the sugar and starch in the fruit are as high as 70. 1%, and 7% in protein. In addition, it also contains fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamins and trace elements, especially vitamins C, B 1 and carotene. Chestnut is rich in nutrition, besides starch, it also contains monosaccharide and disaccharide, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, ascorbic acid, protein, fat, inorganic salts and other nutrients. Chinese medicine believes that chestnut has the effects of invigorating kidney and spleen, strengthening body, benefiting stomach and calming liver. It is called "the fruit of kidney". According to "Dietotherapy Materia Medica", "grind the powder, coat it with honey, and remove wrinkles". Look, it also has the effect of beauty! Unsaturated fatty acids contained in chestnuts have the effect of resisting arteriosclerosis and other diseases. But if you eat too much, you will feel depressed, causing fullness in your chest and abdomen, so you should not eat too much at once.

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Chestnut and Castanea henryi

Latin scientific name

Chestnut.

Another name

Chestnut, chestnut, chestnut, chestnut, chestnut, chestnut.

boundary

plant kingdom

door

angiosperm

summary

Dicotyledonine

subclass

Primitive perianth subclass

eye

Beech genus of beech order

The branch of academic or vocational research.

Fagaceae

belong to

Chestnut tree of Castanea

grow

Chinese chestnut

Distribution area

Asia, America, Africa, Europe

catalogue

1? morphological character

2? distribution range

3? breeding method

First, sow and raise seedlings.

Choose nursery land

Soil preparation and preparation

Selective seed storage

sow seeds

Post-sowing management

4? Second, grafting and seedling raising

Seed storage

Indoor root urging

Outdoor germination

transplant

Seedling planting

Nursery management

5? cultivation techniques

Fertilization skills

Alternative drug technology

Use less pesticide technology

Clever application of pesticide technology

Plastic trimming

Flower thinning and fruit thinning pollination

Harvest and storage

6? growing environment

First, the temperature

Second, rainfall.

Third, light.

Fourth, the terrain.

Fourth, soil.

7? Variety classification

First of all, chestnuts in the north

Second, southern chestnuts

8? Variety producing area

Chinese chestnut

Xinglong chestnut

Xingtai chestnut

Hebei Qinglong

Kuancheng chestnut

Dandong chestnut

Yanshan chestnut

Zhen' an chestnut

Luotian chestnut

Qix chestnuts

Tancheng chestnut

Xinyang chestnut

Shaodian chestnut

Tongbai chestnut

Ba Long oil chestnut

Other varieties

9? Main value

10? Skinning skill

morphological character

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Chestnut is the general name of trees or shrubs in Castanea (Fagaceae), with about 7-9 species.

? China is generally divided into two types: wild chestnut and hybrid improved chestnut. What is widely planted in China is the improved variety after hybrid cultivation, which is widely planted in China because of its big size, sweet taste and strong disease resistance. Chestnuts are native to temperate regions in the northern hemisphere. Chestnut trees are mostly deciduous trees, with a height of 20~40 meters, and only a few are shrubs. All kinds of chestnut trees bear edible nuts, with simple leaves, oval or oblong, length 10~30 cm, width 4~ 10 cm, and bristles on the edges. Monoecious, the male flowers are erect catkins, and the female flowers are single or several in the involucre. Nuts are enclosed in the involucre of dense panicles, with a diameter of 5~ 1 1 cm, and there are 1~7 nuts in one involucre. The flowering period is May-June, and the fruit maturity is 9-65438+1October.

Chestnut leaves are oval to oblong, with a length of11-17cm and a width of 7cm. The top is as short as a cone, the base is nearly truncated or round, or both sides are slightly bent inward to form an earlobe, and one side is often skewed and asymmetrical. The base of new leaves is often narrow wedge-shaped and symmetrical on both sides, and the back of leaves is covered with stars or becomes hairless due to hair loss. Petiole length 1-2 cm. Simple leaves alternate, thin leathery, with sparse serrations at the edges and bristles bent inward at the tooth ends; Petiole is short, hair is long and fluff is short.

Flowers unisexual, monoecious; The male flower is an erect catkin, born in the axil of the lower part of the new branch, about 15 ~ 500px long, light yellow-brown; Female flowers sessile, born in the lower part of male inflorescence, with shell-like involucre outside, female flowers alone or 2-5 flowers born in involucre, ovary six-loculed. Male inflorescence length 10-20cm, inflorescence axis hairy; 3-5 flowers are clustered together, the female flower 1-3 (-5) grows firmly, and the lower part of the style is hairy.

Chestnut involucre is spherical, with sharp burrs outside and 2-3 nuts inside, which split into 4 petals when it matures. Nuts are dark brown, 2 ~ 75px in diameter. The spikes of mature shell bucket are long and short, sparse and dense. When it is dense, the outer wall of the shell bucket is completely covered, and when it is sparse, the outer wall is visible. The diameter of the shell bucket is 4.5-6.5 cm. Nuts are1.5-3cm high and1.8-3.5cm wide.

The flowering period is April-June, and the fruiting period is 8-65438+1October. [ 1]?

distribution range

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The genus is distributed in Asia, Europe, America and Africa in the northern hemisphere. Originally from China, it is distributed in Viet Nam, Taiwan Province Province, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet and Chinese mainland, and grows at an altitude of 370-.

It has been widely planted artificially. Zunhua chestnut, Houyang European chestnut and Japanese chestnut, Xinglong County and Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County have the highest sweetness and soft and waxy taste. Zunhua Chestnut, Houyang Chestnut, European Chestnut, Japanese Chestnut, Xinglong County and Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County have the highest sweetness and soft and waxy taste. In Luotian County, Hubei Province, there are large areas of chestnut planting in towns (towns) such as Shunhe Town, Huangtugang, Guishan, Yantianhe, Mu Zi Store and Zhangjiafan in Macheng City, which has become one of the ways to increase the income of local farmers in Macheng. Tongbai County and Shangcheng County in Henan Province are also rich in chestnuts. It is widely planted in Taihang Mountain area in the west of Xingtai County, Hebei Province, and there is still a thousand-year-old chestnut tree. [2]?

breeding method

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Chestnut has a long history. Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty clearly recorded that "Yan, Qin and Li ... are all waiting with thousands of families in Qian Qian." In Historical Records and Biography of Huo Zhi. In the Biography of Su Qin, there is a saying that "Qin said to wait for Japan: the south has the favor of Jieshi Yanmen, and the north has the benefit of jujube and chestnut. Although the people don't work hard, they are full of dates and chestnuts, which is called abundance. " Lu Ji also commented on the Book of Songs in the Western Jin Dynasty: "All five parties have chestnuts, but those born by Yuyang and Fanyang are sweet and delicious, and the place is not as good as that." Therefore, the working people in China planted chestnuts as early as 4,000 years ago.

Castanea mollissima is mostly born in low mountains and gentle slopes and floodplains. Pingle in Guangxi, Jinzhai in Anhui, and Hebei (Xinglong —— In 2006, Xinglong was named as the "Hometown of Chestnut in China" in the evaluation process of the second batch of "Hometown of Famous and Excellent Economic Forests in China" by the State Forestry Administration; Qianxi-Chestnut Production Base, Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County-Chestnut Production Base), Shandong (Tancheng Chestnut), Hubei (Luotian, Yingshan, Macheng (Yantian River), Xinyang Luoshan, Xinyang Guangshan, Xinyang Pingqiao District and Shaanxi Zhen 'an are all famous chestnut production areas.

There are two main types: sowing and grafting: [3]?

First, sow and raise seedlings.

Choose nursery land

It is best to choose slightly acidic sandy loam with flat terrain, fertile soil, deep soil layer, loose texture and good drainage, and the PH value is 5.5-6.5.

Soil preparation and preparation

Before winter, apply 70,000-80,000 kilograms of farmyard manure per hectare, and thoroughly harrow it. From February to March of the following year, the seedbed was adjusted and made into an inserted bed with a width of 50 cm, a height of 15 cm and a diameter of 20 cm. The length of seedbed will depend on the actual situation. The bed soil is subdivided, the bed surface is flat and the ditches are smooth. Disinfect the soil with ferrous sulfate or formalin 3-5 days before planting.

Selective seed storage

Collect fully mature and full chestnut seeds in autumn, and remove moth-eaten seeds and chaff seeds. Then put the selected seeds into potassium permanganate solution for disinfection and sterilization. Finally, put the seeds into the cellar and discharge them in a layer of wet sand and chestnuts. Hold the wet sand in your hand and loosen it. During storage, rats, molds and water should be prevented.

sow seeds

In the middle and late March, chestnut seeds from Shacang 1/3 to 1/2 can be planted when they germinate. Pick out the moldy seeds before sowing. Dig two rows of furrows on each level with a hoe, evenly sprinkle an appropriate amount of compound fertilizer (600 kg per hectare) in the furrows, and then cover the fertilizer with a thin layer of fine soil to isolate the fertilizer from the seeds. Then, put the chestnut seeds in the ditch so that their ventral faces are facing down, 6-8 cm away from the soil, and then cover the chestnut seeds with soil for 2-3 cm. Cover the bed with straw to prevent the soil from hardening.

Post-sowing management

After sowing, the whole seedling can be produced in 1- 1.5 months. In the early stage of growth from March to April, we should strengthen the work of loosening soil, weeding, thinning seedlings and controlling pests and diseases. During the fast-growing period from May to July, when the seedlings grow faster, topdressing and irrigation should be done in time. Urea liquid fertilizer should be applied 1 time in June and topdressing 1 time in July, and compound fertilizer should be applied 100 kg per hectare. Water after topdressing to prevent seedlings from being smoked to death. No fertilization in August, less watering, to prevent the seedlings from growing white and promote the lignification of seedlings. [4]?

Second, grafting and seedling raising

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The characteristics of seedling grafting of Castanea mollissima are that it leaves the nursery in the same year, which can shorten the nursery 1-2 years compared with conventional seedling grafting, with low cost, quick effect and high economic benefit. High-standard afforestation on the slope beach with deep soil layer can not only maintain excellent variety characteristics, but also bear fruit ahead of schedule and increase production rapidly. According to the experience of seedling raising, the main points of grafting technology are summarized as follows:

Seed storage

Immediately after the seeds are picked, the seeds that are even and full and free from pests and diseases are screened out for sand storage or water storage. Sand storage is the layered accumulation of wet sand indoors or outdoors; Water storage means putting chestnuts in bamboo baskets into rivers with frequent streams in the mountains to keep them fresh and prevent insects. Note: Check once every 10 day to screen out the inferior species of pests and diseases.

Indoor root urging

(1) heating and root-urging time: sowing and heating of foundation pond will be started in mid-February.

(2) Basement pool: indoor brick heatable adobe sleeping platform. The brick pool on the kang is paved with fine sand with a thickness of 5 cm and covered with a layer of seeds with a thickness of 3-5 cm. Repeatedly, the pile height does not exceed 1m, and the top pressure is 10cm of sand. The sand should be wet, and the water should not be squeezed by hand.

(3) Heating: Use a brazier to light sawdust or other things in the heatable adobe sleeping platform, but don't use an open flame. Block the hole with sacks and cover the pool with plastic sheets to improve the temperature and humidity.

(4) Temperature: The temperature in the pool should be kept at 15-20℃. After heating for about 10, the root length is 1.5-2 cm.

Outdoor germination

(1) pond building: build a soil temperature shed on the outdoor ground, choose a place with sunny lee and good drainage, and build a brick edge pond on the ground with a width of 1.5m, a pond height of 2-3cm and a clean fine sand cushion of 5cm (do not use oil sands).

(2) Seed to accelerate germination: when the root length of indoor seeds is 1.5-2cm, take out the seeds, cut off the roots from the radicle 1cm, immediately dip the wound with 5× 10-4 to 8× 10-4 naphthylacetic acid solution, and lay it flat in an outdoor brick pool. When sowing, the plant spacing is 3cm× 7cm, the top is covered with 7cm thick clean sand, and the top is lightly pressed with wooden boards to make the germ grow thick and easy to graft. The water content of sand is 40-50%, so be careful not to shell to ensure the integrity of seeds. (3) Film mulching: When covering sand, bamboo pieces with the width of 65,438+0 times of the pool are bent into bows and inserted on both sides of the pool, and the bamboo arches are covered with plastic films, and the surrounding areas are tightly pressed to prevent wind blowing and maintain the temperature and humidity in the pool. At the same time, always check the sand bed in the shed and spray water if it is too dry. This work was carried out in early March, and the germ can contact the sand bed in about 20 days.

transplant

(1) scion: In the second half of the first lunar month, pick the good chestnut scion and seal it indoors with damp sand, only 2 cm is exposed. The scion should be selected from fruit trees of 15-30 years old, or some fine varieties with older trees. The scion is about 0.5 cm thick and must be a strong branch of 1 year. If the indoor temperature is high, the scion germinates, but the seed germ can't be grafted. Turn the scion upside down to control the germination, and pay attention to avoid the scion from dehydration and drying.

(2) Grafting period: from the end of March to the beginning of April, when the germ appears purple on the surface of the sand bed, grafting should be carried out. Select lignified or semi-lignified branches with good development, full leaves and buds and no diseases and insect pests on the excellent clonal mother tree as scions. After the cuttings are collected, it is best to cut the connection. If you collect cuttings from other places, you should pay attention to cooling and moisturizing. The storage time of cuttings should not be too long, and grafting should be completed within 5 days, otherwise the survival rate of grafting will be reduced.

(3) Anvil cutting: using a grafting knife to cut the rootstock at an angle of 4-6 cm with the ground, and cutting it into xylem about 0. 1 cm, then cutting a second knife at the upper part of the first knife with the same angle, depth and direction as the first knife, and finally cutting off the xylem and cortex between the first knife and the second knife. (4) Cutting: selecting fresh buds with full leaf buds as scions. First, cut the cuttings at a 45-degree angle to one side of the bud 2 cm below the bud. Then use a grafting knife to cut off the cortex and xylem of the scion from top to bottom on the other side of the bud (about 0. 1 cm enters the cortex, and this knife must cut into the cortex to connect the cambium of the scion with the cambium of the rootstock, otherwise the grafting will fail), exposing an incision with a width of 0.3-0.4 cm and a length of 3-4 cm. Finally, the upper part of the bud is cut 2 cm, so that the incision under the scion is wedge-shaped, and the length of the scion is about 4 cm.

(5) Cutting the scion: align the long section of the scion with the cut of the rootstock, so that the lower cut is closely connected with the cut surfaces on both sides.

(6) Banding: use plastic film adhesive tape with the width of 1- 1.5cm and the length of 40-50cm to penetrate the interface from bottom to top. It is very important to wrap the scion. At the same time, it is necessary to prevent the scion from moving and dislocating.

(7) Moisturizing: immediately put the grafted and bound seedlings into a container and cover them with a wet cloth. If it is packed in bamboo baskets, it must be lined with plastic film to avoid water loss so as to plant it as soon as possible. Wrap a plastic film block of 10 cm× 10 cm at the interface to form a plastic wet bag. The plastic wet bag wraps the whole scion and incision inside. The upper and lower openings of the wet bag are tightly tied with plastic film tape, which is beneficial to reduce water evaporation, leave room for growth, and do not hinder bud grafting growth.