Grow vigorously, form flower buds and bear many fruits; However, the indoor illumination is insufficient, the branches are thin, the flower buds are few, the dead branches are many, the yield is low, and the peaches are abandoned.
A lot.
Adopting new pruning technology can not only improve the yield and grade of peach trees, but also prolong their production life. Specific operating rules
The process is as follows:
When planted in the first year, it is about 40 ~ 50 cm.
In the second year, three new shoots with vigorous growth and suitable direction were selected as the main branches. The base angle is 50 ~ 60, about 90 ~
120 evenly distributed. Each main branch leaves 3 ~ 4 lateral branches on the anticline side, and more branchlets are left on the lateral branches of the main branch. The main branch of this tree
The spacing is reasonable, and the canopy coverage rate is about 80%. The canopy is ventilated and transparent, with few long branches and three-dimensional fruit hanging.
From June to July, after the new branches are lignified, use brown rope or hemp rope to pull the branches strongly (plastic rope is elastic and ineffective, it is best not to use it) to ensure the bottom angle.
60 ~70 。
In the third year, the main branches extend outward, and lateral branches are cultivated at a position 40-50 cm away from the base of the main branches, and each main branch is cultivated with 3-4 branches.
Side branches, side branches crisscross on both sides of the main branch.
In the fourth year, the trees are planted, and all the ropes for pulling branches are hoisted to form a fruiting branch group.
Pruning time is 65438+ twice a year from February to February and May to August. Pruning in winter is mainly based on thinning branches, focusing on thinning diseases.
Insect branches, competitive branches, drooping branches, cross branches, etc.
Summer pruning should be done more and less. From the end of May to the beginning of July, the top of Wang Shao will be excavated to slow down and promote growth.
Flower bud differentiation and fruit development can reduce fruit drop in June. In the middle and late August, the tender shoots at the top of the main branches and side branches are removed to promote the addition of branches.
Rough growth and accumulation of nutrients. Make the flower buds fully develop. Be careful not to be too heavy. It should be based on the principle of not stimulating new buds to germinate again.
Peach trees bear a large number of fruits for about 10 years after planting, and then the yield decreases year by year. Shrinkage can be used,
Throw it away to increase yield and prolong high-yield period. For multi-year fruiting branch group, over-dense branch group and over-large branch group, leave 15 cm short pile on the branch.
Retraction: After the base germinates in the second year, select 3-4 robust branches to throw, cultivate new fruiting branches, and rotate the results.
Cultivation of peach trees
At present, the main varieties of peach trees planted in our county are: red peach, yuhualu, baifeng, late autumn peach, emerald, zaohualu, Okayama Zaosheng and other varieties. The cultivation techniques of peach trees are introduced below for reference.
First, open the park.
1. Land selection: relatively concentrated and contiguous, suitable climate and soil conditions, moderate altitude gradient and slope direction. Peach trees like sunshine, so it's best to go south with plenty of sunshine. The slope should not be too large, generally below 25 degrees. It is best to plant trees at the top of the mountain. It is best to choose the foothills, where the soil layer is deep, fertile and loose. The depth of the soil layer is the most important, and the fertile land is easy to transform and become a forest.
2. Comprehensive planning: mountains, water, gardens, forests, roads, agriculture, forests and animal husbandry should be considered comprehensively, and what can be combined should be combined as far as possible, such as the combination of forest and fruit, grass and fruit, etc. And build a good ecosystem according to local conditions. The most important thing in mountainous areas is soil and water conservation. If the combination is good, it can transform the environment and form a virtuous circle. First of all, we should consider the layout of roads, ditches, shelterbelts (patches of forests and forest belts), office buildings, dormitories, warehouses, sheds, livestock houses and other buildings, some centralized and some scattered, which are convenient for work and life. There should also be septic tanks, water storage tanks, etc. On the battlefield.
3. Building high-grade terraces is the most important measure for soil and water conservation of fruit trees. The width of the countertop and the height of the ladder wall have the greatest relationship with the slope. The greater the slope, the higher the ladder wall and the smaller the countertop, so the slope cannot be large. It is impossible to have the same slope on a slope, and the maximum slope should be taken as the benchmark to avoid the joint surface being too small in some places with large slopes. Slope protection should be left on the ladder wall, and the slope of 70 degrees should be maintained when stones or grass bricks are used, and the earth wall should be compacted to avoid collapse. The countertop should be at least 3 meters, horizontal or slightly inclined, with ridges in front and a back ditch to facilitate passage and irrigation. When opening terraces, open them from bottom to top, and try to leave topsoil on the terraces.
Second, colonization.
1, open a planting hole or ditch. This is the first step in transforming mountain soil. Generally, red soil in mountainous areas has some shortcomings, such as acid, barren, sticky and drought, which should be reformed by opening holes or digging ditches and applying organic fertilizer. It is best to use the soil at the bottom of the ditch, which has high viscosity and poor drainage. As long as the depth of the hole or ditch is 60-80 cm, it does not need to reach 1 m, which can save labor costs. Dead branches, leaves, straw, etc. Fill in the hole or ditch bottom thicker, then use some soil and lime or human excrement to promote decay, then use some fine layers to place it, and finally put all the soil back into the hole or ditch. This is best done 1-2 months before sowing.
Step 2 plant
(1) period: Deciduous fruit trees generally start after defoliation.
(2) Planting distance: Generally, there are about 40 peach trees per mu, the terrace is 3m, and the spacing between trees is 4m, so young trees can be planted. Staggered up and down to increase the light.
(3) Method: Planting seedlings should be carried out in batches according to the size to avoid uneven situation in China. Dig a small disaster in the original pit after fixing points according to the distance between plants. If the planting position is accurate, the planting board can be used. When planting, the fibrous roots should stretch naturally, and when filling holes, the soil should be closely connected with the roots without leaving gaps, and then compacted. Pay attention to the depth of planting according to the original depth when it leaves the nursery, not too deep or too shallow, too shallow will expose the roots, and it is easy to be dry, too deep will slow down the growth, or even fail to grow. After planting, root water should be poured thoroughly, and posts should be erected in windy places. Apply some calcium superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphorus, soil miscellaneous fertilizer, etc. When planting. Should be evenly mixed with soil to prevent excessive fertilizer concentration from damaging the root system.
Third, young tree management.
Peach trees can be put into production in 2-3 years after planting, but the crown is constantly expanding. During this period, it is mainly to comprehensively transform the garden and cultivate a reasonable crown. The main work is as follows:
1, plastic surgery: generally, it adopts a naturally open shape, that is, it is cut and fixed about 50 cm from the ground after planting. There should be 6-8 full buds under the incision. After germination in spring, 3-4 branches with vigorous growth and different directions should be selected as the main branches for culture. There should be a certain distance between the main branches, and the strength can be controlled by changing the angle. If the remaining branches compete with the main branches, they should be removed and the weak branches should be kept as auxiliary cultivation techniques. By May-June, if the main branches grow vigorously and the length has reached 60-80 cm, they can be pitted, promote secondary elimination, cultivate secondary main branches and auxiliary main branches, and expand the crown. Generally, the cut buds are left on the outside, and the other side branch germinated below is selected as the auxiliary main branch with suitable position and vigorous growth. The auxiliary branches left by the main branches should be on the same side to avoid emptiness or collision. In this way, the secondary main branches can be cultivated in one year, and the secondary branches can be left in the second time to form a crown, which can be put into production in the third year.
2. Expand soil improvement: continue to expand the scope of soil improvement, dig a garden ditch or a ditch with a depth of about 40 cm at the original hole opening or trench digging, and apply organic fertilizer to improve the soil as when opening the hole. When expanding, it should be connected with the original hole to prevent interlayer. Propagation can be completed within 2-3 years after planting, preferably in autumn or winter.
3. Fertilization: In addition to applying chemical fertilizer as base fertilizer during planting and propagation, quick-acting fertilizer can also be applied before each growing season to promote the growth of branches. Fertilizers such as urea can be used, each plant 1-2.
4. Intercropping between gardens: All kinds of crops can be intercropped in the gap between young gardens to increase income. Rice straw can be ploughed or covered as fertilizer, and the mixed planting of beans or beans and Gramineae crops is most beneficial to cultivate soil fertility and can also be used as feed. Grass for slope protection can also be planted on the stepped walls, and it is best to cover the ground with green crops.
5, drainage and water conservation: peach trees are most afraid of water accumulation, pay attention to drainage in the rainy season, clean up the circulating ditch, and cultivate silt on the tree tray. In the dry season, the tree tray can be covered with loose soil to reduce water evaporation and loss.
Four, adult tree management
1, pruning; Peach blossom buds are easy to form, generally bearing long, medium and short branches, and some varieties can bear long, medium and short branches. The first result is that the crown of the tree continues to swell, and there are many long fruit branches and virtual fruit branches. It is necessary to cut them lightly, not to cut them again, to prevent the virtual length, so as to cultivate the third and fourth main branches, while the middle and long branches are formed below, and the more upright branches can be pulled apart and picked properly to control the tree trend. The long fruit branches of adult trees can be regenerated by a single branch, that is, when the buds are full at 8- 10, the long fruit branches will be cut short, so that some flower buds will bear fruit and grow fruit branches to prepare for the afternoon fruit. In this way, with the growth of age, the growth of trees gradually decreases, and the growth of long fruit branches weakens, so it can be cut heavier, while with the increase of short and medium fruit branches, it can be cut properly or not, and it should be thinned when it is too dense. When the long fruit branches are weak and cannot be regenerated by short cutting, the method of double branch regeneration can be adopted, that is, in the same branch group, after light cutting, one long branch will continue to bear fruit, and the other branch will be kept for 2-3 years, so that it will grow 2-3 long fruit branches, so that one branch will bear fruit in the next year and the other branch will be regenerated as above in winter to maintain the branch potential. The resulting location is as close to the main branch as possible. If the resulting position moves outward, it should be retracted to control the convexity within a certain range.
When pruning, dense branches, overlapping branches and dead branches of pests and diseases should be thinned to make the crown well ventilated.
Pruning is usually carried out after defoliation in winter, but it is also important to pick the core and sprout during the growing period. Some bad branches can be disposed of in time to reduce nutrient consumption, and the leaves near the fruit should be thinned to reduce pests.
2. Soil management
(1) Fertilization: base fertilizer is applied in autumn, and farmyard manure is better. If there is green manure, it can also be turned over and buried. Each adult tree is 50- 100 kg, and high acidity soil is added with lime and calcium superphosphate, 0.5- 1 kg. Topdressing for 2-3 times, 2-3 months before germination and flowering 1 time, young fruit for 4-5 months 1 time, and fruit for 6-7 months 1 time after picking, and quick-acting fertilizer can be used. Peach trees have a high demand for potash fertilizer, so it is necessary to pay attention to increasing potash fertilizer. The ratio of NPK is 1: 0.5: 1. To produce 100 kg of fruit, nitrogen 1 kg, phosphorus 0.5 kg, potassium 1 kg, and other calcium, magnesium, iron, boron, zinc and manganese are also important.
(2) Tree tray cultivation and mulching: Generally, tree trays should be kept loose to facilitate soil ventilation and reduce water evaporation. In the dry season, the method of covering can be used to keep moisture, and the covering materials can be straw, mountain grass, green manure stems and leaves, etc.
(3) Drainage: In rainy season in spring and summer, ditch cleaning and drainage shall be carried out to prevent water accumulation from damaging.