1. If one nipple and areola are missing, but the other nipple and areola on the healthy side are intact and large, half of them can be cut, pulled together and sutured to reconstruct the nipple and areola on the healthy side and reconstruct the nipple and areola on the missing side.

2. If nipple and areola are missing, it is advisable to transplant labia minora or toe abdomen to reconstruct nipple; Nipple can also be reconstructed by transplantation of earlobe, auricle skin and cartilage.

3. Reconstruction of nipple and areola with skin flap. This method provides more tissues, good blood supply, good sensation recovery, and the nipple can maintain a certain height and be more upright.