The main rhetorical techniques used in the text are as follows: metaphor, analogy (also known as analogy, divided into personification and objectification), exaggeration, parallelism, parallelism (also known as antithesis, parallelism), repetition , metonymy, allegory (sustenance), intertextuality, question, quotation, appeal, rhetorical question, truth (also known as Lianzhu)

Metaphor can be divided into: simile, metaphor (metaphor), metonymy , general metaphor (also known as compound metaphor), inverted metaphor (also known as reverse metaphor), counter-metaphor, mutual metaphor (also known as anaphora), comparative metaphor (can be divided into strong metaphor and weak metaphor), metaphor, simile, decoration Metaphor, metaphor.

2 Commonly used rhetoric editors

Metaphor

1. Definition

Metaphor means two things of different degrees that are similar to each other. Point is a rhetorical method that uses one thing to compare to another thing.

2. Structure

A metaphor generally consists of three parts, namely the ontology (the thing or situation being compared), the metaphor and the metaphor (the symbolic word of the metaphor relationship).

3. Classification

According to the similarities, differences and emerging characteristics of the three parts of the metaphor structure, it can be divided into four types.

⑴ Simile. Both the ontology and the metaphor appear, and are connected by the metaphorical words "like, like, ruo, as if, like, like, like...the same, as if...

Like, exactly like". A common form is "A resembles B". For example: The leaves are high in water, like the skirts of a graceful dancer.

⑵Metaphor. Ontological metaphors all appear, and are connected by metaphorical words such as "is, became, constituted" in the middle. The typical form is: "A is B."

For example: The square is a sea of ??white wreaths, and monuments have been piled into snow-white hills.

In addition, there are some variations of metaphor that need to be noted:

① Modified metaphor: the relationship between the ontology and the metaphor is in the form of modification and modification, restriction and restriction. to achieve a metaphorical relationship. For example:

This is a sea of ??flowers.

②Appositional metaphor: The metaphorical relationship between the ontology and the metaphor is expressed in the form of appositional multiple reference. For example: Lao Wang, please don’t pour soup.

③Annotative metaphor: The ontology and the metaphor express the metaphorical relationship in the form of annotations. Dashes are often used to connect them. For example: at five o'clock,

The whistle at work sounded. The lid of the red brick "can" - the iron door is pushed open...

⑶ Metaphor. No ontology or metaphorical words appear, and the metaphor is directly described. The typical form of metonymy is "A substitutes for B". For example: The most hateful ones

venomous snakes and beasts eat up our flesh and blood.

⑷Bo Yu. Use several metaphors in succession to explain an ontology. For example: A huge white lilac bloomed on the gray tiles of the roof, like snow, jade, and splashing waves.

4. Function

(1) Metaphors are easy to understand and easy to accept.

(2) Metaphors can express something in detail that is difficult to imagine, and use other similar things to illustrate it, making it more clear.

(3) Metaphors can visualize generalized things and give people a deep impression.

(4) Play the role of modifying the article.

(5) Make things image, vivid, highlight features, exaggerate the atmosphere, and highlight the side.

5. Constitutive conditions

The ontology and metaphor must be essentially different things, otherwise, it is not a metaphor. Whether a sentence is a metaphor cannot be determined solely by the metaphorical word.

The following examples are not metaphors:

⑴ His personality is like his mother - comparing similar things

⑵ It is dark and it seems like it is going to rain. -- Indicates guessing

⑶ Don't go to work with ideological baggage - the metaphorical meaning of the word

6. Common metaphors

Like, as if, if, Like, like, seems, like, exactly like, like, as if, like, as if, like, like, the same, done, is, becomes

7. Example

En As heavy as a mountain, as cold as frost, as a bamboo, as confident as a bamboo, as dull as a wooden chicken, in old age, sweating like rain, as vast as smoke, the sea, and the city, as open-minded as a valley, as light as a feather, deafening, notorious, as easy as hands and feet, as painful as a human face, and an animal's heart, as strong as a tiger, as glue-like, as glue, as lacquered, as a mourning dog, answering like a knife, in a mountain, in a sea of ??fire

a. Chewing wax Life is as long as the Nanshan, and the heart is like an arrow

Like a fish in water, like a tiger with wings, as cold as ice

b. Metaphor

Business and bustle, word of mouth, and grass and trees are all soldiers, pure and jade, pure pearls secretly cast into old pearls

The labor of dogs and horses in the sea of ??blood and hatred

c. Metaphor

Looking through the autumn water, the broken mirror, the reunion, the calm sea, the class door, the ax, the copper wall, the iron wall, the jackal in power, the apple of the eye

The finishing touch, the willows are hidden, the flowers are bright, the foolish old man moved the mountain

Personification< /p>

With rich imagination, write about things as people, people as things, or thing A as thing B.

Function: It can inspire readers' imagination and make the article more vivid.

Compare something to something, vividly describe a certain feature of something, and express a certain emotion of the author.

Comparison is divided into personification and objectification.

⑴Personification:

Write things as if they were people, endow things with human actions, behaviors, thoughts, language, feelings, and activities, and use words that describe people to describe things.

Function: Write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees, or other inanimate things as people, making specific things personified and the language vivid.

Bring something to life, vividly describe a certain feature of something, and express a certain emotion of the author.

Example sentences:

⒈Peach trees, apricot trees, and pear trees, if you don’t let me, I won’t let you, they are all full of flowers. --"Spring" Zhu Ziqing

⒉I feel the flowers splashing with tears, and I hate the other birds and are frightened. ——"Spring Hope" Du Fu

⒊The sun blushed. ——"Spring" Zhu Ziqing

⑵Object imitation (using objects to describe people):

① Compare people to objects, or write this thing as that thing.

Example:

⒈The crowd rushed forward regardless of everything.

⒉Amidst the cheers of the crowd, the bully ran away with his tail between his legs.

②Write thing A as thing B.

Example:

⒈The volcano roared.

⒉They saw not far away, under the broad and fat lotus leaves, there was a person's face, and the lower half of his body was in the water. ("Lotus Lake" by Sun Li)

Example

The moon is closed and the flowers are blooming. The grass and trees are all deserted and dusty. Chickens are alive, tigers and warblers are singing, swallows are dancing, heads-holding mice are scurrying, fat heads and big ears are falling apart

Exaggeration< /p>

1. Definition

In order to achieve a certain expression effect, the method of deliberately expanding or reducing the image, characteristics, functions, extent, etc. of things is called exaggeration.

2. Types

⑴Exaggeration and exaggeration. An exaggerated form that deliberately refers to things as "big, numerous, high, deep, strong", etc. For example: The road to Shu is as difficult as climbing to the sky.

⑵ Reduce and exaggerate. It is an exaggeration technique to deliberately describe objective facts as "small, few, low, superficial, weak". For example: Wumeng Bangbo Niwan.

⑶Exaggerated. Use the possible future results of a thing to describe the current state of the thing, or an exaggeration to mention the future state of a thing before the current state. For example, farmers all said: "Seeing such green wheat fields, they can smell the aroma of white bread." "Powdered noodles contain the power of spring without revealing it, and red lips can be smelled before they smile." (Cao Xueqin's "Dream of Red Mansions")

3. Usage

Clearly express the author's emotions and attitudes towards things, highlight the essential characteristics of things, set off the atmosphere, enhance appeal, and enhance the vividness of language.

4. Pay attention to problems when using it

⑴ Exaggeration is not exaggeration, it must be reasonable and cannot be divorced from the foundation and basis of life.

⑵There must be a certain distance between exaggeration and reality. Otherwise, it’s hard to tell whether you’re telling the truth or exaggerating.

⑶Exaggeration should pay attention to the application occasions. It is not appropriate to use exaggerated rhetoric

in serious reports, reports, scientific and technological explanatory texts, reasoning articles and other literary styles.

5. Examples

Every day is full of opportunities, the sun and the moon are flying like a shuttle, three heads and six arms, an angry head, a thousand miles in a day, a hundred golds, a hundred hits, audacious, difficult to reach the sky in one step, a thousand miles in a day, not pulling out a hair, spotless

Comparison

Compare the three Arrange two or more sentences that are similar in structure and length, consistent in tone, related or identical in meaning.

Function: Strengthen the momentum and language atmosphere, strengthen the rhythm of the article, make it better organized, and be more conducive to expressing strong feelings (expression effect).

Enhance the momentum of the language, highlight a certain feature of something, and express a certain emotion of the author.

Example: Their character is so pure and noble, their will is so tenacious and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, their mind is so beautiful and broad.

Repetition

In order to highlight a certain meaning or emphasize a certain emotion, repeat a word or sentence intentionally. Repetition is the repeated use of certain words or sentences in order to emphasize a certain meaning or highlight a certain emotion. The focus to be expressed lies in the repeated words or sentences

Function: Mainly used in poetry to To chant repeatedly to express strong emotions. At the same time, repeated rhetorical techniques can also make the format of the poem neat and orderly, full of undulations and the beauty of language.

⒈ Continuous repetition (no other word intervals in between).

Example: The valley echoes, he has just left, he has just left.

⒉ Interval repetition (with other words in the middle).

Example: It seems that if three provinces are lost, the party-state becomes more like a country; if the three eastern provinces are lost, no one will respond, and the party-state becomes more like a country.

Examples

Climb to the top, star-shift, outline, grasp the situation during the trial, assess the situation with sincerity and sincerity, the culprit has great achievements, be disheartened, rely on factual evidence and be single-minded

Duality

Number of words Equality, a pair of phrases or sentences with the same or basically the same structure and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings.

Function: Neat and well-proportioned, strong sense of rhythm, highly summarized, easy to remember, and musically beautiful.

Main methods:

1. Face to face. Dual forms in which the upper and lower sentences are similar, close, complementary, and contrasting in meaning.

For example: reeds on the wall are top-heavy and have shallow roots; bamboo shoots in the mountains have sharp mouths, thick skin and hollow bellies.

2. Objection. A dual form in which the upper and lower sentences have opposite or relative meanings.

For example: With a cold eyebrow and a thousand fingers, he bows his head and is willing to be a Ruzi Niu.

3. String pair (running pair). The upper and lower sentences have dual forms of relationships such as succession, progression, cause and effect, assumptions, conditions, etc.

Example sentence: I drink Changsha water and eat Wuchang fish.

Example

The land is vast and the resources are abundant. I am grateful to the Dade Mountains. I am humble and benefit from the poverty. It is a household name. The Tao has much help. The Tao has little help. The benevolent sees benevolence. The wise see the wisdom. The stars wear the moon. The mouth punishes the pen and criticizes the mouth. Honey in the belly. Swords. Mountains. Treasures. Sea food. Mountains and waters.

Asking questions

In order to attract others' attention, you deliberately ask a question first and then answer it yourself. Strong emotions.

Function: to attract attention and inspire readers to think; to make the structure clear and compact; to better describe the characters' ideological activities.

Strengthen the tone, highlight something, and express a certain emotion of the author.

Example: Why are the flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis.

Rhetorical questions

Also known as provocative questions, rhetorical questions, and cross-examinations. Use the question form to express a definite meaning, use the affirmative form to express negation, and use the negative form to express affirmation. It only asks but does not answer, and the answer is implicit in the rhetorical question.

Function: Strengthen the tone, make people think, stimulate readers' emotions, deepen readers' impression, and enhance the momentum and persuasiveness of the article.

Strengthen the tone, highlight something, and express a certain emotion of the author.

As for me, don’t I have something to blame?

For example

If you don’t enter the tiger’s den, how can you catch the tiger’s cubs

If the skin is not preserved, how can the hair be attached?

How can you catch a tiger’s cub if you don’t enter the tiger’s den? Not a blessing

People are not saints, how can they have no faults?

Methods

Do not directly say the person or thing to be expressed, but borrow something related to it closely related people or things.

Types of metonymy: characteristics replace things, concrete replaces abstract, parts replace whole, and whole replaces parts.

Function: highlight the essential characteristics of things, enhance the image of the language, make the writing concise and concise, and the language full of variety and humor; attract people's association, make the expression prominent, distinctive, concrete and vivid effect.

Method:

① Replace the part with the whole. That is, the representative part of the thing is used to replace the ontological thing.

For example: The green mountains on both sides of the strait stand out from each other, and the lone sail comes from the sun. ——"Looking at Tianmen Mountain"

②Characteristic ontology. That is, using the characteristics and symbols of the borrowed entity (person or thing) to replace the name of the original thing.

For example: If you like thin waist and pink legs, there is a dancing place. (Mao Dun's "Words on Modernization")

③Concrete modern abstraction

For example: The war in the South has been going on for ten years. ——"Meiling Three Chapters"

④Tool generation ontology.

For example: By the time of the Jingzhe plowing season, eight out of ten households had already uncovered the bottom of their hoards and were unable to open the pot. ——"Yu Qian Rice"

⑤The specific name replaces the general name. Replace the name of the ontological thing with the special name of a typical person or thing.

For example: if you kill one Li Gongpu, millions of Li Gongpu will stand up! ——"The Last Lecture" Analysis of metonymy and metonymy

Firstly

Look at whether there is similarity between the ontology and the object. If there is no similarity, it is definitely not a metonymy.

For example, in "A hundred thousand banners will kill Yama" and "The Ten Years of War in the Southern Kingdom", are "banners" and "beacon smoke" metonymy or metonymy? First understand the meaning of these two words. Banner: The general name for flag, here refers to the troops. Beacon smoke: A fire that was lit on a high platform as an alarm when there was an enemy invasion on the ancient border. Later, it generally referred to war or war. Just think about it and you will know that there is no similarity between "flag" and "army", "beacon smoke" and "war", so it can be judged that the use of these two words is not a metaphor.

There is a correlation between the ontology of metonymy and the object. The usage of metonymy is to borrow things related to the ontology to refer to the ontology. Ancient armies carried their own unique flags when marching and fighting. The flags were used not only to distinguish between ourselves and the enemy, but also to indicate the direction of the army's advance. Therefore, flags can be used to refer to the army. "One hundred thousand banners" means "one hundred thousand banners". "Jingqi" cannot make the action of "cutting".

The person who can make the action of "cutting" must be a human being, so "one hundred thousand flags" refers to "one hundred thousand troops". In the same way, in ancient times, when an enemy invaded, beacon smoke was lit at the border to alert the police, so "beacon smoke" and "wolf smoke" have become synonymous with war. "The Ten Years of War in the South" is the "Ten Years of the War in the South".

Second

See if it can be converted into a simile. What can be converted into a simile is a metonymy, and what cannot be converted into a simile is definitely not a metonymy.

If the sentence "One hundred thousand banners cut off Yama" is used metaphorically, "banners" is the metaphor and "army" is the ontology. If converted into a simile, it becomes "The army cut off Yama like one hundred thousand banners." ” is obviously not a sentence.

In the same way, assuming that "the war in the South has been fighting for ten years" is a metaphor, then "the war" is the metaphor and "war" is the ontology. If converted into a simile, it becomes "the war in the South has been like the war for ten years". Obviously Not a sentence. Therefore, it can be concluded that the above two sentences are not metaphorical uses.

Third, the same word can be used metaphorically or metonymically in different language environments. So how to identify it? At this time, it depends on whether the words corresponding to the object adopt corresponding metaphors. Metonymy refers to one thing to another, the emphasis is on metaphor, so the words related to the object (metaphor) must use corresponding metaphors; Change it to a corresponding statement. Consider the following two examples.

〔A1〕The most detestable ones are those poisonous snakes and beasts, which eat up our flesh and blood. (metaphor)

〔A2〕The most hateful ones are those poisonous snakes and beasts, which squeeze all our blood and sweat. (Borrowing)

〔B1〕The big white bear grinned and rushed towards me. (metaphor)

[B2] The big white bear agreed to my price. (metonymy)

A1 and B1 in the above two groups are both metonymy. The object in A1 is "venomous snakes and beasts", and its corresponding verb and object are "eat up" and "flesh and blood". From the fact that "venomous snakes and beasts have eaten up our flesh and blood" is fluent, it can be seen that "venomous snakes and beasts" and "eat up" and "flesh and blood" have a harmonious subject-predicate-object relationship. The object in A2 is also a "venomous snake and beast", and its corresponding verb and object are "squeeze out" and "blood and sweat". It can be seen from the inconsistency of "venomous snakes and beasts that have squeezed out our blood and sweat" that "venomous snakes and beasts" and "squeeze out" and "blood and sweat" do not have a harmonious subject-predicate-object relationship. The harmony of subject, predicate and object in the context where the object is located indicates that it is not related to the ontology, which is a metaphor; the disharmony of subject, predicate and object in the context where the object is located indicates that it is related to the ontology, which is metonymy.

The second group is more explicit. "The big white bear grinned and rushed towards me", in which the object "big white bear" is very harmonious with the following words, indicating that it is a whole in the sentence where the object is the subject, but not necessarily a whole in the sentence where the subject is the subject. "The big white bear agreed to my price", the object "big white bear" is not harmonious with the following words, indicating that the object is not a whole in the sentence as the subject; only by replacing the ontology - the person called "big white bear" - ―Only when it is in harmony with the following words can it become a whole. Therefore, the former is a metaphor and the latter is metonymy.

"Women are not allowed to have eyebrows", it is definitely unreasonable to express it simply by using the object "women" and "men" as "head scarves, hair accessories are not allowed to have eyebrows and beards"; "She hopes to be an angel in white when she grows up", " It doesn’t make sense to use the object expression “angel in white” as “she hopes to be the angel god in white clothes in society when she grows up”. The same goes for "Buy a bottle of Yanghe", "Big Jinya is also reading "Historical Records"" and "The more the red scarves do, the happier they will be".

It is very clear to use this method to explain the controversial issue of "Yang Ersao" and "Compass".

"The compass spoke again" "A woman in her fifties with protruding cheekbones and thin lips stood in front of me, with her hands on her hips and no skirt, just like a circle with slender legs in a drawing instrument

Compass... Compass turned around angrily, said coquettishly, and walked slowly out. "The latter "Compass" and "turned around angrily, said coquettishly, and walked out slowly." It's extremely disharmonious and clearly borrowed.

Example

Ignorant, Ding Pijian, determined to turn things around, it is imminent to turn around and flirt with women, go east to the east to feast and feast, chew on words, not take over, and be defenseless

Irony

Used contrary to the original intention Use words or sentences to express the original meaning, and use irony to enhance the effect of expression. Some are sarcastic and revealing, while others express close and friendly feelings.

For example: (Students studying abroad in the Qing Dynasty) also have their braids untied and tied flatly. They take off their hats and they are shiny, just like a little girl’s bun. They also twist their necks a few times, which is really beautiful. . ("Mr. Fujino")

Association

It is also the same as imagination. Function: to make things vivid. For example: the sun has come out, and the ground seems to be on fire

Sublimation Theme, highlight the center. For example: The water in the river flows, and the love in the city also flows

Synaesthesia

The so-called synaesthesia is a psychological phenomenon that uses various senses to communicate with each other. A figure of speech that uses one feeling to describe another feeling.

Function: The use of synesthesia can produce endlessly evocative effects, and its expressive role is irreplaceable. It can turn abstraction into images, allowing readers to understand better; it can reach from here to there, evoking rich associations; it can be eclectic and lively; it can express accurately and meaningfully. It is profound; it can enrich the artistic conception of poetry and prose and constitute special artistic beauty.

For example, "The morning bell is cloudy outside" (Du Fu's "Kuizhou Rain Wet Cannot Go Ashore") uses the word "wet" to describe the sound of the bell. The sound of the bell comes through the rain and comes through the clouds. Go, so "wet", touch and hearing communicate with each other. "It is as good as the drum and harp, it is as towering as a high mountain, and its soup is as good as flowing water." ("Lu Shi Chun Qiu·Original Flavor") Listening to the sound of the harp, you know that your ambition is in the mountains and flowing water, and hearing and vision communicate with each other.

Pun

Using the polysemy and homophone (or close-sounding) conditions of words to intentionally make a sentence have a double meaning. The word is here and the intention is there, which is a pun.

Puns can make language expression subtle and humorous, and can deepen the semantic meaning and leave a deep impression on people.

Example

Standing in the same boat through wind and rain, the lotus roots and broken silk threads stand together and become Buddhas, enjoying it

Thimble

Use the end of the previous article as the beginning of the following, connecting the two together. More than once, the adjacent sentences, fragments or chapters are passed down to the next, consecutively, and the symbol is "ABC, CDE". This rhetorical technique is called Dingzhen, also called thimble or Lianzhu.

Using true rhetorical techniques can not only make the sentence structure neat and the tone coherent, but also highlight the interlocking organic connections between things.

Example: Friendship is a flower that attracts flocks of butterflies.

Friendship is like a butterfly, two people dance gracefully.

Friendship is a dance, dancing with the fire of passion.

Friendship is fire, burning forever.

Dreams are wings, flying into the eternal blue sky.

Dream is the sky, covering the vast sea.

The dream is the sea or the boat.

Dream is a boat, riding the wind and waves on the sea.

Love is the wind, blowing in dense clouds;

Love is the cloud, turning into timely rain;

Love is the rain, nourishing the trees that have been in drought for a long time ;

Love is a tree, supporting you with a green shade.

Chu Mountain and Qin Mountain are all white clouds,

The director of the White Cloud Department follows you.

I have followed you for a long time, and you have entered the mountains of Chu.

The clouds have also followed you across the Xiang River.

On the Xiangshui River, a woman is dressed in robes.

The white clouds are worthy of lying down and the king has returned early.

--Li Bai's "Song of Baiyun"

Examples

Everything you know can be expressed without hesitation, and all the words can be said to satisfy people who share the same mind and share the same principle. It is said again and again and again

Though I die, my sons will survive; my sons will beget grandchildren, and my grandsons will beget sons; my sons will have sons, and my sons will have grandsons; my descendants will be endless. also. ("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain")

When I return to see the emperor, the emperor is sitting in the bright hall. ("Mulan Poetry")

Intertext

Also called intertextuality, it is a rhetorical method often used in ancient poetry.

In ancient Chinese, the meaning of one sentence (or phrase) is divided into two sentences (or phrases), and the meaning of the upper and lower sentences should be complementary to each other when explaining, which is intertextuality.

The ancient saying explains it as: "The reference to each other creates a text, and the meaning is reflected in the text." Specifically, it is in such a form: the upper and lower sentences or the two parts of one sentence, seemingly Each says one thing, but in fact they echo each other, elaborate on each other, and complement each other. They are talking about the same thing. For example:

The bright moon of Qin Dynasty and the pass of Han Dynasty

The smoke cage and the cold water moon cage sand

The general died in a hundred battles, and the strong man returned in ten years

Buy horses in the east market, saddles and bridles in the west market, bridles in the south market, and long whips in the north market

The master dismounts his horse and boardes the ship, raising wine to drink without orchestra

Reading about ancient times When writing prose works, it is often easy to ignore some sentences that use intertextual techniques if you do not think carefully and appreciate them.

For example:

⑴ A charming smile confuses Yangcheng and Cai. (Song Yu's "The Lustful Poem of Deng Tuzi") means: "She charmed all the young masters in Yangcheng and Xiacai with just a smile."

⑵ Zijian's aid letter is as recited by mouth, Zhongxuan Lift the pen as if it were a structure. ("Wen Xin Diao Long·Shen Si") means: "When Cao Zhi and Wang Can laid down paper and picked up their pens to write, it was as if they had written it in advance and memorized it."

⑶ Qi Wei's corvee garrison, Recruited by Jinghan. (Li Hua's "Diao Ancient Battle Text") During the Warring States Period, kings such as Qi, Wei, Jing (Chu), and Han recruited soldiers for corvee duty and guarding the borders. "

⑷ Fierce officials came to our village, making noises from east to west, and thundering from north to south. (Liu Zongyuan's "The Snake Catcher") means: "Ferocious officials came to our village, making noises everywhere." , harassing people everywhere. "The "east, west, south, north" here generally refers to "everywhere".

⑸ Don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself. (Fan Zhong's "Yueyang Tower") means: "Not affected by external objects And when you are sad and happy, you don’t feel happy or sad because of your personal situation. ”

Loopback

To put it simply, loopback is reading forward and backward.

Loopback is to organize the preceding and following statements into a shuttle-like loop. To express the connection between different things. Loops can make sentences neat and symmetrical, reveal the dialectical relationship of things, and make the semantics insightful.

For example:

The sound of water in Xiangshuitan; The valley of gold is golden.

Foshan worships Xiangshan Buddha; Wengyuan milk nourishes Wengyuan Weng. Living in nature, visitors from the sky; when people pass by the great Buddhist temple, the Buddha in the temple is bigger than others.

Example:

Those who come are not good, and those who are good do not come. The sound of water in the pool is heard; gold is heard. The valley is golden. The fragrance of Foshan is worshiped by the Buddha of Xiangshan; I don't offend people. Don't doubt others, don't doubt others.

Empathy

In order to highlight some strong feelings, the writer consciously gives objective things something to do with his own feelings. A figure of speech that is consistent but does not actually exist is called empathy.

Using the rhetoric of empathy, first of all, transfer subjective feelings to things, and in turn, use infected things to set off subjective emotions, making the objects and people one.

Be able to Better express people's strong feelings and exert rhetorical effect.

For example:

①The dew turns white tonight, and the moon is bright in my hometown.

(Du Fu's "Remembering My Brother-in-law on a Moonlit Night")

② I feel the flowers splashing with tears when I feel sad, and I hate the birds that are leaving and frighten them.

(Du Fu's "Spring Hope")

③The Qing Dynasty and Wei Dynasty are extremely ruthless, and when they are sad, they head east alone.

(Du Fu's "Twenty Miscellaneous Poems of Qinzhou")

④ Seeing the moon in the palace is sad,

hearing the heartbreaking sound of bells in the rain at night.

(Bai Juyi's "Song of Everlasting Regret")

⑤ Turn to the Zhu Pavilion, the low-level house, the light is sleepless, there should be no hatred, why should we be reunited when we say goodbye? (Su Shi's "Shui Tiao Ge Tou")

⑥The red beans are unbearable to look at, and their eyes are filled with tears of lovesickness.

(Niu Xiji's "Shengchazi")

The meaning of the two poems in the above example ① is: The dew is especially pale from tonight, and the moon is especially bright because of my hometown. Why is this?

Because the poet Du Fu personally experienced the great turmoil of the Anshi Rebellion, and with the country's future and personal destiny constantly being hit, he had to abandon his official position and go to Qin in the autumn of 759 BC

He lived as a guest in Zhouzhou (now Tianshui, Gansu Province). In this desolate and deserted frontier town, the poet transferred his longing for his hometown to the dew and moonlight, and in turn used the infected dew and moonlight to set off the poet's longing for his hometown, making him Everything and everyone are integrated, thus better expressing the poet's strong feelings of homesickness. The meaning of the two poems in example ② is: I lament that the country is in chaos, and the flowers shed tears of sadness;

I hate that the family is separated and dispersed, and the cries of birds stir up the sad heart. Flowers blooming and birds chirping are natural phenomena without human emotions. The poet uses empathetic rhetoric to write such touching poems. Example ③

It is said that the water of the Weihe River "turns eastward alone" only when people are sad

; Example ④ It is said that the moon emits a light that makes people "sad" , the ringing of the bell is a sound that makes people feel "heartbroken"; for example ⑤ the moon often becomes round when people leave; for example ⑥ the red beans are not red beans, but individual

"Tears of lovesickness". Each of the above examples uses the rhetoric of empathy to transfer people's feelings to things. In this way, human feelings and things are integrated into one, which can better express people's strong feelings.

The difference between empathy and empathy is: empathy is to transfer people's subjective feelings to objective things, and in turn use infected objective things to set off subjective emotions, making things and people one. , can express strong feelings more concentratedly; Shifting means that two things A and B are related, and the rhetorical words that originally belong to describing thing A (or person) are moved to belong to thing B. It is a rhetorical technique of conjugating words. In short, the former is "transferring people's feelings and things"; the latter is "transferring words to describe thing A (or person) to describe thing B."

The difference between empathy and personification is: the former It is "transferring people's feelings and things"; the latter is "writing things as people."

拈连

鈋连 (niān lián), nail and second are two things connected. When narrating together, words that are originally only applicable to thing A are used on thing B. This rhetorical technique is called nianlian, also called "shunnian". The use of conjunctions can make the contextual connection close and natural, and the expression vivid and profound.

Example sentences

Example ⑴: Bees are making honey and life.

Example ⑵: Silently, I went up to the west building alone, the moon was like a hook. The lonely Wutong deep courtyard locks Qingqiu.

"Happy Meeting" Li Yu

Example ⑶: Don't look at my deaf ears, my heart is not deaf! ......